當前台灣社會處於一股宗教熱潮之中，宗教衛星頻道近年也開始蓬勃發展。對於傳播領域來說，宗教衛星頻道非營利的理念與經營，加上宗教文化的背景，使得宗教衛星頻道已經自成一個獨特環境。對於宗教文化而言，宗教衛星頻道是宗教團體運用傳播新科技進行宣教與社會服務的新形式。從組織特性、經營方式、乃至節目呈現，宗教衛星頻道都顯得特殊。作為如此特殊的媒體，宗教衛星頻道在經營管理上和一般衛星頻道有所不同。本研究擬探討宗教衛星頻道經營管理之環境因素及影響，並找出適切的宗教衛星頻道的經營管理之道。 宗教傳播的研究尚在萌芽，國內亦缺乏宗教傳播理論架構的累積，本研究從傳播管理與宗教社會學、非營利組織經營管理三個學術領域為宗教衛星頻道的經營管理建立理論基礎，並從國外宗教電視上的發展檢視相關的問題。本研究透過文獻探討、深度訪談與節目表分析三種研究法進行，將目前五家宗教衛星頻道作為研究對象，進行慈濟大愛、佛光衛視、法界弘法、佛教衛星四家佛教信仰的宗教頻道與屬於基督教信仰的好消息頻道之比較分析。 研究結果顯示，經營策略運用上，慈濟大愛針對慈濟人進行訴求，並發揮在環境因素中的諸多優勢，屬於集中化的策略。佛光衛視同樣擁有許多環境因素優勢，但以維持現狀，追求效率策略，屬於經營較為寬廣的頻道定位。法界弘法頻道不具有所屬教團支持，優勢少，因而採取追求效率與服務多元的策略。佛教衛星以正信佛教定位作為差異化策略，所具環境因素優勢有限，差異化定位清楚但訴求略微小眾。好消息頻道係以唯一的基督教頻道、家庭頻道定位作為差異化策略，有別於其他以佛教、公益社教為定位的宗教頻道。 雖然目前宗教衛星頻道多以公益、社教作為主要訴求之一，或希望宗教與公益社教兩方面並重，但節目表分析發現三個特點：（一）節目類型集中，節目集中於宗教生活資訊節目、宗教講座節目、宗教教育節目、社教文化節目與家庭生活資訊節目等類型；（二）節目仍以宗教性節目為主；（三）節目策略運用缺少變化。整體而言，目前宗教衛星頻道的節目呈現與頻道使命、定位與訴求對象不甚符合。 因此本研究認為宗教衛星頻道的經營管理首先應重視使命，進而發展定位與訴求對象。在掌握所處的環境優勢之下善用策略。此外，基於非營利組織特性，更需發展募款贊助策略以維持財務結構健全。在人力資源上，應開拓志工參與，並加強整體、節目的行銷，與社會、系統經營者維持良好公關。最後在節目呈現方面，宗教衛星頻道應體認節目的重要性，節目不僅建構觀眾對頻道的印象，更影響捐款意願，所以必須靈活運用節目策略，建立節目評估與回饋機制，以掌握觀眾反應。整體而言，宗教衛星頻道的經營管理應該掌握環境因素，選擇有利策略，並重視使命以及適切之定位、訴求對象，在財務、人力資源、行銷、節目策略等層面方有良好表現。

服務產業已在近代成為了世界各個國家的重要產業，台灣尤其，因此推動服務經濟一直是政府主要的推展政策之一。政大服務科學研究中心（SSRC）及資管所AeSL實驗室將服務科學的知識運用在實務上的服務創新，為本國較弱勢的觀光產業中小型商家提升競爭力，進而發展了一個以旅遊意象為引擎的全新網路服務平台，uVoyage。 此平台的目的為幫助弱勢的中小型觀光商家將自己的產品及服務自行行銷，推廣到全國大眾。本經營計畫的最高宗旨為提供一個互動性平台，讓觀光業中小型商家與旅客一起共創價值，達到永續經營。專案在初始挑選了宜蘭縣枕頭山休閒農業區作為開發平台的實驗標的，並於去年就已經完成POC（Proof of Concept）。在持續開發平台的同時，本研究所著重的方向為研討uVoyage平台的實際經營模式，並將其營運計畫做完善的提案。此研究在進行的過程也定時與枕山村休閒農業區的商家辦說明會蒐集意見回饋，讓平台的功能更能夠符合商家的需求。 此論文延續平台的基礎，持續進行完整性的開發，同時將組織管理、財務、營運及獲利模式做完整個規劃。本研究最終目標為完成最後階段的POS（Proof of Service），並提出實際可行的經營計畫。促進台灣地方特色發展、幫助觀光中小企業為uVoyage的最高使命。

This research constructs the theoretical framework through documentary analysis; it utilizes the approach of ¡§state and society relations¡¨ on the micro-level of the comparative politics, supplemented with the concept of ¡§corporatism¡¨. This research includes ¡§in-depth interview¡¨ and ¡§case study¡¨ to aim at examining two issues. While the Chinese government has been the central power, the enterprises are the key players in the businesses of modern China. When the private sector has prospered vigorously, the government faced increasing pressure from economic system reform. This indicates that the power of government will shift to the industry and trade association. This research finds that the trade association, deriving from ¡§top down¡¨ model, which can gain more self-Governance, is the successful case of transformation. Its character is that it neither seeks for power from the government during the transformation nor interest from the private sector, but, instead, serves for social welfare and receives more credibility from the public and better organizing autonomy. Since the south patrolling of Deng Xiaoping in 1992, the socialist market economy has been the goal China pursues. In 1998, the