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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

企業財務槓桿效果之再探討:動態 Panel Data 方法之應用

林景民 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的在於探討隱含波動度不對稱效果,並分析公司規模與財務槓桿比率對於波動度不對稱的影響。波動度不對稱效果是指負向報酬衝擊對波動度增加的影響較正向報酬衝擊大。由於過去的文獻多針對現貨與期貨價格行為上的研究,並以條件變異數衡量波動度,本研究則試著以選擇權之隱含波動度作為波動度不對稱效果的衡量基礎,希冀以隱含波動度代表未來波動度的不偏估計量,反應出投資者對於未來的預期。本研究選取29支英國的個股選擇權,並利用EGARCH(1,1)模型來探討在股票價格變動下,個股選擇權所反應出來的波動度不對稱效果,研究期間主要從2000年1月25日至2003年12月31日止。而在驗證波動度不對稱效果確實存在下,我們更進一步以Pooled OLS模型、靜態Panel Data 模型與動態Panel Data模型來探討公司規模與財務槓桿比率對隱含波動度不對稱效果之關係。 本文之主要結論如下: 1. 在29家英國樣本公司中,確實均存在隱含波動度不對稱之效果,即負向股票價格變動對隱含波動度的影響較正向股票價格變動為大。 2. 在分析公司資產規模與公司財務槓桿影響波動度不對稱效果,若只以Pooled OLS模型分析,可能產生錯誤的推論,雖然公司規模為顯著性正相關,但財務槓桿則為不顯著之負相關,其實證結果與KS不一致,並且不能支持Black(1976)之槓桿效果。 3. 為了避免使用 Pooled OLS模型產生錯誤的推論,本研究另以靜態Panel Data 模型來分析波動度不對稱程度與公司資產規模和財務槓桿之關係,對於公司資產規模因素而言,不管在公司效果(固定模式)與時間效果(隨機模式)均呈現顯著之正相關,而在同時考量公司效果及時間效果(隨機模式)下,則呈現不顯著之正相關,此結果與KS的推論一致。而對於財務槓桿而言,則只有在公司效果(固定模式)呈現顯著之正相關,在同時考量公司效果及時間效果則呈現不顯著之正相關,而若單只考慮時間效果,則係數為-0.000(不顯著),則與KS推論不符合,且不支持Black之槓桿效果假說。 4. 為了較正確反應投資市場是有記憶性與調整性,我們另以動態Panel Data 模型來作實證,而這亦是一般較符合市場之模型,實證結果顯示不管在one-step 或 two-step 下,公司財務規模與財務槓桿確實與波動度不對稱性呈現顯著正相關,其結果與KS一致,且支持Black所提出之槓桿效果,而動態的延遲項則呈現不顯著(推測受限於樣本數過少)之負相關(係數為負,且值小於1),若以部分調整模型之經濟意義來解釋,即調整係數值均大於1,顯示出實際市場反應出來的波動度不對稱之結果,大於投資人對於波對度不對稱情形預期的調整,這可能是選擇權市場投資人之過度反應的行為所造成,故可能使得前期項對於後期項的影響為負,但會逐漸消失。 / The purpose of the research is to discuss the asymmetric effect of volatility, and analyze firm scale and debt ratio affect the asymmetric effect of volatility. Asymmetric effect of volatility is the influence of negative return is more than positive return. Most research focus on the futures and spot goods,and takes conditional variance as volatility. We want to use IV as unbiased estimator of volatility in the future, and reflect the investor’s expectation. We chose 29 call options in English, and use EGARCH (1,1) model to explore the asymmetric effect of volatility over 2000/1/25-2003/12/31 period. After confirming the asymmetric effect of volatility, we use Pooled OLS Model, Static Panel Data Model, and Dynamic Panel Data Model to discuss the relationship between firm scale, debt ratio, and asymmetric effect. The funding of the paper are: (a) There is certainly the existence of asymmetric effect in 29 sample firms. (b) Pooled OLS Model may result wrong conclusions. There is a significantly positive relationship between firm scale and asymmetric effect. And there is a less significantly negative relationship between debt ratio and asymmetric effect. The result doesn’t consist with KS, and doesn’t support Black’s leverage effect. (c) To avoid the error from Pooled OLS Model, we use Static Panel Data Model to analyze the relationship with firm scale, debt ratio, and asymmetric effect. Asymmetric effect is significantly positively related to firm scale with single corporate effect (fixed effect) and single time effect (random effect). And asymmetric effect is less significantly positively impacted by firm scale if we chose corporate effect and time effect simultaneously. Asymmetric effect is significantly positively related to debt ratio with single corporate effect (fixed effect), and is less significantly positively related to debt ratio with corporate effect and time effect simultaneously. The coefficient is -0.000 (less significantly) of debt ratio with single time effect. The result doesn’t consist with KS, and doesn’t support Black’s leverage effect. (d) For showing capital market’s memory and adjustability, we use Dynamic Panel Data Model to analyze the problem. Asymmetric effect is significantly positively impacted by firm scale and debt ration in one-step model and two-step model. The result consists with KS, and supports Black’s leverage effect. The coefficient of lagged term is between 0 and -1 (less significantly) may be come from the real asymmetric effect is more than investor’s expectancy, and investors my have overreaction in capital market.
2

