The culture demonstrates itself in the shared values, attitudes, beliefs, norms and behaviours of people and it is distinguished from each other by differences in those shared meanings of people interacting. As culture is varied across countries, leadership styles are also varied across countries and are not exercised in the same way across different cultures. They are imported in accordance with the cultural environment in which they are perceived. Therefore, understanding the culture is significant in order to explain preferences of leaders concerning leadership styles. The main purpose of the present dissertation is to provide an overview of the relationship between Turkish culture and the way in which leadership is exercised by Turkish female leaders. The present study is completed in three steps in order to demonstrate that the existing relationship between the Turkish culture and leadership styles of female leaders in Turkey. In the first step, the study examined what culture is, what dimensions of the national culture are, what leadership is and how leadership styles are culturally-linked. In the second step, the paper investigated how female leaders perceive and exercise different leadership styles across different cultures. In the third step, the study researched what cornerstones of Turkish culture and how anticipated leadership styles of Turkish female leaders are shaped by Turkish culture.     The study followed a qualitative research approach based on the grounded theory. Ten female leaders coming from different backgrounds were interviewed in order to draw a holistic picture of the relationship between Turkish cultural values and leadership styles of Turkish female leaders. The findings of the study indicate that the Turkish culture has an influence on leadership styles of Turkish female leaders. According to the results, while Islamic values have no significant impact on leadership behaviours of female leaders, such cultural attributes as collectivism, high power distance, uncertainty avoidance and paternalism have a huge impact on leadership styles of Turkish female leaders.       The research examined only leadership styles of Turkish female leaders. Therefore, this study recommends a future research which will investigate leadership styles of Turkish males in order to understand whether gender has also an effect on leadership styles of Turkish leaders.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to comprehend and analyse the impact of national culture on leadership within the healthcare industry. Method: This is an exploratory research in which qualitative data have been used. Interviews have been held with employees at Elekta-Greece EPE, Athens in Greece. As for validity and reliability, the data for this study were collected from a real business case (Elekta) via Skype interviews and then the responses were transcribed and later analysed in relation to fundamental academic research in combination with our critical thinking. Findings & Conclusions: By conducting this study, we discovered that culture can play a major role in the leadership behaviour for companies that operate within the healthcare industry on a global scale. Both national and corporate cultures influence the leader(s) and the employees of a company, either in a positive or a negative way. Cultural attributes, background, history, policies, rules and regulations are some of the factors that can be a game „‟changer‟‟ for the leadership of international companies. Those characteristics can affect work performance, job satisfaction, and the image of the company. Finally our conclusions also suggest that there is a difference between other industries and healthcare industry because of the power structure and the rigidness of the last one. Originality & Value: This research is unique in its kind due to the fact that there is no similar case or literature that examines the impact of national culture on leadership for international healthcare companies, like Elekta. However, there has been some research conducted within this industry during the last years, covering the subject of marketing. Limitations & Future Research: The limitation of this research is that it is a single case study so it cannot represent and be reflected for the whole healthcare industry. Also we could not acquire raw data from the parent company so we based the comparison on the data from Elekta-Greece and secondary data for the parent company. As for further investigation we suggest the expansion of this topic by conducting more case studies, add more countries at the same time in order to be able to create results that can be generalized for a successful cultural leadership on health-care industry.

This study examined the relationship between principals' spiritual attitudes and transformational leaders and investigated if the combination of spirituality and demographic variables, such as gender, predicted transformational leadership. It was important to conduct this study utilizing the framework of transformational leadership since it has been identified as an effective type of leadership in educational settings (Leithwood & Jantzi, 1998; Ogawa & Hart, 1985). Piedmont's (1999) Spiritual Transcendence Scale was the instrument used to measure the participants' spiritual perspective and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire measured the type of leadership of each principal. The sample that was used in this study was 105 principals from Jefferson, Terrebone, and Plaquemines Parish School Systems in Southeastern Louisiana, in addition to principals involved in the School Leadership Center of Greater New Orleans. This correlational research design utilizing surveys was conducted via mail. The study determined that there is a relationship between transformational leadership, spiritual transcendence, and gender This study supports the position that there is a significant relationship between the predictor variable of principals' spirituality, as defined by the Spiritual Transcendence Scale, and transformational leadership, as defined on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Additional findings showed gender as another predictor of transformational leadership, and further implications suggest that principals' sense of prayer fulfillment in their lives can also be a predictor of transformational leadership. These findings present major implications for leaders in education, education policy makers, and researchers and support the need for spirituality to be taught in the educating of future principals.