ninth session national representatives passed Decision of the structural reform of the State Council plan, and it pointed out ¡§establish a government administrative system with the Chinese characteristics and suitable to the socialist market economic system¡¨. In October 2003, the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Issues concerning the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy . Obviously, in addition to the concept of open policy of the trade market, the policy on decentralization of governmental structural reform is in place. Those changes push the market mechanism to expand gradually, and accelerate the transformation of trade association. It makes the influence of trade association on industrial policy making grow. Particularly, Guangdong Province's economy opened early and also led the development of trade association. This research found that the system and development of trade association in Guangdong Province has exceeded that of the central government. ¡§Guangdong Food Profession Union¡¨ is one of the best examples. This research analyzes the development of food industry of both China and the Guangdong Province, in order to explain the relations among government, the business (market) and the society. Second, to analyze the development of trade association's of China and Guangdong Province to explain the formation of civil society. Third, using the case of ¡§Guangdong Food Profession Union¡¨ to study on its philosophy, institution and interest setting in order to map out the interaction among ¡§Guangdong Food Profession Union (GFPU)¡¨, government and business. Finally, it induces the relations among state, the market, the civil society. This research not only points out the similarities and differences between the study case and the general situation in China, but also classifies three kinds of trade association and within which the trade association of successful transformation might be called ¡§NGO with the Chinese characteristic¡¨. In brief, the social scope of trade association derived from ¡§top down¡¨ model, will de unavoidably deprived by the government. In the social scope formed by the trade association of successful transformation, the administrative authority is (Economic and Trade Commission) no longer in charge of them, but the ideology of Chinese Communist Party still exists. It was the ¡§civil society with the Chinese characteristic.¡¨

兩岸關係的研究者，除了將歷史的糾結、族群的認同、經濟的利益以及不對稱力量等等的因素，作為分析兩岸關係的重要變項之外，兩岸互動當中的「代理人結構」，也是兩岸關係當中學者所重視的一個重要變項。 「代理人結構」的產生原因，主要是由於大陸與台灣雙方政府均強調避免官方接觸，而採用透過民間單位對談互動的模式，而這種互動的模式除了以「委託」、「複委託」結構呈現出來， 兩岸文教交流事務當中我政府與非營利組織間的所有互動關係，也類似這樣的模式。而在這種政府與非政府組織間的互動結構當中，非營利組織在與政府互動時的行為態樣，相關理論歸納出幾種不同的模式，有與政府充分配合的「合作模式」、有利用政府資源遂行自己目的的「吸納模式」、有認同政府目標而分工併行的「互補模式」，也有與政府相互對抗的「衝突模式」（Najam,2000）。