Emotions play an important role in affecting human¡¦s behaviors. It is obvious especially in the negotiation process. However, these emotional interactions disappear in the electronic communication media. Emoticons provide a new way for negotiators to show their emotions in e-negotiation. E-negotiation support system is composed of electronic communication and decision support system. Using emoticons could help negotiators display their emotions to counterparts. This study explored the effect of emoticon on negotiation process from the aspect of communication. In general, e-communication can be separated into social-emotional communication and task-oriented communication. Emoticons retrieve multiple cues and enable negotiators transmit emotions so that the interactions increase. As a result, more social-emotional communication happens between negotiators. Previous studies indicate that nonverbal cues could add the meaning of messages. In the negotiation process, negotiators may lower down the opportunity of misunderstanding by using emoticons to express their thought in text and increase the quality of communication. The negotiation process may be more effective and increase the ability to reach agreement. Negotiators will be more satisfied of the process and their counterparts when the outcome is equal or better than what they expected. The purpose of this study is to explore whether supporting emoticons influence negotiators communication behavior and change the negotiation process. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment and adopted content analysis to define the social-emotional communication and task-oriented communication behaviors. We also measured the perceived communication effectiveness and satisfaction of negotiation process by questionnaire. The results showed that emoticons increase the frequency of social-emotional communication. Social-emotional communication also increases the negotiators¡¦ task-oriented communication. As a result the communication becomes more effective. Negotiators have better satisfaction of negotiation process.

Yes / Being able to recognize facial expressions of basic emotions is of great importance to social development. However, we still know surprisingly little about children’s developing ability to interpret emotions that are expressed dynamically, naturally, and subtly, despite real-life expressions having such appearance in the vast majority of cases. The current research employs a new technique of capturing dynamic, subtly expressed natural emotional displays (happy, sad, angry, shocked, and disgusted). Children aged 7, 9, and 11 years (and adults) were systematically able to discriminate each emotional display from alternatives in a five-way choice. Children were most accurate in identifying the expression of happiness and were also relatively accurate in identifying the expression of sadness; they were far less accurate than adults in identifying shocked and disgusted. Children who performed well academically also tended to be the most accurate in recognizing expressions, and this relationship maintained independently of chronological age. Generally, the findings testify to a well-developed ability to recognize very subtle naturally occurring expressions of emotions.

Following the booming of global e-business, the demand for online negotiations is growing apparently. Recently, instant messaging (IM) software such as Microsoft MSN, Yahoo messenger has become very popular synchronous communication tool. Although the instant messaging tools make people can negotiate or communicate with each other synchronously over the Internet, in terms of the richness of communication media, instant messaging is leaner than that of traditional face-to-face. Previous studies have demonstrated that the media richness of communication has effect on negotiation behavior and result. To improve the richness of the instant messaging, many instant messaging tools have provided a variety of emoticons for user. Due to the popularity of instant messaging and emoticon usage, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of emoticons on synchronous e-negotiation environment. In this study, we conducted a lab experiment to simulate synchronous negotiations. The findings reveal that emoticons have effects on negotiation process and negotiators¡¦ communication ability.

No description available.

When the emoticon was created in 1980s, many commentators have even described this creation as futile effort for improving internet communication efficiency. Even in the famous “language and the internet” (Crystal, 2001), the finder of internet linguistic, David Crystal argues that emoticons at the time “are a potentially helpful but extremely crude way of capturing some of the basic features of facial expression, but their semantic role is limited.” Nevertheless, after two decades have passed, emoticon not only survived but turned into an irreplaceable linguistic aspect in the internet language. During its evolution process, emoticon was also transmuted into different forms for accommodating specialties in different language input systems. Among all sorts of emoticons which were evolved this way, Chinese emoticons represent many unique characterizations due to the hieroglyphic aspect of Chinese characters, special sound-meaning-form relationship and peculiar input method. This thesis will explore the background and linguistic functions of emoticons, investigate how those special characterizations distinguish Chinese emoticons from others; analyze how Chinese emoticons to fulfill those missing communication properties in Chinese internet language and syntax; discuss the linguistic effects of those Chinese characters which are picked as emoticon, such as the dual effect toward the meaning of character and real life oral communication; and summarizing Chinese emoticon as a linguistic defined subgroup of emoticon.

