Workplace violence is a phenomenon which is growing and it has the potential to affect individual performance and organizational productivity. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of employees regarding workplace violence in the National Department of Social Development. The researcher was motivated to choose this subject as a result of her observation working as Employee Health and Wellness Manager in the same Department whereby there were cases reported were related to workplace violence such as poor working relationships, conflict , work related stress and high level of mental health. Furthermore, lack of research and literature studies concerning workplace violence motivated the research. The qualitative approach was utilized and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data about the experiences of employees utilizing interview scheduled, 10 employees who were employees of the National Department of Social Development were interviewed. Purposive sampling method was used to select the suitable participants of the study who met the specific defined criteria. The type of research utilised was applied research to explore the experiences of employees regarding workplace violence and to give meaning to it. A collective case study was used to focus on participants who have experienced workplace violence in order to understand the types of workplace violence that were experienced, the effects it had on individuals as well as factors contributing to workplace violence in the National Department of Social Development. Theoretical overview that was discussed focused on understanding the how the different concepts related to workplace violence is defined in literature as well as looking at the effects of workplace violence on employees and employer as well as highlighting the different types of workplace violence. The research findings indicated that workplace violence is well conceptualised by the employees of Social Development and they understand the meaning of workplace violence. The study has also confirmed that workplace violence exists within the department and most of participants have experienced internal workplace violence. / Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 乙第12864号 / 論地環博第10号 / 新制||地環||26(附属図書館) / 31544 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)准教授 吉野 章, 教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 星野 敏 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