私立大學資本、人力比較分析-縱橫資料之應用

蕭瑀 Unknown Date (has links)
時至今日,公立大學在財務收入來源方面有企業捐助及教育部穩定來源支持,反觀私立大專院校,其收入來源卻是不穩定,可能造成其財務困難進而影響其辦學成效,私立大學如何提升其教學品質增加其收入,為首要關鍵點之一。而本研究透過資本人才密度比來展現學校的教學品質程度,並藉由相關文獻之彙總整理,歸納出影響大專校院資本人才密度比決策之因素。 本文以各私立大學院校所提供的財務報表,評估84學年度至94學年度各私立大學院校在資本人才密度比之影響,利用Panel Data統計方法,分析不同特質的學校,其經營產出上的差異,並提供學校經營者管理上的建議。 實證結果發現,學雜費收入、捐贈及補助收入、圖書支出,與資本人才比例為正相關。而在生師比方面會因不同的模型結構有不同影響變動。在機器設備之支出方面,若以碩博士生為研究對象,學校對於機器設備方面的投入建設,以提升全體碩博士生的設備使用。包含電腦儀器設備、投影設備等。設備投入越多,學生享有教學資源越多;但以全校人力為衡量標準,導致資源配置錯誤,無法達成配置效率(allocation efficiency)。 在虛擬變數方面,根據不同背景特性將其轉化,對醫學院而言,大多為小班制,醫學院的實習課都在醫院,教師品質來自於各醫院,與資本人才密度比呈現正相關的影響力。但在理工學院方面亦會因不同的模型結構有不同影響變動。而文法商學院,人力的訓練遠遠高於機器設備的使用率,較強調人才的管理組織整合能力的結合,與資本人才密度比呈現正相關。
3

中國大陸區域經濟成長收斂研究-結構性時間序列之應用 / A Study of Provincial Economic Growth Convergence in China with Applied Structural Time Series Approach

李娟菁 Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文在結構性時間序列模型基礎下,將中國大陸29省市自治區1978-2005年實質人均GDP,拆解出其長期趨勢變動軌跡中的水準值與斜率值,對照傳統上直接利用實質所得數據,以動態縱橫資料方法進行經濟成長條件收斂假說的檢定。本文特色在於加入潛在GDP長期趨勢項的水準值和斜率值,並利用內生解釋變數落後項動態分析。除可驗證隨著時間經過,中國相對貧窮省區是否終將逐漸趕上相對富有省份所得水準外,其次,根據GDP趨勢項一階與二階條件的收斂與否,可進而確認實質GDP收斂的本質。 我們發現,實質人均GDP收斂的本質關鍵在於潛在趨勢水準收斂,潛在GDP趨勢斜率的成長率將左右區域間實質所得收斂速度。大部分樣本中,擴大的Solow模型或考慮不同經濟開放程度因素下的內生成長模型,支持條件收斂假說,而後者設算出的收斂係數明顯較為低。此外,考慮採用Arellano and Bond(1991)的the first difference GMM估計式可能存在弱工具性問題(a weak instruments problem),以Blundell and Bond(1998)發展出的the system GMM估計式,作為探討初始所得與經濟成長收斂的關係應是較為適合的方法。 / This research examines the economic growth conditional convergence hypothesis. Using the data of 29 provinces in Mainland China between 1978 and 2005, this study applied the structural time series model to deconstruct the provinces’ real GDP per capita into two parts - the level and the slope of trend movement. The characteristics of this paper are to include the level and the slope of trend of potential GDP and to consider the lagged dependent variables into the panel data. This study intends to validate whether the income level of relatively poor provinces will gradually catch up that of the relatively affluent provinces in Mainland China eventually. In addition, this study, based on the convergence or divergence in the first-order and second-order conditions of GDP tendency, will confirm the essence of the convergence in real GDP. The findings are that the essential key of the convergence in real GDP per capita is the convergence of the potential level of GDP. The growth of potential GDP tendency slope would affect the converging speed of real income in regions. The testing results of either the augmented Solow model or the endogenous growth model which considered different economic opening degrees both support the conditional convergence hypothesis in most sample sets, while the estimated convergence coefficients of the later are significantly lower than those of the former. In addition, considering the possible weak instruments problem in the first difference GMM estimator developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), the system GMM developed by Blundell and Bond (1998) should be a more suitable way to observe the relation between initial income level and economic growth convergence.
4

