Syftet med denna rapport är att granska skillnaden mellan energikategorierna i miljöcertifieringssystemen LEED och BREEAM. Eftersom amerikanska LEED bygger på det brittiska BREEAM finns det många aspekter som liknar varandra. BREEAM utgår ifrån de nationella standarderna i första hand. Om sådana inte finns är det de europeiska som används. Klassningen av byggnaden visar hur bra byggnaden är jämfört med de krav som finns nationellt. Dessa är i sin tur anpassade till förutsättningarna som finns i landet. LEED grundar sig istället på kraven som beskrivs utifrån den amerikanska standarden ASHRAE. Dessa krav är inte anpassade till svenska eller europeiska standarder vilket gör det svårt att jämföra rakt av. Detta innebär att kraven som ställs i ASHRAE och LEED är olika svåra att uppfylla då förutsättningarna i länderna är olika. Till exempel tillhör Sverige klimatzon 6, tillsammans med Chile, Ryssland, Kanada och de nordliga delarna i USA. Detta ger olika utgångspunkter för att klara kriterierna då de naturliga förutsättningarna skiljer sig i olika länder. För att bedöma om en byggnad är energieffektiv behövs någon typ av verktyg för att verifiera byggnaden. För svenska företag som vill visa att de är miljömedvetna och vill ha låga energikostnader behövs någon typ av märkning av byggnaden. Även utländska företag på svenska marknaden letar efter byggnader med bra energieffektivitet som har ett intyg på att byggnaden följer hårda miljö- och byggnationskrav. Det är då en stor fördel att använda stora internationella system som exempelvis LEED och BREEAM som intygar att byggnaden uppfyller de hårda kraven som finns i systemen. Det indikeras med olika certifieringsnivåer beroende på hur väl byggnaden uppfyller kraven. Dessa miljöcertifieringssystem används för att påvisa att byggnaden uppfyller höga krav, men även för att öka eller behålla värdet på byggnaden jämfört med andra likvärdiga byggnader som inte är certifierade. Detta är påtagligt för byggnader med hyresgäster som har som företagspolicy att hyra byggnader med en viss nivå av ett miljöcertifieringssystem eller bara är intresserade att hyra byggnader med låga energikostnader. Om byggnaden inte skulle vara certifierad minskar andelen potentiella hyresgäster och priserna pressas och byggnaden riskerar att stå outhyrd en tid vilket kostar stora summor i stora byggnader. Respektive systems energikategori anses viktigast i båda systemen och det är framförallt reduceringen av energianvändningen som spelar en avgörande roll, även användandet av förnyelsebar energi är en viktig del. Generellt i båda systemen sker liknande ställningstaganden i de flesta frågorna för att reducera byggnaders påverkan av miljön, genom olika förbättringsåtgärder. Sporren för att göra byggnaden bättre är att minska miljöpåverkan, sänka driftkostnaden, öka trivseln, förbättra driften och att uppnå en hög certifieringsnivå. Generellt fås en uppfattning av att BREEAM är enklare att använda än LEED, eftersom den utgår från kraven i BBR. Båda systemen räknar ut en procentuell förbättring eller anger att uppställda värden uppfyllts. Exempelvis räknas reduceringen av koldioxid och energieffektivisering ut procentuellt. I LEED ska även ASHRAE användas utöver BBR och beräknar energieffektivisering utifrån reducering av kostnaden i dollar jämfört med referensbyggnaden.

The purpose of the present qualitative multiple case study was to identify and describe sustainability efforts and the perceptions of sustainability managers of selected higher education institutions (HEIs) in Texas. Through a Qualtrics survey and semi-structured interviews, sustainability managers shared their experiences regarding the implementation of sustainable initiatives on their campuses. The present study identified four broad themes including Organizational and Leadership Challenges and the Impact They Can Have on Sustainability, Facilities Challenges and Their Impact on Sustainability, Issues with Full Buy-In on the Part of Stakeholders, and Sustainability Personnel Knowledge and Experience. The results of the present study are considered, and recommendations are provided to help researchers identify challenges to implementing sustainability initiatives on HEI campuses.