本篇論文主要目的在於探討宗教類非營利組織網路衛星頻道的功能，並以泰國法身寺《夢中夢》節目為個案，以資作為提升道德倫理教育及解決各國社會問題的參考。本文的研究問題分為兩者：一者是《夢中夢》節目有什麼樣的製作原則與方法？；二者是《夢中夢》節目如何把節目的影響力擴大到泰國社會去？ 本文採用參與觀察法 (participant observation)，筆者親身參與製作《夢中夢》節目，成為法身寺的工作人員(staff)，負責不同的工作項目。從西元2002年3月1日至西元2004年8月31日，共花了兩年五個月的時間來參與觀察《夢中夢》節目，從開始發展節目的階段到節目穩定的階段，才把自己所見所聞的資料作一番整理分析。本篇論文也盡量不採用佛教術語，希望能為一般讀者所接受，並能容易明瞭其內容。研究中發現： 一、《夢中夢》節目有什麼樣的製作原則與方法？ (一) 節目內容：《夢中夢》節目的內容符合了製作節目的五大原則：有明確的目標、創新、關連性、掌握時代潮流和訴求廣度。除此之外每一個原則中，也有自己的特點 。 (二) 製作管理：《夢中夢》節目的製作管理符合了製作節目的五大原則：給予節目人員參與節目的政策決定、符合觀眾的作息時間、固定的帶狀時間、連接安排吸引觀眾的節目、節目存量足以播出 。 二、《夢中夢》節目如何把節目的影響力擴大到泰國社會去？ (一) 節目的廣告活動：除了利用雜誌、宣傳單、海報和高速公路旁邊的大看板和網路作為廣告的工具，還請志工介紹親朋好友看《夢中夢》節目 。 (二) 節目的公關活動： 《夢中夢》節目推廣一些活動除了達到公關的效果：建立節目的形象和增加知名度之外，也能把節目的影響力擴大到社會去。 (三) 節目的促銷活動：利用研討會作為促銷活動，並設有促銷時段 。 本篇論文建議法身寺： 一、節目內容方面 (一) 明確的目標：把製作節目的原則和方法列印成《製作節目的手冊》。 (二) 創新：不斷地學習新科技，同時請實務界的科技顧問。 (三) 關連性：請願意公開姓名的個案主人來跟主持人作訪談，加強關連性的學習功能。 (四) 掌握時代潮流：成立「乾淨媒體社團」把這種新時代的潮流擴大影響到全國大眾媒體。 (五) 訴求廣度：成立「夢中夢節目觀眾的社團」讓新觀眾更感覺到節目對他和志工沒有差別的待遇。 二、製作管理方面 (一) 節目人員參與政策的決定：請實務界的廣電人士當作節目的顧問。 (二) 符合觀眾的作息時間和固定的帶狀時間：建議法身寺成立海外的轉播站。 (三) 連接安排吸引觀眾的節目：每個月應有創新的單元 (四) 節目存量足以播出：增加「佛教藝術團」專門畫畫的工作人員。 三、節目的廣告活動方面：增加網路廣告的數量與功能。 四、節目的促銷活動方面：建議法身寺灌輸新的觀念給志工：介紹節目即是法布施，如送一本好看的書給朋友看一樣。若推廣節目的情況還未提升應再研發新的管道來推廣節目，不要跟募款的管道重複。 最後，筆者認為《夢中夢》節目的特點是：一、給予“乾淨媒體”的定義，即是節目的六大原則；二、廣播節目激勵網路世界裡的善人能躍進到現實世界來顯示英雄的本質；三、推廣活動幫助現實世界的善人建起「善人關係網」；四、節目的內容不在於宣揚法身寺的名聲而在於提高全國僧團的地位，鼓勵觀眾每逢佛日(大約每七天)到家附近的寺院去護持僧團，使全國寺院團結牽手向前走、同心協力發展佛教事業。

時至今日，公立大學在財務收入來源方面有企業捐助及教育部穩定來源支持，反觀私立大專院校，其收入來源卻是不穩定，可能造成其財務困難進而影響其辦學成效，私立大學如何提升其教學品質增加其收入，為首要關鍵點之一。而本研究透過資本人才密度比來展現學校的教學品質程度，並藉由相關文獻之彙總整理，歸納出影響大專校院資本人才密度比決策之因素。 本文以各私立大學院校所提供的財務報表，評估84學年度至94學年度各私立大學院校在資本人才密度比之影響，利用Panel Data統計方法，分析不同特質的學校，其經營產出上的差異，並提供學校經營者管理上的建議。 實證結果發現，學雜費收入、捐贈及補助收入、圖書支出，與資本人才比例為正相關。而在生師比方面會因不同的模型結構有不同影響變動。在機器設備之支出方面，若以碩博士生為研究對象，學校對於機器設備方面的投入建設，以提升全體碩博士生的設備使用。包含電腦儀器設備、投影設備等。設備投入越多，學生享有教學資源越多；但以全校人力為衡量標準，導致資源配置錯誤，無法達成配置效率(allocation efficiency)。 在虛擬變數方面，根據不同背景特性將其轉化，對醫學院而言，大多為小班制，醫學院的實習課都在醫院，教師品質來自於各醫院，與資本人才密度比呈現正相關的影響力。但在理工學院方面亦會因不同的模型結構有不同影響變動。而文法商學院，人力的訓練遠遠高於機器設備的使用率，較強調人才的管理組織整合能力的結合，與資本人才密度比呈現正相關。

近年來部落格興起，迅速形成一股風潮。部落格互動性高、進入門檻低，為缺乏高額行銷、宣傳預算的商業／非商業行為者提供了成本極低的新興宣傳管道，許多資訊化程度較高的非營利組織已開始選擇部落格作為其宣傳、發佈訊息或溝通的工具。 / 本研究以現有非營利組織部落格傳播研究為基礎，往閱聽人端延伸，探討非營利組織部落格閱聽人的使用與回饋行為，試圖描繪非營利組織部落格的閱聽人輪廓，提供非營利組織作為宣傳策略的參考。 / 研究發現，非營利組織部落格瀏覽者從動機、使用到回饋，整個過程呈現出環環相扣的因果關係，同時，每一個環節都受到瀏覽者的個人特質、周圍環境及其本身對公益事務（特定議題）或部落格此媒體工具的認知、態度、關注程度、過去經驗及…等多重因子形成的脈絡所影響。此外，「使用」和「回饋」中間還存在一個相當重要的環節：瀏覽者在接收非營利組織部落格的資訊刺激後，會因人而異，產生大小程度不一反應──包含對真實的認知、對訊息的共鳴或感動，進而轉化為行動欲望──，當此正面反應愈強，該瀏覽者便愈傾向做出進一步的回饋行動。 / 閱聽人瀏覽非營利組織部落格是一個動態的系列過程，充滿著各種影響因素，難以量化評估其效果或成敗。但從閱聽人的反應來看，非營利組織應可放心發展「部落格」此一媒體工具，省去架設網站的高金錢與技術成本，改以低成本、技術門檻低的部落格，將組織宣傳的人力物力集中在致力於「豐富內容」上，而不用再浪費時間學習網頁技術或尋找技術人才。同時，非營利組織也要善加利用部落格串聯的動能，可與使命相近的其他組織聯合舉辦活動或互相張貼串聯標籤，並以設計精美的標籤來鼓勵瀏覽者張貼在個人部落格上，擴展組織的宣傳觸角。

