With great change of the environment, nonprofit organizations can¡¦t get enough subsidies by the national government's budget. On the other hand, the depression of the environment makes people's income reduce, and also increases the degree of difficulty that nonprofit organization raises money. It is obvious that commercialization is more popular on nonprofit organization abroad, and in Taiwan, some organizations have already operated their commercialized behaviors too. This research¡¦s topic is how should NPO do so that the commercialized behaviors will make the source of the funds sufficient and not violate the goal of organizations? After study, we can find the following conclusions: The motives that nonprofit organizations have the commercialized behaviors are increasing the source of the funds and enforcing government¡¦s policies. Most commercialized activities are correlating with organizations¡¦ missions. Commercialized operation needs full-time department or the professional person to plan. The leader's philosophy and staff's ability have huge influence on the commercialized behaviors. By the way, the formulation of the government policy often brings great impact of nonprofit organizations. Finally, this research offers four suggestions: Set up a specific department or qualify professional persons; catch on government¡¦s policies actively; learn from successful organizations; commercialization and mission are both important.

Non-profit organizations participating in social activities becomes more and more important, and NPOs compensate for the deviations and inadequate matters that the public sector and private sector are unable to provide. Therefore, whether in education and culture, arts, social welfare or community construction, NPOs will give assistance, and promote the development of civil society. However, some well-known NPOs have been created many scandals. The low operational efficiency and disadvantages of behaviors hit the public trust from the general public. Thus, this study explore whether the donors¡¦ approval of accountability would affect their donation willingness to NPOs. The study collected paper questionnaires 168 and 164 online questionnaires (a total of 308 valid questionnaires). The purposes of this study are: first, to explore the differences about the donors¡¦ demographic variables to the donors¡¦ approval of accountability . Second, to explore the correlation between the donors¡¦ approval of accountability and donation willingness. Third, to provide specific recommendations about the future direction of sustainable development to NPOs. The empirical results show : First, in the demographic variables, the donors¡¦ contribution purposes and education to the approval of accountability are significant different. Second, the correlation between the donors¡¦ approval of accountability and donation willingness is significantly positive. Third, the accountability acts of legal norms, performance evaluation, citizen participation, information disclosure and organizational goals are all significantly correlated to donation willingness. Compared with each dimension, ¡§information disclosure¡¨ is the most significantly correlated. Then, the study makes the following recommendations: First, continuingly accountable, in order to maintain the sustainability of NPOs. Second, maintain the transparency of the operation, and promote the self-discipline. Third, put different marketing plan to different donors. Forth, keep the spirit of the NPOs¡¦ principle and provide services that meet the current needs of the community.

Abstract Since non-profit organizations (NPO) in Taiwan have been developing rapidly, they have to compete for the limited resources in the society. In the meantime, the depression has made the government increase its budget deficit so industry and people reduce their donation. Waiting for the donation can no longer cope with the service cost. Non-profit organizations (NPO) begin to learn to construct and apply commercial marketing channels, and think how to use the least resources, manpower and equipment to frame suitable marketing channels. Thus, they can get what they need and provide service to invite more people to attend public welfare so as to create the greatest value for the society. This is the motif of the research. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relativity between the service specialty of non-profit organizations and the variety and proficiency of marketing channels hoping to achieve the purposes. First, what are the differences between service characteristics and gaining resources of non-profit organizations in choosing marketing channels. Second, what are the contents and levels of marketing channels for non-profit organizations. Third, what are the proficiency orientations on raising resources and service promotion of the marketing channels chosen by non-profit organizations. This research adopted literature analysis and case studies. We chose eight non-profit organizations which provide the welfare for the mentally and physically challenged, the so called social charity groups, and interview them about the relations between their service and marketing. The results are as follows: 1. Marketing channels of non-profit organizations are similar. However, the differences of individual mission statement, service specialty and resources will influence their choice on major marketing channels. 2. To achieve missions with rare resources, singular and multiple marketing strategies are suitable for non-profit organizations 3. The construction of organization channels depends on the cooperation of outer organized systems. Therefore, the cooperation model among channel members will influence the effects of marketing channels. 4. Non-profit organizations have not established sound estimated mechanism on their chosen marketing channels for raising fund and service promotion. 5. Digital marketing channels are new marketing ones to be learned. At the end, this research makes a conclusion and gives some suggestions according to the analyzed discussions of the investigations above. We hope that it can provide a reference for marketing fellows in industry and non-profit organizations, and for further research. Keywords£ºNon-profit organizations (NPO)¡¢Marketing Channel