Abstract Proposal This thesis research proposition is to design a LEED platinum urban mixed-use special needs housing community. The analysis and subsequent design of this facility will take into account the many specific social and physical needs of the residents. The proposed outcome of this research is to suppose through intimate knowledge and understanding of the special needs community and the use of thoughtful design while paying special attention to subtle spatial relationships, it can be proven that architectural design can foster a positive environment for special needs residents and the community at large.The special needs community has largely been a marginalized shadow populace within the greater suburban context. In the United States, special needs children often grow up receiving some life skills training from their elementary though high school educations however, they tend to live at length with their aging parents long into adulthood. As these young adults mature, it frequently becomes increasingly difficult for parents to secure safe and affordable permanent housing solutions. Although there are a number of special needs communities nation-wide offering long term housing solutions, there is a much greater demand than that which is available. Coupled with financial growth potential limitations and bureaucratic red tape, many of these young adults struggle to find affordable group housing alternatives, especially those that can accommodate a myriad of physical, mental and emotional requirements unique to each individual. In low-income communities, the problem is only exacerbated. The goal of this thesis is to propose a mixed-use high density urban commercial housing complex which allocates self-operated retail spaces offering entrepreneurial opportunities for the residents. This proposition will foster independence and promote health with the ultimate goal of alleviating some of the usual stresses experienced by community caretakers. Thoughtful integration of green technologies will reduce the long-term running costs, thus mitigating the overall fiscal encumbrance. LEED certification will be paramount as it delivers guidance in sustainable design practices while simultaneously creating awareness to this critical need.

The behavior during dissolution of edge and basal surfaces of the mica phlogopite were examined using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) in an attempt to characterize the reactive surface area during dissolution. Mica minerals are the ideal material for this study because they offer a high degree of structural anisotropy. Therefore surfaces with different structures are easily identified. Dissolution is shown to proceed preferentially by removal of material from {hk0} edges. Dissolution rates were calculated by measuring the volume of material removed from etch pits, and normalizing to either the "reactive" surface area of {hk0} edges exposed at pit walls, or to a total "BET-equivalent" surface area. Rates normalized to total surface area are in the range of dissolution rates reported in the literature. Edge surface normalized rates are about 100 times faster. Long-term in situ AFM observations of phlogopite dissolution reveal that exposed (001) surfaces also display a distinct reactivity, though it operates on a different time scale. The top layer is shown to expand between 39 and 63 hours in contact with pH 2 HCl solution. Subsequent LEED analysis shows that the (001) surface becomes amorphous upon reacting with pH 2 HCl. Compositional characterization of the phlogopite after reaction shows that for pitted phlogopite surfaces, dissolution is characterized by leaching of octahedral cations and polymerization of the silica-enriched residual layer. No chemical changes or polymerization are observed for freshly cleaved unpitted phlogopite after reaction with pH 2 HCl for 24 hours. This suggests a gallery access mechanism is facilitated by edge attack, and is only significant on exposed (001) surfaces after a certain amount of dissolution by edge attack. / Master of Science

The Center for High Performance Learning Environments (CHPLE) at Virginia Tech aims to provide guidance on various issues associated with high performance learning environments, using information gained through the various studies undertaken at the College of Architecture and Urban Studies. One such study is presented in this thesis. