Emotions play an important role in affecting human¡¦s behaviors. It is obvious especially in the negotiation process. However, these emotional interactions disappear in the electronic communication media. Emoticons provide a new way for negotiators to show their emotions in e-negotiation. E-negotiation support system is composed of electronic communication and decision support system. Using emoticons could help negotiators display their emotions to counterparts. This study explored the effect of emoticon on negotiation process from the aspect of communication. In general, e-communication can be separated into social-emotional communication and task-oriented communication. Emoticons retrieve multiple cues and enable negotiators transmit emotions so that the interactions increase. As a result, more social-emotional communication happens between negotiators. Previous studies indicate that nonverbal cues could add the meaning of messages. In the negotiation process, negotiators may lower down the opportunity of misunderstanding by using emoticons to express their thought in text and increase the quality of communication. The negotiation process may be more effective and increase the ability to reach agreement. Negotiators will be more satisfied of the process and their counterparts when the outcome is equal or better than what they expected. The purpose of this study is to explore whether supporting emoticons influence negotiators communication behavior and change the negotiation process. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment and adopted content analysis to define the social-emotional communication and task-oriented communication behaviors. We also measured the perceived communication effectiveness and satisfaction of negotiation process by questionnaire. The results showed that emoticons increase the frequency of social-emotional communication. Social-emotional communication also increases the negotiators¡¦ task-oriented communication. As a result the communication becomes more effective. Negotiators have better satisfaction of negotiation process.

The non-profit sector is growing, where NPOs compete for scarce resources. Meanwhile, innovation in communication technology requires resources and creativity. Can social media work as an efficient tool for communicating organizational goals and values and how does it enhance trust in NPOs relationship with donors? How do NPOs use ICT and social media in communication to donors and how do they implement functional and emotional communication online?  The research area is approached through a deductive, qualitative, and constructivist perspective. Interviews with two leading NPOs were held, as well as a number of interviews with potential donors. The theoretical framework builds upon Morgan and Hunts and MacMillan et al’s models of trust and commitment. Functional and emotional communication was developed through various theories on online communication. The main findings of this thesis are that Swedish NPOs mainly focus on emotional communication in order to obtain emotional commitment before further developing trust, which is created from functional communication. The investigated NPOs use functional communication to a very little extent.

Following the booming of global e-business, the demand for online negotiations is growing apparently. Recently, instant messaging (IM) software such as Microsoft MSN, Yahoo messenger has become very popular synchronous communication tool. Although the instant messaging tools make people can negotiate or communicate with each other synchronously over the Internet, in terms of the richness of communication media, instant messaging is leaner than that of traditional face-to-face. Previous studies have demonstrated that the media richness of communication has effect on negotiation behavior and result. To improve the richness of the instant messaging, many instant messaging tools have provided a variety of emoticons for user. Due to the popularity of instant messaging and emoticon usage, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of emoticons on synchronous e-negotiation environment. In this study, we conducted a lab experiment to simulate synchronous negotiations. The findings reveal that emoticons have effects on negotiation process and negotiators¡¦ communication ability.

As is tradition in the UK, monograph theses are as a rule unpublished, but all material published as based on the doctoral research must be included in the thesis. The current thesis contains two published empirical articles in peer-reviewed journals and one conference paper. / Thesis submitted for the doctoral degree

Emotions are fundamental to human lives and decision-making. Understanding and expression of emotional feeling between people forms an intricate web. This complex interactional phenomena, is a hot topic for research, as new techniques such as brain imaging give us insights about how emotions are tied to human functions. Communication of emotions is mixed with communication of other types of information (such as factual details) and emotions can be consciously or unconsciously displayed. Affective computer systems, using sensors for emotion recognition and able to make emotive responses are under development. The increased potential for emotional interaction with products and services, in many domains, is generating much interest. Emotionally enhanced systems have potential to improve human computer interaction and so to improve how systems are used and what they can deliver. They may also have adverse implications such as creating systems capable of emotional manipulation of users. Affective systems are in their infancy and lack human complexity and capability. This makes it difficult to assess whether human interaction with such systems will actually prove beneficial or desirable to users. By using experimental design, a Wizard of Oz methodology and a game that appeared to respond to the user's emotional signals with human-like capability, I tested user experience and reactions to a system that appeared affective. To assess users' behaviour, I developed a novel affective behaviour coding system called 'affectemes'. I found significant gains in user satisfaction and performance when using an affective system. Those believing the system responded to emotional signals blinked more frequently. If the machine failed to respond to their emotional signals, they increased their efforts to convey emotion, which might be an attempt to 'repair' the interaction. This work highlights how very complex and difficult it is to design and evaluate affective systems. I identify many issues for future work, including the unconscious nature of emotions and how they are recognised and displayed with affective systems; issues about the power of emotionally interactive systems and their evaluation; and critical ethical issues. These are important considerations for future design of systems that use emotion recognition in computing.