Recognizing the significant influence leaders have in shaping employee work experiences and behaviors, this session highlights research identifying leadership as a significant predictor of counterproductive work behaviors. Specifically, this symposium empirically examines the most recent efforts in understanding the role of leaders in both reducing and even driving CWBs within organizations

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of supervisors‟ leadership styles (transformational, transactional and passive-avoidance) on job satisfaction in the logistics industry. This study advocates the way in which employees perceive their supervisors‟ leadership styles and their influence on job satisfaction. The fact is that employees play an indispensable role in the realisation of an organisation’s goals and therefore it would be more crucial for an organisation to have employees who are willing to go beyond what is required of them. In this study, a quantitative research method was used to investigate a sample size of 201 employees working in logistics departments in organisations situated in Southern Gauteng. In choosing a sampling method, convenience sampling method was used mainly because respondents were readily accessible and available to the researcher and also willing to participate in the study. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire and the results of the correlation analysis revealed that transformational, transactional, and passive-avoidance leadership styles are significantly and positively related to job satisfaction. Based on the findings of the empirical survey, it was revealed that a positive association was found between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. A negative correlation was found between transactional, passive-avoidance and job satisfaction. Furthermore, the regression analysis showed that a transformational leadership style positively influences job satisfaction. Therefore, it was recommended that, to address negative correlations between transactional leadership styles on job satisfaction, supervisors/managers elicit desired performance from subordinates by motivating them externally. This can be done by rewarding subordinates for behaving in the expected manner and punishing them if they deviate. It was also recommended that to address negative correlation between passive-avoidance leadership style and job satisfaction supervisors/managers ought to give subordinates autonomy to make their own decisions and be able to solve work-related problems independently. It is further recommended that since passive-avoidance leadership style is associated with unproductiveness, supervisors/managers avoid the use of such a leadership style. The study concludes by recommending that a newer style of leadership such as authentic leadership can be introduced in order to influence employee job satisfaction positively. Servant leadership style can also be applied as this may influence job satisfaction positively. The findings and recommendations of this study are important for supervisors/managers employed in the logistics industry since they provide insight regarding the styles of leadership that are more effective in influencing employee job satisfaction positively. The implications for future research offer several opportunities in the area of leadership and job satisfaction. The study used a quantitative research design whereas the use of a mixed method approach may provide more meaningful results. Since the sample size was restricted, the study could also be expanded to include employees from other departments, such as finances, human resource and marketing.

Despite the fact that there is an increasing call from the community for principals to provide leadership in their schools, little work has been conducted in Australia into the question of educational leadership. This study attempts to describe the leadership styles of principals at one A.C. T. secondary school over the period 1961 to 1981. Immegart (1973), when considering possible alternative approaches to the study of leadership suggested that the genealogical approach, that is the study of the succession of leaders in one situation, may be a viable alternative. Taking up this suggestion the present study attempts to trial the genealogical approach in order to contribute to a body of knowledge on the leadership styles of principals in schools in the A.C.T. A shortened form of Likert's Management Systems Questionnaire was used to describe the leadership style of the principals. A brief survey of the staff was conducted in order to build up a profile of the staff with whom each principal worked. A number of hypotheses were tested. It was found that there had been a change in the leadership styles of the principals over the twenty year period, but this change was not uniform. Subscales of leadership, communication, decision making, goals and control were found to follow the same pattern as the overall result, with the exception of the subscale communication which had a more restricted range. The number of years a teacher taught at the school, previous teaching experience, qualifications and position on the staff were not found to affect teachers' perceptions of the leadership style of the principal.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Type of thesis: Bachelor thesis</p><p>Number of pages: 98</p><p>Title: Understanding leadership in successful Non-profit organizations: a case-study of IKSU</p><p>Authors: Linnéa Larsson, Peter Storhannus</p><p>Supervisor: Jessica Eriksson</p><p>Date: 2008-01-24</p><p>Summary:</p><p>Most leadership research has made within regular corporations or public sector organizations in the business world. However, the research on leadership in the non-profit organizations (NPOs) has been scarce even though these organizations play an important part in society and the economy as well. It is argued that leadership in NPOs is different from that of a for-profit organization due to the different preconditions that exist in a non-profit organization.</p><p>The research question of this thesis is therefore; “what characterizes leadership in NPOs and what leadership styles can be found?”.</p><p>Our purpose with this thesis is to provide an understanding of the leadership in a successful non-profit organization. More specifically, understand the leadership at IKSU. We identify IKSU as a combination between a mutual benefit organization and a voluntary association. We have chosen to make a case study by interviewing managers in different positions at the successful non-profit organization IKSU located in Umeå.</p><p>The interviewees also answered a questionnaire about their leadership as a complement to the interviews. Further, a questionnaire was sent out to the interviewed managers’ employees in order to receive better contextual understanding about their self-perceived leadership. Literature about NPOs and leadership in both NPOs and for-profit organization has been used. Two frameworks are central throughout the thesis; the situational leadership model constructed by Hersey & Blanchard (1981) have been used to analyze and understand the leadership styles and the four cornerstones of leadership by Ekstam (2002) have been used to construct the interview guide and to analyze the leaders’ roles in the organization.</p><p>The results have shown that he leadership styles that we can find at IKSU are supporting and coaching and that the leaders most developed roles are the roles as developers and teambuilders. We conclude that the use of high supportive behaviour might be due to both the fact that they have such close relationships between leaders and subordinates that the leaders feel uncomfortable adopting a low task/low relationship style, as that could instead damage the close relationship and lead to lower motivation and commitment from the employee. Another reason to use high relationship leadership style is due to that there exist no clear goals within the organization. The leaders work close together with their employees and the employees seem to work independently, thus with the support from the leaders. They let the employees be part of the decision making processes and they take care of the employees skills and knowledge rather than doing everything themselves. Further, they lead the employees through the constantly changing organization and understand that the organization have to develop since the profits have to be reinvested which will lead to further development of the organization.</p>