AbstraktDahlgren, O (2009). Ungdomars identitet genom chatspråk (The Identity of Youth throughthe Language of Chat) Malmö: Lärarutbildningen: Malmö högskolaExamensarbetet beskriver identitetssökandeprocessen bland ungdomar och på vilket sättchatspråk formar dagens ungdomars identitet. Syftet med examensarbetet är att beskrivaungdomsperioden och ge en syn på hur chatt formar den nutida ungdomens identitet.Dessutom syftar arbetet till att bidra till föräldrars och vuxnas medvetenhet om en sådanungdoms livssituation för att de skall kunna ha förståelse för ungdomarna, acceptera derasbeteende och språk och vara ett stöd. Arbetet har utgått ifrån följande frågor: Vad kan enidentitetssökandeprocess bland ungdomar innebära? På vilket sätt kan chatt och chatspråkforma ungdomars identitet? De metoder som använts för att få svar på frågeställningarna harvarit att intervjua ungdomar om chatt och chatspråk och att göra en undersökning av utdragenur chatt av de intervjuade ungdomarna. Den teoretiska bakgrunden bestod avjagidentitetsbegreppet samt den psykoanalytiska teorin och det socialpsykologiskaperspektivet och begreppen chatt och språk. Resultatet pekar på att chatt är en del av dennutida ungdomens vardag. Slutsatsen i examensarbetet är att chatt och chatspråk formardagens ungdomars identitet genom att ge dem tillhörighet till en grupp och är ett fält där dekan uttrycka sin personlighet.Nyckelord: Ungdomar, identitet, chatt, chatspråk, MSN, smiley, emoticon. / AbstractDahlgren, O (2009). Ungdomars identitet genom chatspråk (The Identity of Youth throughthe Language of Chat) Malmö: Lärarutbildningen: Malmö högskolaThis examination work describes the identity searching process among youths and in whatway chat language forms the identity of the today’s youths. The purpose of the examinationwork is to describe the youth period and give a view of in what way chat forms the today’syouths identity. Further more this work aims to contribute to parents´ and grown-ups´awareness about such a situation of life among youth, for them to be able to haveunderstanding for the youths, accept their behavior and language and to support them. Thework is based on the following questions: What may the identity searching process mean? Inwhat way may chat and chat language form the youth’s identity? The methods which wereused to get answers of the issues have been to interview the youths about chat, and chatlanguage, and to make a research of extracts from the personal chat examples of theinterviewed group. The theoretical background consisted of the I-identity definition, as wellas the psychoanalytical theory and the social psychological theory, and the definitions of chatand language. The result indicates towards that chat and chat language is a part of today’syouth’s everyday life. The conclusion of the examination work is the following: chat and chatlanguage form the today’s youth identity by means of giving them the feeling of belonging toa group and is a field for expression of their personality.Keywords: Youth, identity, chat, chat language, MSN, smiley, emotional icon.

What happens in man when the society you live in disappear? Howis the individual affected when large external forces changes the life conditions? In northern Sweden, the societies Kiruna and Malmberget move due to the mining. The project started in Malmberget but soon got a wider perspective. Societies will continue to disappear which is already seen in Ukraine and parts of the world where climate change is a fact. Lost my home is an exploration in how emoticons and graphic design can be a help for people to communicate. Emoticons is built on feelings and is a language we all understand no matter which countries we are from. The project is the start of exploring how emoticons can be its own language and help us to move on.

This study investigates the understanding of emoticons and emojis used in text messages. Theaim of this study is to determine whether there is a universal understanding of emoticons andemojis, which is important considering the number of people using them every day whensending text messages. Many studies have been made of communication via text messagesand the usage of emoticons and emojis, but no study has focused on the interpretation of thesymbols and the importance of the context.For the purposes of this study, a questionnaire was completed in an uppersecondary school (Swedish gymnasium) in Stockholm, during normal school hours inNovember 2014, by 90 16-19 year old students. The result was then analysed through a‘Relevance Theory’ perspective, and in the light of the works of, amongst others, Saussure,Peirce and Thomas.The result revealed that, for the interpreter of a text message, it is important thata textual context is established, in order for the interpreter to be able to understand what theemoticons or emojis used in text messages mean. The result also showed that the emoticonsand emojis do not have a meaning in themselves and that they can have different meaningsdepending on the situation, and the mood or the person for whom the message is intended.