至於其效果，不同的理論對其效果有著不同的詮釋，例如：有研究談判的學者，認為如果非營利組織配合政府的官僚控制模式，則這種兩階段談判的結構，可以為政府爭取到談判的空間（Raiffa, 1996:15-16）；而主張社群主義的學者則認為這種結構可以透過互動，使非營利組織與政府產生合作的集體意識（Haeberle, 1987:180），進而與大陸方面相抗衡；但根據公共選擇理論的經濟人假設，理性的「代理人」透過「吸納」政府資源以達成自己目標的模式，是一種必然的現象，政府同理亦可提供資源來誘導非營利組織的行為（Dunleavy, P., and B. O'Leary,1987: 114-115）；當然，也有學者不斷強調非營利組織與政府之間的衝突對立關係（Kramer et al., 1993:123），而在對立狀況下，若非營利組織採取「疏離」的模式，反而可以減少彼此之間的衝突。由此可見，對於政府與非營利組織之間的互動樣態及其優劣，不同的學者有不同的看法，呈現「人言言殊、莫衷一是」的情況。 自民國86年起，筆者任職於主管兩岸事務的行政院大陸委員會，89年亦曾在辦理兩岸文教交流活動的非營利組織工作，在工作的過程當中，發現相較於其他政策領域，兩岸文教交流互動當中的政府與非營利組織的互動關係並非只有某一種固定的行為模式，而是呈現出更多元的關係，而上述不同理論所描繪的互動模式，均能在兩岸文教交流領域過程當中獲得實證的案例來佐證，並且各種互動模式似乎是非營利組織根據時空的變化而有意做出來的選擇行為。 正因為這些多元的選擇行為模式，筆者一直深受下面問題所困擾：「從實然面的角度來說，非營利組織與政府在互動的時候，在什麼情況下會選擇什麼模式?其原因為何?」，此一問題，便是吾人之所以欲進行本研究之初步動機。進一步來說，若能了解非營利組織如何選擇不同模式以及其原因，政府才能據此思考應該採取的因應之道，兩岸文教交流事務才有辦法順利推動。 而為能了解兩岸文教交流當中，非營利組織與政府在互動時模式選擇的問題，必須解決兩方面的問題，首先，由於此一領域當中的行為模式相當多元，因此筆者必須建立一個能夠具有窮盡性及互斥性的分類模式才足夠「描述」現實的各種狀態。其次，每個實際政策領域中影響政府與非營利組織的變數並不盡相同，因此，本研究必須找出影響實際互動的變數以及其原因，才能夠將變數與選擇模式的行為將結合。為達前項目標，本研究將整理中外文獻以彙整出一個具有描述功能的分類模式，為達後項目標，本研究亦將以實際觀察作為方法，歸納出影響選擇行為的變項。 / Due to the fact that Chinese and Taiwanese governments both put emphasis on avoiding official contacts while entrusting private organizations with cross-strait dialogues and interactions, a so-called “proxy structure” has been established. Meanwhile, the interactions between Taiwan’s government and non-profit organizations in dealing with cross-strait cultural and educational affairs also resemble this structure. However, the results of the “proxy structure,” when interpreted based on different theories, are roughly categorized into four modes, including “cooperation,” “co-optation,” “complementarity” and “confrontation.” Now that there are multiple modes to choose from, I have been perplexed all along by the following question: “From a pragmatic viewpoint, when non-profit organizations interact with Taiwan’s government, which mode will be chosen under what circumstances and why?” The core concept of this research lies in this very question. To be more accurate, only when the question how non-profit organizations choose from different modes and why is answered, can Taiwan’s government think, act and react accordingly and cross-strait cultural and educational affairs be handled smoothly. In order to find the answer to this question, first of all, a categorizing model with both exhaustivity and mutual exclusivity and capable of “describing” all kinds of scenarios in the real world was established. Following that, observations were conducted to pinpoint the variables that affect real-life interactions and their causes. Thirdly, information was obtained through in-depth interviews to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of the above-mentioned categorizing model. In-depth interviews has proven that the categorizing model established in the research has a predicting ability with a considerable degree of accuracy and can act as a reference for future researchers conducting quantitative studies.