Abstract Type of thesis: Bachelor thesis Number of pages: 98 Title: Understanding leadership in successful Non-profit organizations: a case-study of IKSU Authors: Linnéa Larsson, Peter Storhannus Supervisor: Jessica Eriksson Date: 2008-01-24 Summary: Most leadership research has made within regular corporations or public sector organizations in the business world. However, the research on leadership in the non-profit organizations (NPOs) has been scarce even though these organizations play an important part in society and the economy as well. It is argued that leadership in NPOs is different from that of a for-profit organization due to the different preconditions that exist in a non-profit organization. The research question of this thesis is therefore; “what characterizes leadership in NPOs and what leadership styles can be found?”. Our purpose with this thesis is to provide an understanding of the leadership in a successful non-profit organization. More specifically, understand the leadership at IKSU. We identify IKSU as a combination between a mutual benefit organization and a voluntary association. We have chosen to make a case study by interviewing managers in different positions at the successful non-profit organization IKSU located in Umeå. The interviewees also answered a questionnaire about their leadership as a complement to the interviews. Further, a questionnaire was sent out to the interviewed managers’ employees in order to receive better contextual understanding about their self-perceived leadership. Literature about NPOs and leadership in both NPOs and for-profit organization has been used. Two frameworks are central throughout the thesis; the situational leadership model constructed by Hersey &amp; Blanchard (1981) have been used to analyze and understand the leadership styles and the four cornerstones of leadership by Ekstam (2002) have been used to construct the interview guide and to analyze the leaders’ roles in the organization. The results have shown that he leadership styles that we can find at IKSU are supporting and coaching and that the leaders most developed roles are the roles as developers and teambuilders. We conclude that the use of high supportive behaviour might be due to both the fact that they have such close relationships between leaders and subordinates that the leaders feel uncomfortable adopting a low task/low relationship style, as that could instead damage the close relationship and lead to lower motivation and commitment from the employee. Another reason to use high relationship leadership style is due to that there exist no clear goals within the organization. The leaders work close together with their employees and the employees seem to work independently, thus with the support from the leaders. They let the employees be part of the decision making processes and they take care of the employees skills and knowledge rather than doing everything themselves. Further, they lead the employees through the constantly changing organization and understand that the organization have to develop since the profits have to be reinvested which will lead to further development of the organization.

The purpose of this essay is to find out what new graduate teachers conceptions are of their own leadership in the classroom. The paper also aims to examine the different leadership styles the teachers perceive themselves to use. My study is based on qualitative data collected through interviews, where the informants are newly graduated teachers in grade 1 to 6. Using a qualitative approach has made it possible for me to get a deeper understanding of this study. I have also used previous research in this area where Arfwedson (1993), Franssons &amp; Morbergs (2001) and Paulin (2007) presents a number of experiences that student teachers and recent graduate teachers has shared. My study shows that newly qualified teachers faces difficulties to conquer their newly acquired roles for different reasons. It is also shown that the newly qualified teachers have a tendency, at first to be too authoritarian in their leadership i.e. too hard or too laissez-faire in their leadership, which means that the leader is passive in the leading role. However, the informants from my study feel they have found themselves in their leading role today through practical experiences, and the balancing act required for the leadership in the classroom.

The purpose of this survey research is to unveil the leadership styles of elementary school principals. 350 principals and 700 teachers participated in this study which was conducted in Turkey. Leadership Orientations Questionnaire (Bolman and Deal, 1991) was used to gather data. According to the results of the study, the dominant leadership frame that the principals employ was the human resource frame as to principal and teacher ratings.