世界衛生組織(WHO)於2003年5月第56屆世界衛生大會通過國際「菸草控制框架公約」 (Framework Convention of Tobacco Control, 簡稱FCTC)，在「禁止菸品廣告、促銷及贊助行為」、「跨國合作管制非法走私菸品貿易」、「管制銷售菸品予未成年人及對弱勢族群的保護」、「研議並追究菸商之法律責任」等各方面皆訂有突破性規範。目前全世界已有超過150國家或簽署、或批准遞交世界衛生組織「菸草控制框架公約」。顯見「菸害防制」議題已經是不分國界、不分種族，21世紀全球一致最重要的公共衛生政策之一。 社會行銷在國外行之有年，強調：「以行銷之概念及技巧，來達到某種特定行為之改變，並改善社會」，而運用於健康議題之社會行銷，則是：「將行銷觀念及技巧系統化，以達到促進健康及減少傷害之行為改變目的」。「菸害防制」之推動，即為運用社會行銷所常見之議題及案例。在台灣，董氏基金會為國內最早推動菸害防制宣導的非營利組織，致力於國內菸害防制工作規劃、教育宣導，並促成相關政策法案制訂及監督執法。1997年推動「菸害防制法」立法(歷經十年)；2000年推動菸品開徵「健康福利捐」、執行「衛生署國民健康局菸害申訴服務中心」、舉辦國際「Quit and Win戒菸就贏」比賽等…董氏基金會推動菸害防制二十餘年，因著社會脈動調整推動策略，其寶貴之實務經驗在在與社會行銷理論相結合。 本研究即希望能收集國內外推動健康議題之社會行銷文獻，以社會行銷之概念，配合個案訪談，分析董氏基金會在推動菸害防制議題上之成效，歸納出活動成果及成功因素，以作為相關組織經營及發展策略之參考方向。 / World Health Organization has adopted the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) in the 56th World Health Assembly in May, 2003. The provisions have breakthrough progress on the fields such as “ban on tobacco advising, promotion and sponsorship”, “cross-country control over tobacco smuggling”, “ban on selling of tobacco to minors”, and “legal liability of the tobacco industry”. Up to date, over 150 countries already signed or ratified the FCTC. This shows that tobacco control is already such an important health policy in 21th century beyond country and race. Social marketing has been popular in other countries for years. The idea is “To change a certain collective behavior and improve the society with the concept and techniques of marketing.” To apply “social marketing” to health issues is to “To change behaviors that promote health and eliminate harm with systematized concept and techniques of marketing.” The promotion of tobacco control is a common topic and case that utilize social marketing theory. In Taiwan, John Tung Foundation (JTF) is the first NGO that advocates tobacco control movement. It has been dedicated to the planning, education and promotion of tobacco control in order to enhance police and legislation and the supervision of law enforcement. In 1997, after ten years of efforts, the Tobacco Hazard Prevention Act was finally passed. In 2000, JTF advocated and successfully lead to the levy of the tobacco health and welfare surcharge, executed the “tobacco complaint center sponsored by Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of health” and sponsored the international Quit & Win cessation campaign. In more than two decades, JTF always modifies its tobacco control strategies with the trend of society. Its invaluable experience is again and again accords with the theory of social marketing. The study aims to collect the literature regarding social marketing of health issues. The author uses the concept of social marketing and case interview to analyze the effects of JTF’s advocacy of tobacco control issues. The performance of its campaign and success factors may be a new guideline for the relevant organizations for their operation and strategy development.