國際化程度與銀行經營績效之關係--台灣銀行業之分析

蔡佳憓 Unknown Date (has links)
本論述為找出國際化與績效的互動關係。首先,討論銀行國際化誘因,接著建立一國際化指標衡量台灣銀行業國際化程度,再檢驗兩者的關係。 採取1998年到2007年底台灣銀行業各年銀行資料,共計樣本數達486筆。由於資料為縱橫資料,故一般迴歸方式,加入固定效果與隨機效果以檢視不同的銀行特點是否有影響結果。另外檢驗國際化與績效和其他國際化誘因之間是否有互動的因果關係。 將國際化指標定義為海外資產比、海外營收比及海外費用比三者的一般加權指標。國際化誘因則採取:規模、績效、依循客戶、營收市占率、國內外利差、模仿跟風、市場開放與否等八項。結果發現,規模、依循客戶、國外利差等因素都顯著正向影響國際化程度,其中規模及依循客戶又與國際化程度有顯著的因果關係,故可推論國內銀行業國際化的誘因確實有擴大規模及依循客戶的考量。 以實證結果看來,國際化與績效確實會互相影響。另外,考量個別銀行的特性後,台灣銀行業符合固定效果模型。結果顯示,影響銀行績效的因素在不同銀行間沒有很大的差異,然而各銀行所屬的固定特性不同,確實會深刻影響銀行國際化程度的差異,亦即個別銀行的固定特性是影響國際化的重要因素。可見,銀行利用國際化策略而提升銀行績效的做法是有其前提所在,也就是本身條件要好。 銀行國際化、績效、規模等因素就像是一個迴圈,彼此影響。也可以說銀行要提升績效的方式有很多,國際化、併購、擴大市場都是策略之一,只是目前在國內銀行業市場有限的關係,造成國際化策略的自然形成,銀行國際化是一種過程、是一種手段,並不一定與績效有因果關係,只是現在剛好走到這裡。 / This paper examines the relationships between bank performance and DOI(degree of internationalization). We start with explore the incentives for banks to internationalize themselves. Then we structure an index to measure the degree of internationalization and finally examine the relationships between various variables and performance. This study uses unbalanced panel data of the Taiwan bank industry from 1998 to 2007. Besides the often-used regression method, this paper also tests both fixed effect and random effect models with panel data, and examines Granger causality between bank internationalization, performance and incentives of internationalization. We find that variables such as scale, customers-following and foreign interest rate spread positively affect bank internationalization; moreover scale and customers-following factor Granger cause bank internationalization. So we can conclude that utilizing-economies-of-scale and following-customers are two incentives justifying the internationalization strategy of Taiwan’s banks.
5

外來投資對工資不均等的影響-以台灣製造業為例 / The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Wage Inequality : Evidence from Taiwan Manufacturing Industry