Ce mémoire est le fruit d’une recherche-action dans le contexte des organismes à but non lucratif (OBNL) aconfessionnels œuvrant auprès des populations réfugiées et/ou vulnérables au Liban. À l’heure où les organisations humanitaires, internationales et locales privilégient ce statut aconfessionnel, il présente les résultats d’une étude sur la manière dont ils entrent en dialogue avec des populations en difficultés dont les identités culturelles et religieuses sont parfois plus marquées du fait de leurs déplacements souvent traumatiques. Nous appuyant sur une méthode ethnographique, nous avons suivi quatre OBNL aconfessionnels – deux libanais (Amel et Arcenciel) et deux internationaux (Jusoor et l’IECD Liban) – durant près d’un an, dans leurs actions auprès de ces populations. Adoptant une posture d’observateur participant pour être au cœur de leurs relations et interactions, nous avons surtout observé les formes de dialogues interreligieux et interculturels à la fois entre les membres de ces OBNL et dans leurs relations avec les populations auprès desquelles ils œuvrent. Nous avons également pris en considération l’origine culturelle de ces OBNL pour établir leur impact sur les formes de dialogues développées. Dans un dernier temps, nous combinons ce qui nous semble être les points forts du modèle d’OBNL aconfessionnel libanais – plus prompt à envisager ces types de dialogues – à une approche intervisionnelle développée par Brodeur (2019) pour en extraire un modèle de traitement des dialogues interreligieux et interculturels viable pour les OBNL aconfessionnels œuvrant dans un contexte ouest-asiatique, incluant des formations sur la gestion de ces types de dialogues et de populations sujettes aux discriminations, le recrutement d’une diversité représentative du terrain d’action, ainsi que l’identification des similarités et des valeurs communes aux différents groupes d’acteurs. Reposant sur un cadre conceptuel interdisciplinaire et une enquête qualitative regroupant dix-sept entretiens individuels semi-dirigés, c’est donc sur un terrain peu défriché que s’avance notre étude, dont l’ambition est de pouvoir modestement contribuer à cette question charnière du traitement des dialogues interreligieux et interculturels par les OBNL aconfessionnels. / This action research is looking at the context of non-confessional non-profit organizations (NPOs) working with refugee and vulnerable populations in Lebanon. At a time when humanitarian organizations, international and local, favor this non-denominational status, it seems relevant to study the way in which they enter into dialogue with populations in dire needs, whose cultural and religious identities are sometimes more pronounced due to their often traumatic displacements. Based on an ethnographic method, we followed four NPOs – two Lebanese (Amel and Arcenciel) and two internationals (Jusoor and IECD Lebanon) – for almost a year, in their actions among these populations. Adopting a position of participant observer to be at the heart of their relationships and interactions, we followed the forms of interreligious and intercultural dialogues that came to life, both between the members of these NPOs and in their relations with the populations with whom they work. In order to sharpen our analysis, we also considered the cultural origin of these NPOs to establish their impact on the forms of dialogue they developed. In the final part of this thesis, we try to combine the strong points we found of the Lebanese non-confessional NPO model, in its treatment of these forms of dialogues, with an interworldview dialogue approach developed by Brodeur (2019), to extract a model for the treatment of interreligious and intercultural dialogues feasible for NPOs working in a West Asian context, that includes training on managing these types of dialogues and populations subject to discrimination, recruiting a diversity representative of the field, and identifying similarities and common values among different groups of actors. Based on an interdisciplinary conceptual framework and a qualitative survey bringing together seventeen semi-directed individual interviews, this thesis aims modestly to provide further avenues of research to this transitional question of the treatment of interreligious and intercultural dialogues by non-confessional NPOs.