Networking Communication has been so popular in recent years and Blog has become one of the newest tools in network media. Diverse users are from all kinds of industries. In general, networking communication researches are often focused on the application in enterprise and industry, but the application in Non-Profit Organization (NPO) should also be considered. There are nearly 26000 institutes from all types of industries that belong to the NPO and the study aims to understand how the Blog application influences the communication. The conclusion can be taken as reference for the NPO to establish a low cost and strong functional network. Method of quality research was carried out in six NPOs and the recording of interview was transferred to manuscripts. After analyzing the manuscripts, the conclusion shows that there¡¦s possibility for Blog designed in low technology and low cost can help the NPO to be seen and heard. The successful operational factors must include rich concept that can be updated promptly at any time and the data of professional knowledge can be easily saved and accumulated. After long term endeavor, competitiveness will be increased and the best efficiency of networking communication for the NPO can then be achieved.

Nonprofit-Organisationen (NPOs) sehen sich zunehmend der Aufgabe gegenüber, die Effizienz der Ressourcenallokation stärker zu beachten. Die in der Literatur auffindbaren ökonomischen Governance-Modelle fördern zwar die Effizienzorientierung, tendieren aber dazu, die Komplexität der Überschussverteilung in NPOs zu vernachlässigen. Ausgehend von einem neoinstitutionenökonomischen Bezugsrahmen wird in dieser Arbeit ein Modell der NPO-Governance, das Governance-Netzwerk, entwickelt, das sowohl Effizienz- als auch Verteilungsaspekte berücksichtigt. Als Kernaufgabe der Governance wird die Analyse und Regulierung der Machtverteilung innerhalb von NPOs identifiziert, da die Machtverteilung sowohl den Anteil bei den ex-post-Verhandlungen über den Organisationsüberschuss determiniert als auch die Effizienz der Ressourcenallokation beeinflusst. Anhand einer idealtypischen Analyse wird gezeigt, dass die Stakeholder-Gruppen der "Spender" und der "ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter" besonders schutzbedürftig sind, da ihre Ansprüche überwiegend implizit formuliert und nicht durch besondere Machtpositionen abgesichert sind. Zur Aufwertung der Machtposition dieser beiden Gruppen werden Governance-Instrumente entwickelt, die den Schutz der Ansprüche gewährleisten können und damit sowohl einen Beitrag zur Effizienzsteigerung leisten als auch neue Einblicke in die organisationalen Wirkungszusammenhänge der NPO-Governance ermöglichen. (Autorenref.)