Cette recherche porte sur la mise en évidence des spécificités des organisations non lucratives à travers l'analyse des modalités de la coexistence de celles-ci aux côtés d'organisations lucratives et publiques. Cette étude s'ouvre sur un examen critique de la littérature des théories économiques des organisations non lucratives sur base de la grille d'analyse proposée par Favereau (1989). Il apparaît que ces théories, qui reposent pour la plupart sur un paradigme de rationalité substantielle, s'avèrent inadéquates pour expliquer les raisons de la coexistence d'organisations non lucratives, lucratives et publiques dans un même secteur d'activités. Pour arriver à une explication satisfaisante, nous avons dès lors choisi de nous situer dans une perspective conventionnaliste, au sens de la théorie des conventions (Lewis, 1961; Orléan, 1994), basée sur une conception procédurale de la rationalité. L'étude s'est construite plus particulièrement sur le modèle des "Économies de la grandeur" (Boltanski et Thévenot, 1987) qui explique comment et pourquoi différents principes de justification peuvent être invoqués par des individus et des groupes afin d'exprimer leurs divergences dans les modes de coordination, ainsi que pour justifier leurs actions. Cette théorie nous a par ailleurs permis d'appréhender et d'opérationaliser, dans ses multiples facettes, le concept de qualité des services offerts par un secteur d'activités. Le secteur d'activités retenu pour appliquer le modèle développé est celui des maisons de repos pour personnes âgées (MRPA). Les différentes logiques de qualité des services au sein des MRPA ont été identifiées au travers d'études de cas qui ont permis d'analyser les tensions qui s'y manifestent et les compromis qui y sont réalisés, ainsi que le rôle tenu par le statut juridique. L'hypothèse de base du travail était en effet qu'à chaque statut juridique correspond un compromis spécifique entre les différents "mondes" de justification. / This research has been dedicated to the specificities of nonprofit organizations (NPO) when competing with for-profit (FPO) and governmental (GO) organizations in the same industry. The first part of this study consists of a review of the literature on economic theories of NPO's (Hansmann, 1987) along with a critical study based on the analytic scheme proposed by Olivier Favereau (1989). The economic literature is rich in theories explaining the existence of NPO's. Nevertheless, these theories are unable to explain the reasons for their coexistence with FPO's and GO's. As a matter of fact, most of these theories are founded on a classical paradigm based on a concept of substantive rationality, which can only explain the predominance of a type of organization in a specific sector. Therefore, in order to reach a satisfactory explanation of the coexistence of various organizational forms, our study has been rooted in a new paradigm, named the Theory of conventions (Lewis, 1961; Orléan, 1994), based on a procedural concept of rationality. More specifically, our study has been grounded on the approach elaborated by Boltanski and Thévenot (1987, 1991). The so-called model of the “Economics of Worth” (“les Economies de la Grandeur”), explaining how and why various principles of justification (e.g., domestic, civic, industrial, or merchant) may be invoked by individuals and groups in order to express their divergences in some process requiring coordination, as well as to justify the course of actions they have been adopting. This approach is centered on "conventions" as a way of understanding the interaction of social actors, be they individuals or organizations. This theory allows us to apprehend and operationalize in a multifaceted or multidimensional way the concept of the quality of service provided by a sector of activity. The second part of our research consists in the implementation of the developed model in a chosen sector, the nursing home industry, through selective case studies. Our empirical study firstly consists of the identification of the different "logics of quality" of services present or absent in several nursing homes with different legal statuses (NPO, FPO or GO). It then analyzes the specific tensions and compromises achieved within each nursing home under study as well as the role played by their statuses, keeping in mind that our basic hypothesis is that every legal status will induce a specific compromise between various "worlds" of justification.

本論文主要在探討台灣的非營利組織(Non-profit Organization, NPO)使用Facebook的情形。根據台灣外交部所建檔的非營利組織名冊，找出其中99個非營利組織的Facebook頁面並加以分析其內容，利用這樣的第一手資料，來了解台灣的NPO如何組織和規劃其Facebook平台，來作為一個傳播媒介。 本論文以1998年Kent與Taylor所提出的五大對話原則理論來分析非營利組織使用社群網站的情形，有三點發現：第一，本論文發現，有些非營利組織網站的分類太過細微，有些又太不具代表性；第二，非營利組織在Facebook上的影響力並不大；第三，本論文發現通常組織本身很少在Facebook上與使用者互動，也就是說，它們鮮少回應或是評論其他使用者的貼文和意見，組織成員並不會直接在Facebook上展開對話和溝通。本論文認為NPO使用Facebook並沒有形成一個共通的模式或規模，而是非常隨機的，沒有一個變數能夠真正具有指標意義地用來評價一個NPO粉絲頁面的品質，這大致上可以勾勒出台灣的NPO使用Facebook的情形。 / This thesis examines the use of Facebook pages by nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in Taiwan. The sample for this study was constructed using the official list of Taiwanese NPOs found on the Internet site Taiwan NGO (www.taiwanngo.tw), held by The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (TAIWAN). A total of 99 NPOs’ Facebook pages were content analyzed, therefore this thesis used primary data. The theory used to analyze the use of the social networking site by the NPOs was the Five Dialogical Principles of the Internet proposed by Kent and Taylor (1998). Firstly, it was found that some categories of NPOs are over-represented while others are under-represented. Secondly, it was found that very little influences the way NPOs communicate on their Facebook pages. Finally, it was discovered that associations seldom interact with their users, they don not respond or comment on users’ posts or comments; associations typically do not talk directly to their fans. A global image of the use of Facebook pages by NPOs in Taiwan is given. Finally, it was found that NPOs used Facebook pages very randomly. None of the variables seem to dictate the quality of the page.