It is now increasingly common for organisations to work actively with HR issues. Furthermore, it is a constant top priority for organisations to remain profitable. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether so called soft HR values, as manager’s communication skills, has an actual impact on hard values in terms of costs for the organisation. Leadership is largely characterised by emotional communication, which together with personnel costs were the main focus of the research. The study was conducted by letting store managers and department heads in shops carry out an emotion perception test and the test results were related to the store/department employee turnover and the number of sick leave hours. The results showed a strong tendency for statistical significance between emotion recognition and the predictors. This suggests that stores, which have low employee turnover and low sick leave hours, can be explained by the manager's capability in emotion perception. The study complements current research by emphasising the importance of emotionally competent managers to operate successful and profitable organisations. / Det är idag allt vanligare för organisationer att arbeta aktivt med HR-frågor. Dock är den största prioriteringen alltid ekonomiska lönsamheten. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om så kallade mjuka HR-värden, så som chefers kommunikation, har en faktisk påverkan på hårda värden i fråga om kostnader för organisationen. Ledarskap präglas till stor del av emotionell kommunikation, vilket tillsammans med personalkostnader utgjorde huvudfokus i studien. Studien genomfördes genom att låta butikschefer och avdelningschefer i butiker göra ett emotionsperceptionstest där testresultatet sedan relaterades till butikens/avdelningens personalomsättning och antal sjukskrivningstimmar. Resultatet visade en stark tendens till statistisk signifikans mellan emotionsperception och prediktorerna. Detta tyder på att butiker som har låg personalomsättning och lågt antal sjukskrivningstimmar kan förklaras med hjälp av chefens goda förmåga till emotionsperception. Studien kompletterar aktuell forskning genom att poängtera vikten av emotionellt kompetenta chefer för att driva framgångsrika och lönsamma organisationer.

Recognising people’s emotions is a promising research area in human-computer interaction as emotional communication plays a crucial role in humans’ lives. One of the main reasons for ineffective emotional communication is a deficit in understanding emotional signals such as facial expressions and body posture. There is a bidirectional challenge between autistic and non-autistic individuals since they display their emotional signals differently. This thesis discovers differences in emotional signals, in particular facial expressions, body posture, and physiological signals. Based on the interviews and questionnaires conducted in this thesis, the need to design an aid tool to assist autistic and non-autistic participants during their emotional communication is identified. Therefore, Emognition, a smartwatch, and its mobile application is designed to blur these differences and enhance the emotional communication between them. Furthermore, Emognition’s user evaluation indicates that the smartwatch could successfully detect nonautistic participants’ sadness and happiness. Also, they found the mobile application useful and aesthetically motivating to interact with. Even though we could not evaluate how well the Emognition recognises autistic participants’ sadness and happiness, it is promising to measure their emotions successfully by accurate sensors and, more importantly, by finding their autonomic response patterns to different emotions and enhance emotional communication between autistic and nonautistic people by Emognition.

Graphic design is an integrated part of the public spaces we move through in our daily lives. This thesis explores the emotional aspects of graphic design, with a focus on environmental graphics for the public space. The goal is to find ways in which the emotional aspects of a design solution can be varied without compromising the practical aspects, i.e. affect the conveyance of information. Thisgoal is pursued through an analysis of historical and contemporary literature as well as by design practise. It is concluded that some of the aspects of graphic design for the public space are there for practical reasons, while others are there because of convention and can be subject to re-evaluation or change. An example of such a variation is shown through a design process.The design project is set in a public environment and includes informational graphics with a goal of information conveyance. At the same time it shows that graphic design for a public context can convey other emotional values than the conventional, by creating a non-static material that encourages user participation.