The impact of the global financial crisis, which has its origins in the United States, reverberated through the private sector and brought some country economies to their knees. This highlighted the interconnectedness of world economies. Big companies filed for bankruptcy whiles others were acquired in a bid to avoid total annihilation. Unemployment levels reached terrifying heights. While the world economy was unravelling and the legitimacy of governments was determined by their ability to alleviate the financial pressures their citizens were under; another group was feeling the pressure. However, the impact the financial crisis has had on group has not received nearly as much attention. Although the non-profit sector may not feature highly on the economic scales and matrices; it is part a part of the global economic fabric. It receives funds from governments, corporates, foundations, philanthropists and individual citizens. The size of the donations they receive correlates to the size of the disposable income of their donors. It therefore follows that when the world economy unravelled; non-profit organisations saw a marked decline in the funds received. This paper sets to establish not only how the South African non-profit sector responded to what became a funding crisis for them; but also to test their responsive strategies within the framework of the strategy process. An exploratory research method was used to investigate this problem, and the results showed on the one hand, a spirited sector that has taken the challenge on by adopting more commercial thinking to ensure their financial sustainability. On the other it was found that challenges with a key strategic partner prevailed as well as the challenge of accepting the incongruence of embracing commercial practices vis-à-vis holding deep social mission values. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / zkgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Chapter 1 novelly examines the nature of the interaction between private donors and not-for-profit organisations (NPOs) when NPOs can invest endowment funds in a two-asset risky portfolio and donors can contribute to both the endowment fund and the annual campaign. I study a three-stage non-cooperative game with two types of economic agents: a cohort of heterogeneous donors and one representative NPO. In equilibrium, donors always contribute to the endowment fund; however, they may not contribute to the annual campaign. The proportion of the NPO's endowment fund invested in the risky asset is a discontinuous function of the endowment; donors contribute less to an aggressive NPO and more to a cautious one. When the NPO can solicit donors to contribute only once, this increases the expected level of the contribution in equilibrium, but this may not generate higher expected utility for donors. Chapter 2 presents a dynamic model of charitable giving. At each period, donors contribute to an NPO's endowment; the NPO provides a charitable good and invests in the  financial market. Investments are made in a risky asset and a risk-free asset. I introduce two types of shocks to account for uncertainty: donors' income shock and  financial market fluctuations. I show that the optimal share of disposable endowment invested in risky asset is constant. Donors' strategy, whether to contribute or free-ride on the NPO's investments, depends on donors' shadow prices. Donors contribute when NPO's endowment is relatively low. Large contribution levels encourage the NPO to participate in the capital market at the expense of providing charitable good. I show that the NPO prefers an environment with a lower rate of return on risk-free assets. NPO's risk exposure to the  financial market affects both NPO's and donors' decisions. However, risk exposures on donors' side do not impact parties' decisions. Regulation analysis suggests that portfolio ceiling and provision floor are achievable. Chapter 3 links two data sources: the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS) data over the period of 1987-2014 and the U.S. presidential elections data. I develop a dynamic model to examine how the national-level political incumbent shapes the NPOs' risky investment portfolio selection, adjusting for a set of NPOs' intrinsic characteristics and real interest rate. I  find that right-leaning Republicans act as a rein on NPOs' risky investments, i.e., a Republican administration is associated with a reduction in NPOs' holdings of corporation stocks and a 16.28% reduction in equity share relative to a Democratic administration. It is attributed to the impact of the Republican administration by more facilitating NPOs' accessibility to borrowing than having a Democratic president. I argue that NPOs behave as backward-looking investors or are reluctant to change their portfolio due to the significant portfolio adjustment cost, using past performance as an indicator to make their current risky investment decisions. Heckman two-step estimation indicates that NPOs' investment is an endogenous sample selection instead of a random choice. I show that NPOs have a less extensive equity share with more severe agency costs; foundation size plays a different role when NPOs decide whether to invest in risky assets compared with investing NPOs. Moreover, for investing NPOs, the equity share is expected to decrease by 12.0% if there is a 1% increase in the real interest rate; NPOs are more inclined to invest in risky assets when the real interest rate increases, in the sense of riding with the rational bubble.