<p>This thesis describes effects of use and reasons for using three different organisational innovations: ISO 9000, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and an administrative tool (the YAF-module) in the Swedish Sports Confederation’s system Swedish Sports Online. This is done through three separate studies. The first study is directed at Swedish Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) and the two following studies are directed at Swedish sport associations. The thesis contains three separate essays presenting the studies and an introductory part where the studies are compared.</p><p>In the introductory part of the thesis the interaction patterns between organisation and innovation are compared and discussed. I discuss the level of effort put into the decision and implementation processes, and how this is related to the satisfaction with the innovations. The patterns that emerged are quite different in the three studies. Understanding these different interaction patterns between organisation and innovation is a step away from a beneficial/ detrimental dichotomy of innovations.</p><p>The decision and implementation processes differ between the three studies regarding what parts of the organisations were involved. In the first study we saw top down decision and implementation processes, whereas in the second study we saw bottom or middle up processes. In the third study the decision and implementation was much narrower in scope, often involving only one person. I also describe how all perspectives (efficient choice, forced selection, fad and fashion perspective) suggested by Abrahamson (1991), bear some grain of truth for the adoption of ISO 9000 by SMEs and adoption of ICT by sport associations, whereas imitation (the fad and fashion perspectives) is less important in the adoption of the YAF-module. Furthermore, I discuss the parallels between human and organisational decisionmaking.</p><p>Summary of the first essay – The aim of the first study is to investigate the effects of quality management in accordance with the ISO 9000 as viewed by both quality managers and other managers. We also consider the way companies carried out the recertification process to ISO 9001:2000 and what consequences different approaches brought. The study is based on Swedish SMEs with an ISO 9000:1994 who had recertified according to the ISO 9001:2000 standard. The strongest, most obvious and most valued effects of the ISO 9000 standard are clearer and more apparent working procedures and responsibilities. The most apparent problem is bureaucracy, which according to some managers can lead to reduced flexibility. The effects of the certification vary depending on how the certification project is conducted and how consultants are used.</p><p>Summary of the second essay – This essay presents a descriptive study of the use of information and communication technology (ICT) and the change in communication patterns in Swedish sport associations over the period 1994 to 2003. The change is discussed in light of Internet and broadband diffusion. Results show that new channels for communication have been adopted, primarily Web sites and e-mail, but few established channels have been dropped. While there are associations that save time and money and increase the spirit of community using ICT, many organisations experience the increased number of communication channels as a burden since maintaining them takes extra resources but the benefits are not always easy to detect or measure. Certain characteristics common among non profit organisations (NPOs) as well as Internet and broadband access have influenced the development of ICT use.</p><p>Summary of the third essay – This essay presents a new model for analysing adoption of discretionary, public information systems (PIS) with digital use patterns (such as use or non-use, as opposed to frequency of use, or degree of engaged or compliant use). The model is based on Rogers’ innovation diffusion theory (IDT) and Nilsson’s user centred access model (UCAM). The model is an alternative to the general technology acceptance model (TAM). The AKAM-Model identifies six prerequisites for use and four management approaches and describes how these are related. To illustrate its applicability, the AKAM-Model is used to analyse the adoption of a specific module, the YAF-module, in the Swedish Sports Confederation’s (SSC) system Swedish Sports Online. We present empirical results that indicate the frequency and importance of the barriers and driving forces as experienced by the YAF-module users and the potential YAF-module users.