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), an environmental rating system for buildings, introduced in 1998, is still in the process of development. The USGBC conducted research and introduced various LEED manuals for different building types. For each building type, in order to achieve environmental credits under LEED, evidence must be provided in terms of various documents. The process of collecting and submitting these documents is perceived to be difficult and this study tries to find the barriers to the documentation process as required during LEED certification. Currently, while documenting the credits under LEED, the design team must assume many important responsibilities. Hence this research sought participation from this group of professionals, who are proactive in promoting LEED and also have experience in school design. To understand the design professionals perception about LEED, a semi-structured interview method was adopted to obtain data for this study. Out of a total of 175 invitations, 15 agreed to participate. A questionnaire was developed and the participants were asked to respond. All interviews were recorded, providing the main source of data. IRB approval was obtained prior to the interviews and all the prescribed ethical concerns were addressed during the interviews. The responses to the questionnaire, were categorized as, 1.Barriers for documentation and2.Recommendations from participants for improving the LEED documentation process. The identified barriers were sequenced to understand the interrelationships between different barriers. The recommendations are interpretations and derivations of the participant recommendations. These recommendations could be adopted by the USGBC to improve the process of documentation in LEED. This study may also initiate other studies to help further understand the opinions of school authorities and other project members with respect to LEED documentation. / Master of Science

This report studies the specific case of Highland Redevelopment as if would pursue a LEED ND certification. It highlights the major issues observed to fulfill compliance of LEED ND minimum requirements as it is proposed, as well as the importance of achieving this certification as a means to define a performance level of the development. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Feres dos Santos .pdf: 10236399 bytes, checksum: c8342a03d98aa6f0259bf187860cab0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-14 / The job is to analyze the certification system LEED, one of the most used and recognized in Brazil, through a case study of the first building to receive the highest level of the LEED CS certification in Latin American. The certification has been used to prove that a building is sustainable and this job analyzes the building using an architectural point of view, verifying if the certification ensures that the building has a sustainable architecture. The job will begin with a brief history about how sustainable development joined the world speech, explaining some of the key concepts related do the topic. After that, some examples of sustainable architecture and its definition will be shown. For the analysis of LEED, two other certifications were chosen for a brief comparative scenario: BREEAM, the first certification to be used and which served as the basis for many others, and AQUA, another certification that has been used in Brazil. For the case study of Eldorado Business Tower, it will be done a brief history of the project and an analysis of the building through the project, the certification process and observations made in the visit to the site. / O trabalho consiste na análise da certificação LEED, uma das mais utilizadas e reconhecidas no Brasil, através de um estudo de caso do primeiro edifício a receber o mais alto nível da certificação LEED CS na América Latina. A certificação tem sido utilizada como meio de comprovação que um edifício é sustentável e esse trabalho analisa o edifício do ponto de vista arquitetônico, verificando se a certificação garante a este uma arquitetura sustentável. O desenvolvimento do trabalho começa com um breve histórico sobre como o desenvolvimento sustentável entrou para o discurso mundial, explicando alguns dos principais conceitos relacionados ao tema. Em seguida, são mostrados exemplos de arquitetura classificada como sustentável e a definição desta. Para a análise do LEED, é desenvolvido um breve cenário comparativo entre duas outras certificações: o BREEAM, a primeira certificação a ser utilizada e que serviu como base para muitas outras, e o AQUA, outra certificação que vem sendo utilizada no Brasil. Para o estudo de caso do Eldorado Business Tower, é feito um breve histórico do projeto e uma análise do edifício a partir do projeto, do processo de certificação e de observações realizadas em visita feita ao local.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das hochgeordnete Wachstum von großen organischen Molekülen auf kristallinen Substraten mit Hilfe der Quaterrylenderivate QT, QTCDI und QTCMI untersucht. Um derartige Schichten herstellen und charakterisieren zu können, wurde eine Organische Molekularstrahlepitaxy (OMBE)-Anlage aufgebaut. Allerdings stellt OMBE bisher nur ein Standardverfahren für die Präparation hochgeordneter Schichten bestehend aus kleineren Molekülen dar. Im Zusammenhang mit größeren Molekülen ergibt sich die Frage, ob auf Grund der höheren Sublimationstemperatur diese unzersetzt aufgedampft werden können. Optische Spektroskopieexperimente haben gezeigt, daß dies im Fall von QT möglich ist. Andererseits beginnt die Zersetzung von QTCDI bereits unterhalb seiner Sublimationstemperatur, wobei als eines der Produkte QTCMI entsteht. Ein wesentliches Anliegen dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Frage zu klären, inwieweit diese großen Aromate epitaktisch