劉乃瑜, Liu, Nai-Yu Unknown Date (has links)
外人直接投資(foreign direct investment, FDI)在經濟理論中是相當熱門的議題,它代表了讓地主國(host country)國資本累積、技術進步在短時間內快速增加的可能,因此許多國家往往會採取某些吸引外資的政策,再搭配國內制度或是貿易政策的改變,以追求經濟成長。然而,外來直接投資對地主國可能產生的所得重分配的影響,本文即是對此做一深入探討,並以台灣製造業資料來研究外來直接投資是否會擴大工資不均等的情形。 研究期間從1981~2004年共24年,依產業特性將製造業分為十大類,分別採取兩種不同的迴歸模型,包括自我迴歸落遲分配模型(auto regressive distributed lag model, ARDL model)與縱橫資料(panel data)迴歸模型等。實證模型上由生產理論出發,選擇作為解釋工資不均等的變數包括外人直接投資比例、出口比例、進口比例及產出成長率等四個變數。由實證結果得到以下結論: (1)就個別產業來看,FDI對台灣製造業工資不均等的影響並不一致,反應出產業特性不同,FDI所扮演的角色也不盡相同。其中FDI會惡化皮革與毛皮製造業的工資不均等情形,減輕橡膠及塑膠製品製造業與非金屬製品製造業的工資不均等情形,對其他製造業則是無明顯影響。 (2)就整體製造業的情形來看, FDI對工資的不均等的淨效果為正,但效果不大;出口、產出成長率有輕微使工資不均等擴大的情形,而進口則是可輕微縮減工資不均等的狀況。 (3)若是將十大製造業依產品特性區分為「民生」、「化學」、「機械」電子等三大工業,則可以發現FDI對民生工業有明顯擴大工資不均等的情形,在其他兩大工業則是無顯著影響。
6

租稅與經濟成長,地方政府財政與技術效率論文集

王肇蘭, Wang ,Chao Lan Unknown Date (has links)
人類慾望無窮而資源有限,所以如何將資源做最有效的使用一直是經濟學所追求的課題。有關效率的規範分析中,巴瑞圖最適(Pareto optimality)為接受度最高的準則。基於巴瑞圖效率的觀點,不論是營利組織或非營利組織其經營之基本理念皆是希望以最少的投入獲得最大的產出,因此衡量投入與產出間之相對表現即為效率的評估。非營利組織及公共部門因為有許多產出、投入不易量化,故其效率不易評定。此一情況一直到DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis;資料包絡分析法)發展才逐漸改善。另外,有關DEA的運用幾乎都集中在個別決策單位的效率衡量,將之應用在衡量總體經濟的表現上非常少見。所以論文第肆章是按傳統方式以DEA衡量我國地方政府的效率並分析造成效率差異的原因,第參章則將DEA的概念應用於經濟成長上,探討使經濟成長達到極大化之租稅負擔及租稅結構。又效率的追求為經濟學的主軸,但中央政府的效率目標與地方政府並不相同,由於目標不同,因此彼此所訂的租稅政策亦不相同。本文第伍章試圖提出一理論模型說明中央政府在面對異質地區的垂直外部性下如何有效率的訂定其租稅政策。 / The human desires are infinite but resources are scarce. Using resources effectively is the topic of the economics. In efficient analyses, the Pareto optimality is the highest criterion to accept. Based on Pareto efficiency, the basic idea is to obtain the most outputs by the least inputs. Therefore the efficiency measurement is to calculate the relative performance of inputs and outputs. The nonprofit organization and the public agencies have many outputs and inputs not easy to be quantified; hence, their efficiency is not easy to evaluate. This phenomenon doesn’t improve until DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) was developed. However, the application of DEA concentrates nearly on the efficiency measurement of individual policy-making unit; the application is be rarely used in measuring the performance of the macro-economy. Chapter 4 of this dissertation measures and explains the variation in cost efficiency of the local governments in Taiwan area. Chapter 3 deals with the application the DEA to economic growth, estimating a combination of the tax burden(the ratio of tax revenue to GDP)and the tax structure(the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes)which would maximize the rate of growth of GDP of Taiwan. Efficiency is the core of economics, but the national government’s efficient goal is not as same as the local government’s. Because their goals are not consistent, thus the tax policies are different. Chapter 5 attempts to propose a theoretical model to explain how a national or federal government decides its tax policy in the vertical externalities happening in heterogeneous states.

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