The dissertation deals with problematics of public benefit as a tool for providing services in the public interest, more concretely in relation to implementation of public benefit status to new Czech Civil Code. From the beginning the process recodification of new Civil Code the question of public benefit stirs up heated discussions. It's questioned what effects can the implementation of public benefit status have on non-profit sector. Besides development of this discussion dissertation deals with public benefit, public services and other terms from civic sector theories, as well with public benefit status in new Civil Code and in law systems in other countries and with draft law on public benefit. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

全世代型全対象型の包括的支援において、結合型ソーシャル・キャピタル（以下SC）の町内会自治会と橋渡し型SCのNPOの双方を駆使して介護予防と子育て支援を行えば効果的なのではないかという仮説を母数約2000の自記式アンケート調査を相関分析とロジスティック回帰分析を行い検証した上で、包括的支援体制におけるSCに依拠した介護予防と子育て支援のモデルとファクターを示唆し、地域共生社会を推進するために有用な方策の政策提言を行った。 / 博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Social media and its underlying technologies have created an advanced and sophisticated platform for digital activism. As a result, companies and organizations are undergoing a pivotal transition in how they reach and engage with users in a fast and efficient manner. Specifically, nonprofit organizations have taken advantage of using social media platforms to not only amplify their brand and image, but also spread awareness of their mission to larger audiences. The aim of this study is to delve into the use of social media in the activism measures of nonprofit organizations and determine its effectiveness across the organizations. First, an in depth literature analysis will explore social media and its impact on digital activism as well as how social media has been utilized by renown nonprofits in the case studies of Greta Thunberg, and the Black Lives Matter movement. Second, the study will depict both qualitative and quantitative data taken from local nonprofit organizations that explore the impact of social media towards their activism measures. The case companies used in this study are Dolgin Digital Media and the Local Initiatives Support Corporation. After a thorough analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data, it was determined that social media is an effective tool for nonprofits to not only communicate their mission efficiently and quickly to a mass audience, but also as a mechanism for brand amplification. / Sociala medier och dess underliggande tekniker har skapat en avancerad och sofistikerad plattform för digital aktivism. Som ett resultat genomgår företag och organisationer en avgörande övergång i hur de når och samarbetar med användare på ett snabbt och effektivt sätt. Specifikt har ideella organisationer utnyttjat att använda sociala medieplattformar för att inte bara förstärka sitt varumärke och sin image, utan också sprida medvetenheten om deras uppdrag till större publik. Syftet med denna studie är att fördjupa användningen av sociala medier i ideella organisationers aktivismåtgärder och bestämmadess effektivitet i organisationerna. Först, en djupgående litteraturanalys kommer att utforska sociala medier och dess inverkan på digital aktivism samt hur sociala medier har använts av kända ideella organisationer i fallstudierna av Greta Thunberg, och Black Lives Matter-rörelsen. För det andra kommer studien att skildra både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data som tas från lokala ideella organisationer som undersöker effekterna av sociala medier på deras aktivismåtgärder. De fallföretag som används i denna studie är Dolgin Digital Media och Local Initiatives Support Corporation. Efter en grundlig analys av kvalitativa och kvantitativa data, det fastställdes att sociala medier är ett effektivt verktyg för ideella organisationer för att inte bara kommunicera sitt uppdrag effektivt och snabbt till en masspublik, utan också som en mekanism för varumärkesförstärkning.

