One of the factors emphasized by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), a national consensus-based standard under the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) for developing sustainable or high performance buildings, is water efficiency. A LEED registered project can attain up to five points under water efficiency upon successful integration of various techniques to conserve water. Many techniques are available to conserve water and grey water reuse is one option considered by many LEED registered projects. In spite of widespread popularity, some of the sustainable techniques including grey water reuse, which is recommended by the USGBC and various agencies engaged in green building constructions, are not viable in many parts of the United States due to their effects on construction cost and project schedules. Even though a project could get one or multiple points upon successful implementation of a grey water reuse system and conserving potable water, the following factors may have a positive or negative effect on the design team’s decision to implement a grey water reuse system: capital cost, maintenance cost, LEED credits, local plumbing codes, project schedule, local water conservation issues, complexity of the system, etc. Implementation of a grey water reuse system has a significant effect on the capital cost of a project. The increase in cost may be attributed to dual sanitary and grey water distribution piping which doubles construction piping costs. Disinfection treatment, filtration, overflow protection, grey water storage tanks, etc. also add to the cost of construction. Ninety percent of the projects claim that project schedule is not affected by the implementation of a grey water reuse system in a green building project. The factors which prevent the project team from implementing a grey water reuse system include capital cost, maintenance cost, local plumbing codes, local water conservation issues, complexity of the system, etc. LEED credits and the spirit of sustainability are the factors which have a positive effect on the design team’s decision to implement a grey water reuse system.

One of the factors emphasized by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), a national consensus-based standard under the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) for developing sustainable or high performance buildings, is water efficiency. A LEED registered project can attain up to five points under water efficiency upon successful integration of various techniques to conserve water. Many techniques are available to conserve water and grey water reuse is one option considered by many LEED registered projects. In spite of widespread popularity, some of the sustainable techniques including grey water reuse, which is recommended by the USGBC and various agencies engaged in green building constructions, are not viable in many parts of the United States due to their effects on construction cost and project schedules. Even though a project could get one or multiple points upon successful implementation of a grey water reuse system and conserving potable water, the following factors may have a positive or negative effect on the design team’s decision to implement a grey water reuse system: capital cost, maintenance cost, LEED credits, local plumbing codes, project schedule, local water conservation issues, complexity of the system, etc. Implementation of a grey water reuse system has a significant effect on the capital cost of a project. The increase in cost may be attributed to dual sanitary and grey water distribution piping which doubles construction piping costs. Disinfection treatment, filtration, overflow protection, grey water storage tanks, etc. also add to the cost of construction. Ninety percent of the projects claim that project schedule is not affected by the implementation of a grey water reuse system in a green building project. The factors which prevent the project team from implementing a grey water reuse system include capital cost, maintenance cost, local plumbing codes, local water conservation issues, complexity of the system, etc. LEED credits and the spirit of sustainability are the factors which have a positive effect on the design team’s decision to implement a grey water reuse system.

Proposta: Com o objetivo de subsidiar uma abordagem crítica do uso do sistema LEED no Brasil, este trabalho partiu da análise de suas características intrínsecas, sua evolução e aplicação ao longo do tempo no seu país de origem. Método de pesquisa/Abordagens: O trabalho apresenta uma análise do sistema LEED e sua aplicação a partir de: [1] histórico da iniciativa LEED nos EUA; [2] indicações do uso do sistema LEED no Brasil e em outros países; [3] evolução do nível de avaliação do LEED ao longo do tempo e [4] banco de dados de todos os projetos certificados pelo LEED para construções novas (LEED-NC) aproximadamente 264 projetos no total entre 2000 e 2005. Resultados: Essa análise embasou um retrato do sistema no seu país de origem, mostrou os resultados da sua aplicação nos empreendimentos do mercado americano, apresentou o perfil de certificação dos projetos e a evolução dessa dinâmica ao longo de cinco anos. Contribuições/Originalidade: Como resultados, o trabalho apresentou indicações e lições aprendidas com a utilização do LEED no seu país de origem, constatou o início do uso do sistema de avaliação no Brasil e relacionou potencialidades e inconsistências dessa aplicação para o contexto local. / Propose: Aiming to support the critical analysis of the LEED system application outside the USA, this work focuses on the evolution of LEED-NC application in its native environment between 2000 and 2005. Methods: This work presents an analysis of the LEED rating system encompassing: [1] LEED initiative history in the USA (from the early versions to the recent ones); [2] indications of LEED use in Brazil and in other countries; [3] evolution of the certification level throughout the different LEED versions; and [4] a data bank with all the LEED-NC certified projects between 2000 and 2005 (approximately 264 projects in total) based on the public search tool of the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) website. Findings: This analysis supported a clear figure of the system use, showing its application results on the American building sector and its implications on other countries outside USA. Collecting the certification profiles of such developments, a historical LEED road map was produced showing the evolution of this dynamic along five years and future trends. Originality/value: The results present lessons learned as guidelines for its eventual use in other countries and evidences of the insertion of the rating system in Brazil, indicating potentialities and inconsistencies for its application in this local context.