</p> / <p>Denna avhandling beskriver effekterna av, och skälen för, användning av tre organisatoriska innovationer: ISO 9000, informations- och kommunikationsteknologi (ICT) och en administrativ modul (LOK-stödsmodulen) i Riksidrottsförbundets system Svenskidrott Online. Avhandlingen presenterar tre olika studier samt en kappa där studierna diskuteras och jämförs. Den första riktar sig mot svenska små och medelstora företag, och de två följande studierna riktar sig mot svenska</p><p>idrottsföreningar.</p><p>I den inledande delen av avhandlingen diskuterar jag interaktionsmönstren mellan organisation och innovation och jämför mellan de olika studierna. Jag diskuterar hur mycket kraft som läggs på besluts- och implementeringsprocessen, och hur detta är relaterat till nöjdheten med innovationen. Mönstren som framträder är olika mellan de tre studierna. Att förstå dessa interaktionsmönster är ett steg bort från dikotomin förbättring/försämring rörande innovationer.</p><p>Besluts- och implementeringsprocesserna skiljer sig också mellan studierna avseende vilka delar av organisationen som är inblandade. Den första studien handlar om ”topdown” processer medan den andra studien handlar om ”bottom-up” eller ”mitten-upp”- processer. I den tredje studien var besluts- och implementeringsprocesserna betydligt mindre omfattande, ofta var endast en person inblandad. Jag beskriver också hur alla, av Abrahamson (1991) föreslagna perspektiven (efficient choice, forced selection, fad and fashion-perspektiven) har ett korn av sanning för adoption av ISO 9000 och för adoption av ICT medan imitation (fad and fashion-perspektiven) är mindre viktigt för adoption av LOK-stödsmodulen. Utöver detta diskuterar jag också tänkbara paralleller mellan individuellt och organisatoriskt beslutsfattande.</p><p>Sammanfattning av den första studien – Syftet med studien är att undersöka effekterna av kvalitetsledning i enlighet med ISO 9000, som de upplevs av både kvalitetschefer och andra chefer. Vi beaktar också hur företagen genomför omcertifieringsprocessen till ISO 9001:2000 och vilka konsekvenser olika genomföranden fick. Studien fokuserar på svenska små och medelstora företag med ett ISO 9000:1994 certifikat som senare omcertifierat sig enligt ISO 9001:2000. De starkaste, tydligaste och högst värderade effekterna av ISO 9000 är tydligheten i arbetssätt och ansvarsfördelning. Det största problemet är byråkrati som kan leda till minskad flexibilitet. Effekterna av certifiering varierar beroende på hur certifieringsprojektet genomfördes och hur konsulter används.</p><p>Sammanfattning av den andra studien – Denna studie är deskriptiv och fokuserar på hur ICT används och hur kommunikationsmönstren förändrats i svenska idrottsföreningar under perioden 1994 till 2003. Förändringen diskuteras i ljuset av utbredningen av Internet och bredbandsuppkoppling. Resultaten visar att idrottsföreningarna har börjat använda nya kommunikationskanaler, främst hemsida och epost, men ofta inte slutat använda traditionella kanaler. Det finns föreningar som har sparat både tid och pengar samt ökat gemenskapen genom att använda ICT. Många föreningar upplever dock de nya kanalerna som en börda, i de fall de inte slutat använda några traditionella kanaler. Vissa faktorer utmärkande för ideella organisationer och vissa faktorer utmärkande för Internet- och bredbandstillgång har påverkat ICT-användningen.</p><p>Sammanfattning av den tredje studien – I denna studie utvecklas en ny modell (AKAM-modellen) för att analysera adoption av valfria, publika informationssystem (PIS) med digitala användningsmönster (d.v.s. användning eller ingen användning till skillnad från grad av användning). Modellen baseras på Rogers innovations- och diffusionsteori (IDT) och Nilssons användarcentrerade tillgångsmodell (UCAM). Modellen är ett alternativ till teknologiacceptansmodellen (TAM). AKAM-modellen baseras på sex förutsättningar för användning och fyra sätt att hantera PIS samt beskriver hur dessa är relaterade till varandra. För att illustrera tillämpbarheten av AKAM-modellen, använder vi den för att analysera adoptionen av LOK-stödsmodulen i Riksidrottsförbundets system Svenskidrott Online. Vi presenterar empiriska resultat som ger en indikation om hur vanliga och hur viktiga olika barriärer och drivkrafter är, för användare och potentiella användare av LOK-stödsmodulen.</p> / Report code: LIU-TEK-LIC-2008:10.