Denna studie undersöker hur demokratisk organisering i det svenska civilsamhället har påverkats av den hastiga digitaliseringen i samband med covid-19. Studien är av induktiv karaktär och syftar till att studera förutsättningarna för demokratiskt deltagande under digitala årsmöten i ideella föreningar. Den empiri som ligger till grund för undersökningen är kvalitativa intervjuer samt en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Urvalsgrupperna är personer som har suttit som mötesordförande under både digitala och fysiska årsmöten samt förtroendevalda och anställda som har arrangerat eller deltagit vid årsmöten under covid-19. Studien visar att det finns ett samband mellan demokratiska förutsättningar under digitala årsmöten och den digitala kompetensen inom organisationen. Vidare att förberedelser och organisationskultur är viktigare för de demokratiska förutsättningarna än om årsmötet arrangeras via fysiska eller digitala kanaler. Resultatet visar att lärdomar från digitaliseringen av årsmöten under covid-19 kan leda till ökade förutsättningar för deltagande och jämlikt inflytande. Empirin pekar på en framtida utveckling där majoriteten av organisationerna i studien kommer återgå till fysiska årsmöten eller hybridmöten. Hybridmöten, där vissa medlemmar deltar fysiskt och andra digitalt, rekommenderas inte då de kan skapa problem gällande jämlikt deltagande och inflytande under årsmötet. / This study examines how democratic organization of operations within Swedish non-profit organizations (NPO) has been affected because of rapid digitalization following covid-19. The study is inductive in nature and aims to study the prerequisites regarding democratic participation during annual meetings. The empirical data that creates the foundation for this research is based on qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey. The selection group studied comprises persons that have acted as chairman during both digital and physical annual meetings, as well as board members and employees within NPO's that have arranged or participated in annual meetings during covid-19. The study shows that there is a correlation between democratic prerequisites during digital annual meetings and the digital competence within the organization. Furthermore, preparations are shown to be more important regarding the democratic prerequisites than whether the annual meeting is conducted via physical or digital platforms. The results indicate that knowledge gained from the digitization of annual meetings during covid-19 could lead to better possibilities regarding participation and equal influence. Empirical data points out a possible future development where the organizations participating in the study will revert to using physical and hybrid meetings when conducting annual meetings. Hybrid meetings, where some participate physically and others digitally, are not to be recommended due to problems regarding equal participation and influence during the annual meeting.

Магистерская диссертация «Создание системы оценки социальных проектов молодежных НКО в Свердловской области» состоит из 2 глав, введения, заключения, библиографического списка и приложений. Целью диссертационной работы являлось разработать и предложить для внедрения в Министерстве образования и молодежной политики Свердловской области научно-обоснованную систему оценки социальных проектов НКО в сферах работы с молодежью и патриотического воспитания молодых граждан в Свердловской области. Объектом диссертационного исследования являлась система оценки социальных проектов НКО в сферах молодежной политики и патриотического воспитания молодых граждан в Свердловской области. Предмет диссертационного исследования – технология оценки социальных проектов молодежных НКО в Свердловской области. Объем работы составил 221 страницу. В работе содержатся 8 приложений, 18 таблиц, 30 рисунков. В библиографическом списке представлено 119 источников. / Master's thesis "Creating a system of evaluation of social projects of youth NPOs in the Sverdlovsk region" consists of 2 chapters, introduction, conclusion, bibliography and applications. The aim of the thesis was to develop and propose for implementation in the Ministry of education and youth policy of the Sverdlovsk region a scientifically-based system of evaluation of social projects of NPOs in the areas of work with youth and Patriotic education of young citizens in the Sverdlovsk region. The object of the dissertation research was the system of evaluation of social projects of NPOs in the areas of youth policy and Patriotic education of young citizens in the Sverdlovsk region. The subject of the dissertation research is the technology of evaluation of social projects of youth NPOs in the Sverdlovsk region. The volume of work was 221 pages. The work contains 8 applications, 18 tables, 30 figures. The bibliographic list includes 119 sources.