auf anorganischen als auch organischen Substraten aufwachsen. Organisch-anorganische Schichtsysteme wurden durch Aufdampfen der Quaterrylenderivate auf einkristalline, rekonstruierte Goldoberflächen erzeugt und anschließend mit LEED und STM charakterisiert. Trotz der eingeschränkten thermischen Stabilität von QTCDI konnten sowohl hochgeordnete QT als auch QTCDI Monolagen auf Au(111) hergestellt werden, die jeweils aus flachliegenden Molekülen bestehen. Im Falle von QTCDI konnte dieses Resultat durch eine Optimierung der Probenherstellung erreicht werden. Im Unterschied zur Anordnung der QT Moleküle in Reihen, bilden die QTCDI Moleküle eine dazu deutlich verschiedene brickwall Struktur, die durch die Bildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen den Randgruppen der QTCDI Moleküle erklärt werden kann. In ähnlicher Weise zeigt sich der Einfluß der Substituenten auf die Anordnung der Moleküle in der Schicht an den gefunden QTCMI Strukturen. Im Unterschied zu QTCDI Monolagen auf Au(111), konnten keine reinen QTCMI Proben erzeugt werden. Die Ursache dafür ist, daß QTCMI zwar in der QTCDI Knudsenzelle angereichert werden kann, aber beide Moleküle ähnliche Verdampfungstemperaturen besitzen. Selbst die Präparation einer reinen QTCMI Probe nach vollständiger Umsetzung aller QTCDI Moleküle in der Knudsenzelle erscheint schwierig, da bei diesen Temperaturen auch die Zersetzung der QTCMI Moleküle stattfindet. Des weiteren wurden QT Monolagen auf Au(100) Substraten hergestellt. Die QT Moleküle besitzen auf dieser Oberfläche dieselbe Anordnung wie auf Au(111). Auf beiden Oberflächen wurden nur bestimmte Domänenwinkel beobachtet, die die Ausrichtung der Moleküldomänen im Bezug zum Substrat beschreiben. Da die rekonstruierten Au(100) Oberfläche typischerweise nur eine Phase je Terrasse ausbildet, entsteht eine ausgedehnte QT Domäne bereits durch eine einzige Adsorbatstruktur. Andererseits erfordert das homogene Wachstum einer ausgedehnten QT Domäne auf verschiedenen Rekonstruktionsdomänen der Au(111) Oberfläche die Existenz der drei beobachteten Adsorbatstrukturen, die sich durch unterschiedliche Domänenwinkel auszeichnen. Weiterhin wurden Anzeichen dafür gefunden, daß die rekonstruierten Au(111) und Au(100) Oberflächen durch die Adsorption von QT Molekülen verändert werden. Während dieser Effekt im Fall der Au(111) Oberfläche auch bei anderen organischen Molekülen beobachtet wurde, ist unseres Wissens nach in der Literatur eine Veränderung der Au(100) Rekonstruktion in Folge des Aufdampfens einer organischen Molekülschicht bisher nicht beschrieben worden. Darüber hinaus können alle beobachteten Adsorbatstrukturen der Quaterrylenderivate auf Au(111) und Au(100) im Rahmen des point-on-line Modells erklärt werden. Das Wachstum der zweiten Monolage QT auf Au(111) wurde als Beispiel für organisch-organische Homoepitaxy untersucht. Die Moleküle der zweiten QT Monolage bilden wiederum Reihen, die entlang der QT Reihen der ersten Monolage wachsen. Als unmittelbare Folge existiert nur eine mögliche Domänenorientierung im Bezug zur ersten Monolage QT. Im Unterschied zu den ausschließlich flachliegenden Molekülen der ersten Monolage QT wurden in der zweiten Monolage alternierend stehende und liegende Moleküle beobachtet. Die resultierende Struktur ähnelt dabei der QT Kristallstruktur. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß die Au(111) Oberfläche einen vergleichsweise starken Einfluß auf die Struktur der ersten QT Monolage hat, während sie sich deutlich weniger stark auf die Struktur der zweiten QT Monolage auswirkt. Einen weiteren Aspekt der vorliegenden Arbeit stellen organisch-organische Heterostrukturen bestehend aus QT-HBC Schichten auf Au(111) dar. Im Zusammenhang mit der Untersuchung dieser Schichten sollte geklärt werden, ob der kürzlich gefundene Epitaxytyp line-on-line das Wachstum organisch-organischer Heterostrukturen generell beschreiben kann. Im Gegensatz zu typischen STM Bildern von organisch-organischen Heterostrukturen aus der Literatur, konnten hier Bilder aufgezeichnet werden, in der beide Molekülsorten deutlich voneinander unterschieden werden können. Dabei wurde eine QT/HBC Heterostruktur gefunden, bei der flachliegende QT Moleküle Reihen bilden. Im Unterschied zu QT auf Au(111) sind diese Reihen nicht dicht aneinander gepackt. Diese Beobachtung deutet darauf hin, daß die QT Struktur durch ein energetisch günstiges Packen der QT Moleküle auf den HBC Molekülen bestimmt wird. Darüber hinaus wurden zwei weitere Adsorbatstrukturen mit deutlich verschiedenen Gitterparametern gefunden. Hochaufgelöste STM Bilder legen nahe, daß diese beiden Strukturen alternierend aus stehenden und liegenden Moleküle bestehen. Die Experimente liefern Anzeichen dafür, daß die jeweilige Anordnung der QT Moleküle in der Schicht von der Dicke der darunterliegen HBC Schicht bestimmt wird. Demnach liegen die QT Moleküle auf einer Monolage HBC infolge der stärkeren Wechselwirkung zur Au(111) Oberfläche flach, während die bei dickeren HBC Schichten schwächere Wechselwirkung mit dem Gold eine Struktur aus stehenden und liegenden Molekülen ähnlich der Kristallstruktur zur Folge hat.