Proposta: Com o objetivo de subsidiar uma abordagem crítica do uso do sistema LEED no Brasil, este trabalho partiu da análise de suas características intrínsecas, sua evolução e aplicação ao longo do tempo no seu país de origem. Método de pesquisa/Abordagens: O trabalho apresenta uma análise do sistema LEED e sua aplicação a partir de: [1] histórico da iniciativa LEED nos EUA; [2] indicações do uso do sistema LEED no Brasil e em outros países; [3] evolução do nível de avaliação do LEED ao longo do tempo e [4] banco de dados de todos os projetos certificados pelo LEED para construções novas (LEED-NC) aproximadamente 264 projetos no total entre 2000 e 2005. Resultados: Essa análise embasou um retrato do sistema no seu país de origem, mostrou os resultados da sua aplicação nos empreendimentos do mercado americano, apresentou o perfil de certificação dos projetos e a evolução dessa dinâmica ao longo de cinco anos. Contribuições/Originalidade: Como resultados, o trabalho apresentou indicações e lições aprendidas com a utilização do LEED no seu país de origem, constatou o início do uso do sistema de avaliação no Brasil e relacionou potencialidades e inconsistências dessa aplicação para o contexto local. / Propose: Aiming to support the critical analysis of the LEED system application outside the USA, this work focuses on the evolution of LEED-NC application in its native environment between 2000 and 2005. Methods: This work presents an analysis of the LEED rating system encompassing: [1] LEED initiative history in the USA (from the early versions to the recent ones); [2] indications of LEED use in Brazil and in other countries; [3] evolution of the certification level throughout the different LEED versions; and [4] a data bank with all the LEED-NC certified projects between 2000 and 2005 (approximately 264 projects in total) based on the public search tool of the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) website. Findings: This analysis supported a clear figure of the system use, showing its application results on the American building sector and its implications on other countries outside USA. Collecting the certification profiles of such developments, a historical LEED road map was produced showing the evolution of this dynamic along five years and future trends. Originality/value: The results present lessons learned as guidelines for its eventual use in other countries and evidences of the insertion of the rating system in Brazil, indicating potentialities and inconsistencies for its application in this local context.

This thesis discusses the United States Green Building Council’s proposed changes in the LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Rating System for New Construction and Major Renovations from the current 2009 version to the proposed 2012 version, as they pertain to historic building renovation projects. The comparison is aimed at determining whether the proposed changes to the rating system are becoming more favorable to historic preservation, promoting the rehabilitation and reuse of historic buildings as environmentally responsible practices. The discussion is taken a step further by proposing potential modifications and metrics that could be implemented into the LEED® Rating System in order to help advance historic preservation by recognizing the many inherent sustainable qualities of historic buildings, such as regional climate-adaptive features, durable materials and skilled craftsmanship. The upcoming renovation of Battle Hall and West Mall Building, two buildings that are part of the School of Architecture complex at the University of Texas at Austin, serves as case study of historic buildings undergoing major renovations to which both the LEED 2009 and LEED 2012 Draft Rating Systems for New Construction and Major Renovations are applied. An analysis of the results informs the comparison between the two versions of the rating system. The results of the comparison indicate that changes in the LEED® rating system for New Construction and Major Renovation from the 2009 to the 2012 version are favorable for historic preservation. The USGBC is advancing in the right direction with establishing more credits for historic preservation projects. The 2012 3rd Public Comment Draft rating system introduces the notion of “historic building” and that of “historic district” for the first time, in credits that address infill within a historic district and reuse of a historic building, with work performed in accordance with The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. This represents a step forward toward integrating historic preservation and building reuse in the vocabulary of sustainability. / text

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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project / LEED, Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design, assists our building industry to become more sustainable. This paper examines three case studies of existing buildings which have evolved to become LEED certified through the rating system of LEED: Operations and Maintenance. Understanding how older generation buildings may still rejuvenate and become sustainable will provide benefits for the people, planet, and profit. As with many things, there are some drawbacks when it comes to LEED certification such as their fees and universal approach for credits acquired.

The number of buildings seeking LEED certification has been growing steadily over the past few years. In this study, three academic buildings which were designed and built to LEED certification standards were targeted in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Their electricity consumption and cost effectiveness were examined and compared with predesigned LEED efficiency models of those three buildings. This research directly examined cost effectiveness of LEED buildings in terms of electricity usage. Three case studies were completed to find the initial and on-going electricity costs of LEED buildings and to verify the LEED standard results. LEED aspects of these buildings were discussed with contractors, architects, project managers, and building maintenance personnel who participated in LEED projects and non-LEED sustainable projects.

This report gives an overview of applications of the Greenroads rating system whichin turn is an environmental review system for roads. The focus of this report isapplications during the construction phase, ie on solutions which adhere to theentrepreneur's area of responsibility as opposed to the designer's. The study was undertaken in cooperation with Skanska (a global contractor andFortune 500 company) which provided a project suitable for an exemplatory study ofGreenroads. Please note that the project in particular was not specifically designedwith Greenroads in mind. Therefore and because of that the site provided anexcellent opportunity to study effects of application contra non-application. The approach of this study was to first review the system, thereafter to performinterviews with key personel at the site in different roles as to receive different viewsof selected points of application. Selected possibilities of application are cathegorizedand presented with comments and suggestions for adoption. Lastly Greenroads is briefly compared to the rating system which today is the mostwidely used by Skanska, LEED. The results of this report is that Greenroads is usableby an entrepreneur to achieve certification for projects not specifically designed withGreenroads in mind. Of particular interest is that this in many cases can be achievedwithout consulting the project designer.

InN have individual property of electrnic and surface, our research is focused on the surface property. In this article, The surface property was studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Low Energy Electron Diffraction(LEED), Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy(STM). The method in this article for cleaning surface of InN are wet etching by HCl, Atomic Hydrogen Cleaning(AHC), and annealing. Wet etching by HCl was proceeding in air, and a lot of junk would be adsorbed in the surface of InN when it was taken from HCl to vacuum. Though wet etching was a simple method, it could not be a best method to clean surface of InN. AHC were a relative clean method in this article. Carbon and oxygen colud be removed effectively by AHC.The filament of AHC was heating the surface of InN when AHC was running, so the surface was annealing at that moment. After cleaning by AHC, LEED spot and AES signal were improved.