Jag undersöker chattmeddelandet i forumet Facebook Messenger för att se om jag kan finna mönster i de språkliga egenskaper som återfinns. Jag undersöker om egenskaperna innehar mest talspråkliga eller mest skriftspråkliga egenskaper, alternativt om egenskaperna kan anses vara unika för internetchatt. Syftet är att betrakta om chattspråk kan anses vara en självständig varietet i svenska språket.   Materialet består av chattkonversationer från tio informanter födda på 1990-talet samt sju informanter födda på 1960-talet. Genom att söka språkliga mönster hos två olika åldersgrupper går det att belysa huruvida konventionella språkegenskaper i chatt kan vara en generationsfråga. Jag använder en kvantitativ innehållsanalys för att analysera mitt material då jag har valt att kvantifiera de chattspråksegenskaper som jag har funnit. Jag har kvalitativa inslag i min analys för att ha möjlighet att tolka mitt resultat.   Det går att finna mönster i informanternas chattspråk. Det är vanligt att informanter brukar två utropstecken på rad, ”!!”, när de vill betona något i sitt meddelande. Det är också vanligt att utelämna information från chattmeddelanden: framförallt subjektspronomen eller prepositioner.   Det finns skillnader åldersgrupperna emellan. De yngre informanterna brukar många emoticoner medan de äldre gör det vid enstaka tillfällen. De yngre informanterna brukar emoticoner som satsavdelare – i stället för punkt och kommatecken – medan de äldre skriver enligt mer formella skriftspråksnormer. De äldre informanterna skriver ofta inledningar och avslutningar på sina meddelanden vilket de yngre inte gör.   Chattspråk, eller internetspråk, kan sägas vara en självständig språkvarietet även om de flesta språkliga egenskaperna inte är genuint nya. Verksamheten för kommunikation styr språket. Syftet med var och varför människor skriver till varandra har förändrats på grund av internet, vilket påverkar språket.

Ce mémoire examine l'adoption des téléphones mobiles et l'utilisation des messages texte (SMS) par les adolescents chinois, selon la théorie des usages et gratifications et de la recherche sur la communication par ordinateur. Certains champs particuliers de l'utilisation des messages textes par les adolescents chinois, comme le contrôle parental, la circulation des chaînes de messages, la popularité des messages de salutations et l'utilisation répandue des émoticônes ont été étudiés. La fonction sociale des SMS, plus particulièrement des pratiques sociales et des relations émotionnelles des adolescents chinois, a également été explorée. Cette étude est basée sur un sondage réalisé sur le terrain auprès de 100 adolescents chinois. Elle révèle que chez les adolescents chinois, les deux principales raisons pour l'adoption du téléphone mobile sont l'influence parentale et le besoin de communication sociale. Quant à l'utilisation des messages texte, elle répond à sept usages et gratifications : la flexibilité, le coût modique, l’intimité, éviter l'embarras, le divertissement, l'engouement et l'évasion. Il a également été observé que les messages texte jouent un rôle positif dans la construction et l'entretien des relations sociales des adolescents chinois. / This thesis examined the adoption of mobile phones and use of SMS among Chinese teenagers based on the uses and gratification theory and computer-mediated communication research. Specific areas of Chinese teenagers’ SMS use, such as parental control, the circulation of chain messages, the popularity of greeting messages and the wide use of emoticons were studied. The social functions of SMS, especially in Chinese teenagers’ social-emotional practice, were explored as well. This study is based on a field survey conducted among one hundred Chinese teenagers. It reveals that, for Chinese teenagers, the two main reasons for the adoption of mobile phones are parental influence and the need for social communication; the use of SMS corresponds to seven uses and gratifications: flexibility, low cost, privacy, embarrassment avoidance, entertainment, fad and escape. SMS is also used by Chinese teenagers to build and maintain their social relationships.