A implantação de práticas de gestão ambiental nos canteiros de obras se tornou de fundamental importância para o setor da construção civil. Nas obras de edificação que visam obter a certificação LEED, são implementadas práticas que buscam a minimização e o reaproveitamento dos resíduos de construção civil, representando uma possibilidade de redução dos impactos ambientais produzidos pelo setor. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo sobre a geração de resíduos de quatro obras de edificações no município do Rio de Janeiro, sendo que duas delas implantaram práticas para obtenção da certificação LEED. Complementarmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa através de questionário com profissionais da construção civil buscando identificar a sua percepção sobre construções sustentáveis e gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Desconsiderando o solo de escavação, o entulho foi o resíduo mais gerado em todas as quatro obras, seguido pela sucata metálica, resíduos não recicláveis e madeira. A obra com certificação LEED apresentou o menor índice total de resíduos, 119,23 kg/m2, sendo este valor próximo às médias de países desenvolvidos. / The implementation of environmental management practices at construction sites has become crucial for the construction industry. In the works aimed at building achieving LEED certification, are implemented practices that seek to minimize waste and reuse of construction, representing a possibility of reducing the environmental impacts produced by the sector. This paper presents a comparative study on the generation of waste from the works of four buildings in the city of Rio de Janeiro, two of which have implemented practices to obtain LEED certification. In addition, a survey was conducted through a questionnaire with construction professionals seeking to identify their understanding of sustainable buildings and solid waste management. Disregarding the soil excavation, dump the waste was generated over all four works, followed by scrap metal, wood and non-recyclable waste. The LEED-certified project presented the lowest total waste, 119.23 kg/m2, this value being close to the average of developed countries.

A implantação de práticas de gestão ambiental nos canteiros de obras se tornou de fundamental importância para o setor da construção civil. Nas obras de edificação que visam obter a certificação LEED, são implementadas práticas que buscam a minimização e o reaproveitamento dos resíduos de construção civil, representando uma possibilidade de redução dos impactos ambientais produzidos pelo setor. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo sobre a geração de resíduos de quatro obras de edificações no município do Rio de Janeiro, sendo que duas delas implantaram práticas para obtenção da certificação LEED. Complementarmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa através de questionário com profissionais da construção civil buscando identificar a sua percepção sobre construções sustentáveis e gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Desconsiderando o solo de escavação, o entulho foi o resíduo mais gerado em todas as quatro obras, seguido pela sucata metálica, resíduos não recicláveis e madeira. A obra com certificação LEED apresentou o menor índice total de resíduos, 119,23 kg/m2, sendo este valor próximo às médias de países desenvolvidos. / The implementation of environmental management practices at construction sites has become crucial for the construction industry. In the works aimed at building achieving LEED certification, are implemented practices that seek to minimize waste and reuse of construction, representing a possibility of reducing the environmental impacts produced by the sector. This paper presents a comparative study on the generation of waste from the works of four buildings in the city of Rio de Janeiro, two of which have implemented practices to obtain LEED certification. In addition, a survey was conducted through a questionnaire with construction professionals seeking to identify their understanding of sustainable buildings and solid waste management. Disregarding the soil excavation, dump the waste was generated over all four works, followed by scrap metal, wood and non-recyclable waste. The LEED-certified project presented the lowest total waste, 119.23 kg/m2, this value being close to the average of developed countries.