Foi escolhida uma obra musical inédita no meu repertório sobre a qual detalho os mecanismos utilizados na preparação para a sua execução em público. Este trabalho divide-se em três etapas: análise a partir de conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo da minha experiência como intérprete, entrevista e execução da obra para o compositor, e análise formal. O foco concentra-se no resultado expressivo obtido na execução, apoiado nas informações contidas na partitura e na estética revelada pelo texto musical. Para empreender a verificação de resultados apresento uma gravação da obra realizada ao final de cada etapa. Dessa forma, por se tratar de um meio de comunicação artística, esta pesquisa está apoiada em dois capítulos do livro The Science and Psychology of Music Performance (2002) de Richard Parncutt e Gary McPherson que abordam este tema: Comunicação Estrutural e Comunicação Emocional na execução musical. Esta dissertação pretende avaliar as semelhanças e diferenças expressivas obtidas ao final de cada etapa mencionada através da comparação qualitativa das gravações. / The purpose of this study is to detail mechanisms utilized in the preparation of an unknown piece for public performance. It is divided into three stages: analysis, in which I use my prior experience and knowledge as a pianist, interview and performance of the work for the composer, and a formal analysis. The main focus is on the expressive results of the performance, supported by the indications the score has to offer, as well on the aesthetics revealed by the musical text. A recording of the piece at the end of each stage of the study was made to verify the results. In this manner, and because this is an artistic means of communication, this study is also supported by two chapters of the book The Science and Psychology of Music Performance (2002) by Richard Parncutt and Gary McPherson. The authors comment on structural and emotional communication in performance. It is the intent of this study to evaluate the similarities and differences of expression at the end of each phase by a qualitative comparison of the recordings.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a comunicação das emoções básicas (alegria, tristeza, calma, medo/hesitação e raiva) através da execução de trechos de Ponteios de Camargo Guarnieri para piano, com indicações explícitas desses estados emocionais. A seleção dos estímulos foi feita com base na relação estrutural/expressão musical e emoção, sistematizada na literatura por Juslin e Timmers (2010). Como estímulos, trechos dos Ponteios 02, 26, 32, 36 e 38 foram escolhidos para comunicar raiva, calma, alegria, tristeza e medo (receio), respectivamente. A amostra envolveu estudantes de curso de teoria e percepção musical em nível de extensão (N = 73) e estudantes de música universitários (graduação e pós-graduação) (N = 77). O método empregado foi auto-relato por escolha forçada. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de trechos escolhidos dos Ponteios em performance ao vivo. Para ordem de execução, foram aleatoriamente sorteados. Os dados foram coletados em questionários fechados ao longo de oito sessões, contendo as alternativas das emoções básicas percebidas, grau de intensidade de comunicação, assim como parâmetros estruturais e de expressão musical. Os dados foram tratados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados indicaram que tanto estudantes universitários como de extensão puderam identificar as emoções básicas durante as coletas, contudo o nível de expertise dos participantes influenciou na comunicação dos estados emocionais e intensidade de percepção. Além disso, a pesquisa demonstrou que há uma hierarquia de emoções mais percebidas pelos ouvintes. A alegria e raiva foram mais facilmente reconhecidas (respectivamente 94% e 76% para estudantes universitários, por exemplo). O medo foi menos comunicado: 24% e 27%, respectivamente, para estudantes de extensão e universitários. Para os estudantes universitários, a tristeza foi mais percebida do que a calma, enquanto para os estudantes de extensão ocorreu o contrário. Houve ainda dispersão e confusão entre calma, tristeza e medo. De modo geral, as emoções que obtiveram melhores resultados em termos de comunicação foram aquelas com maior atribuição de intensidade. Os parâmetros referentes à melodia e andamento foram aqueles que apresentaram maior incidência dentre os estudantes de extensão. No caso dos estudantes universitários, verifica-se uma distribuição mais uniforme entre os parâmetros. Esses resultados demonstram a viabilidade de comunicação intencional de emoções básicas através da realização deliberada de um plano de performance que valorize aspectos estruturais e de expressão, associados à percepção dessas emoções pelos ouvintes. / The present study aimed at investigating the communication of basic emotions (joy, sadness, calm, fear/hesitation and anger) through life performance of Camargo Guarnieri´s piano Ponteios excerpts, which bear clear indications of these emotional states. The selection of stimuli was based on the relationship structural/musical expression and emotion, systematized in the literature by Juslin and Timmers (2010). As stimuli, pieces from Ponteios 02, 26, 32, 36 and 38 were chosen to communicate anger, calm, joy, sadness and fear, respectively. The sample involved students from the theory and ear training university extension program (N=73) and university music students (undergraduate and graduate) (N=77). The employed method was self-reported by forced-choice. Data were collected as closed questionnaires over eight sessions, containing the alternatives of perceived basic emotions, degree of intensity of communication, as well as structural and musical expression parameters. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that both university and extension students were capable to identify basic emotions during the analysis. However, the level of expertise of the participants influenced on the communication of the emotions and the intensity of perception. In addition, the research has shown an hierarchy among the perceived emotions by listeners. Joy and anger were easily recognized (94% and 76%, respectively, for college students). Fear was less ranked (24% and 27%, respectively, for extension and university students). There was also confusion between sadness and fear. In general, the emotions with the best results were those with higher degree of intensity. The parameters for melody and tempo were those of a higher incidence among extension students. For college students, a more even distribution was found among the parameters.