The non-profit sector is growing, where NPOs compete for scarce resources. Meanwhile, innovation in communication technology requires resources and creativity. Can social media work as an efficient tool for communicating organizational goals and values and how does it enhance trust in NPOs relationship with donors? How do NPOs use ICT and social media in communication to donors and how do they implement functional and emotional communication online?  The research area is approached through a deductive, qualitative, and constructivist perspective. Interviews with two leading NPOs were held, as well as a number of interviews with potential donors. The theoretical framework builds upon Morgan and Hunts and MacMillan et al’s models of trust and commitment. Functional and emotional communication was developed through various theories on online communication. The main findings of this thesis are that Swedish NPOs mainly focus on emotional communication in order to obtain emotional commitment before further developing trust, which is created from functional communication. The investigated NPOs use functional communication to a very little extent.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Type of thesis: Bachelor thesis</p><p>Number of pages: 98</p><p>Title: Understanding leadership in successful Non-profit organizations: a case-study of IKSU</p><p>Authors: Linnéa Larsson, Peter Storhannus</p><p>Supervisor: Jessica Eriksson</p><p>Date: 2008-01-24</p><p>Summary:</p><p>Most leadership research has made within regular corporations or public sector organizations in the business world. However, the research on leadership in the non-profit organizations (NPOs) has been scarce even though these organizations play an important part in society and the economy as well. It is argued that leadership in NPOs is different from that of a for-profit organization due to the different preconditions that exist in a non-profit organization.</p><p>The research question of this thesis is therefore; “what characterizes leadership in NPOs and what leadership styles can be found?”.</p><p>Our purpose with this thesis is to provide an understanding of the leadership in a successful non-profit organization. More specifically, understand the leadership at IKSU. We identify IKSU as a combination between a mutual benefit organization and a voluntary association. We have chosen to make a case study by interviewing managers in different positions at the successful non-profit organization IKSU located in Umeå.</p><p>The interviewees also answered a questionnaire about their leadership as a complement to the interviews. Further, a questionnaire was sent out to the interviewed managers’ employees in order to receive better contextual understanding about their self-perceived leadership. Literature about NPOs and leadership in both NPOs and for-profit organization has been used. Two frameworks are central throughout the thesis; the situational leadership model constructed by Hersey & Blanchard (1981) have been used to analyze and understand the leadership styles and the four cornerstones of leadership by Ekstam (2002) have been used to construct the interview guide and to analyze the leaders’ roles in the organization.</p><p>The results have shown that he leadership styles that we can find at IKSU are supporting and coaching and that the leaders most developed roles are the roles as developers and teambuilders. We conclude that the use of high supportive behaviour might be due to both the fact that they have such close relationships between leaders and subordinates that the leaders feel uncomfortable adopting a low task/low relationship style, as that could instead damage the close relationship and lead to lower motivation and commitment from the employee. Another reason to use high relationship leadership style is due to that there exist no clear goals within the organization. The leaders work close together with their employees and the employees seem to work independently, thus with the support from the leaders. They let the employees be part of the decision making processes and they take care of the employees skills and knowledge rather than doing everything themselves. Further, they lead the employees through the constantly changing organization and understand that the organization have to develop since the profits have to be reinvested which will lead to further development of the organization.</p>

Abstract Type of thesis: Bachelor thesis Number of pages: 98 Title: Understanding leadership in successful Non-profit organizations: a case-study of IKSU Authors: Linnéa Larsson, Peter Storhannus Supervisor: Jessica Eriksson Date: 2008-01-24 Summary: Most leadership research has made within regular corporations or public sector organizations in the business world. However, the research on leadership in the non-profit organizations (NPOs) has been scarce even though these organizations play an important part in society and the economy as well. It is argued that leadership in NPOs is different from that of a for-profit organization due to the different preconditions that exist in a non-profit organization. The research question of this thesis is therefore; “what characterizes leadership in NPOs and what leadership styles can be found?”. Our purpose with this thesis is to provide an understanding of the leadership in a successful non-profit organization. More specifically, understand the leadership at IKSU. We identify IKSU as a combination between a mutual benefit organization and a voluntary association. We have chosen to make a case study by interviewing managers in different positions at the successful non-profit organization IKSU located in Umeå. The interviewees also answered a questionnaire about their leadership as a complement to the interviews. Further, a questionnaire was sent out to the interviewed managers’ employees in order to receive better contextual understanding about their self-perceived leadership. Literature about NPOs and leadership in both NPOs and for-profit organization has been used. Two frameworks are central throughout the thesis; the situational leadership model constructed by Hersey &amp; Blanchard (1981) have been used to analyze and understand the leadership styles and the four cornerstones of leadership by Ekstam (2002) have been used to construct the interview guide and to analyze the leaders’ roles in the organization. The results have shown that he leadership styles that we can find at IKSU are supporting and coaching and that the leaders most developed roles are the roles as developers and teambuilders. We conclude that the use of high supportive behaviour might be due to both the fact that they have such close relationships between leaders and subordinates that the leaders feel uncomfortable adopting a low task/low relationship style, as that could instead damage the close relationship and lead to lower motivation and commitment from the employee. Another reason to use high relationship leadership style is due to that there exist no clear goals within the organization. The leaders work close together with their employees and the employees seem to work independently, thus with the support from the leaders. They let the employees be part of the decision making processes and they take care of the employees skills and knowledge rather than doing everything themselves. Further, they lead the employees through the constantly changing organization and understand that the organization have to develop since the profits have to be reinvested which will lead to further development of the organization.