No / This chapter proposes the application of the people, context, deal and opportunities (PCDO) model to support entrepreneurship advancement in Africa. This proposal recognises patterns of conflicts and crises fuelled by both internal and external forces in some African countries, and that this pattern inhibits entrepreneurship advancement. However, undaunted by the seemingly unfavourable conditions, in 2013, African leaders set Africa on a 50-year journey towards an integrated, peaceful, progressive and prosperous Africa of the future in what is known as Agenda 2063. The proposal is anchored by Aspirations 4 and 6 of Agenda 2063, which propose that people, peaceful and secured environment are necessary for the achievement of the ‘Africa we want’, which arguably, will in turn promote entrepreneurship advancement in Africa. The chapter argues that reforms in the legal and institutional framework of the Africa Union (AU) should consider the application of the PCDO model to maximise opportunities for entrepreneurship development in Africa.

International trade has been a staple of the world economy for centuries. In today‟s world, as the pressure of globalization takes hold, and as the role of the state recedes while the role of regions increase, the need to maximize the benefits of international trade and investment inflows becomes even more accentuated. Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in particular, has perennially been on the periphery of global trade and investments, contributing no more than 3-4%, notwithstanding SSA having proportionately much higher population and natural resource base. To improve SSA ability to be competitive in international trade as well as to multiply intra-african trade, the continent‟s leaders have long resorted to forming regional economic communities (RECs). But more than five decades of regional economic integration in SSA has produced mostly failed RECs. Yet regional integration is being touted as SSA surest bet for relevance in the global economy. Therein lies the paradox! How can an undertaking that have produced mostly failures be the self-same route out of global economic irrelevance? In this study, it is shown that the model for regional integration adopted by many SSA RECs, the linear model, also considered the Eurocentric model of regional integration, buttressed by an intergovernmental legal framework, does not suit the peculiar circumstances of the region and is the cause for the near total failure of regional integration on the continent. This research, using the ECOWAS specialized institutions as case studies – the West African Power Pool (WAPP) and the ECOWAS Regional Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERERA) – argues for a paradigm shift in the conceptualisation of regionalism on the continent. It argues for a shift to developmental regionalism, buttressed by strong supranational legal framework. The study shows that the West African regional bloc, ECOWAS, now recognises the nexus between the development of trade-related infrastructure and intra-african trade on the one hand, as well as the nexus between the development regionalism and the expansion of SSA trade with the rest of the world, on the other hand. Accordingly, the study concludes that ECOWAS institutionalization of a regional electricity market via the establishment of regional institutions of WAPP and ERERA is the new model for regional integration in SSA. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Introdução - A partir da década de 1940, diversos programas de distribuição de leite foram implementados no Brasil, aliando combate à fome e à desnutrição com expansão do mercado consumidor. Na cidade de São Paulo foi implementado, em 1995, o Programa Leve Leite (PLL), com o objetivo de reduzir a desnutrição infantil e a evasão escolar mediante entrega de leite em pó a estudantes da rede pública de ensino. Em 2017, suas regras foram modificadas para priorizar crianças de primeira infância e em situação de vulnerabilidade, o que gerou debates entre diferentes setores com relação à diminuição da quantidade de beneficiários, destinação de recursos orçamentários, efetividade do programa, prejuízos sociais e ausência de participação da sociedade civil. Objetivo - Analisar se o Programa Leve Leite, do município de São Paulo, é uma política pública promotora do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada (DHAA) e da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) a partir do delineamento de seu desenho jurídico-institucional, fases, contextos e interesses. Métodos - Pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, por meio de coleta de referências documentais e bibliográficas. O corpus reuniu 17 documentos normativos regulamentadores do PLL e documentos complementares, como discursos de prefeitos e vereadores, campanhas eleitorais, projetos de lei, notícias veiculadas pela imprensa, manifestações de famílias das crianças beneficiárias, representantes de organizações da sociedade civil, do poder público e de empresas, publicados entre os anos de 1995 e 2019. Resultados - A utilização dos modelos \'quadro de referência jurídico-institucional das políticas públicas\', \'ciclo das políticas públicas\', \'abordagem do ciclo de políticas\' e \'modelo de distopia das políticas públicas\' aplicado à alimentação e nutrição permitiu delimitar três períodos do Programa Leve Leite - \'PLL inicial\' (1995), \'PLL inicial-modificado\' (1995-2016) e \'PLL atual\' (2017-), cujas características foram descritas a partir de suas fases, modificações dos contextos em que elas se desenvolveram e interesses políticos, públicos e privados incidentes. Considerações Finais - Da forma como foi construído, o PLL não pode ser considerado uma política pública promotora do DHAA e da SAN. Apesar de buscar melhorar os índices da desnutrição infantil ou as condições de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica de crianças de primeira infância ou com deficiência, o PLL, ao longo de 24 anos, não se adaptou à institucionalização, no Brasil, de políticas que respeitam, protegem, garantem e promovem a alimentação adequada e saudável. Seu desenho jurídico-institucional o conforma como programa assistencialista e compensatório, sem previsão de intersetorialidade e de participação da sociedade civil, e permite a incidência de atividades políticas corporativas do setor produtivo leiteiro, como estratégias de marketing, lobby e ações jurídicas, e potenciais conflitos entre interesses políticos, privados e públicos. A ausência de estudos de avaliação sobre os resultados do Programa Leve Leite, em mais de duas décadas, permitiu que ele tenha permanecido vigente sujeito à vontade política e eleitoral dos prefeitos municipais. A visão processual, panorâmica e interdisciplinar apresentada pode contribuir para a construção de políticas públicas alinhadas com os princípios de DHAA e SAN, com participação social e sem conflito de interesses públicos e privados. / Introduction - From the 1940s, several milk supplement public programs were implemented in Brazil, combining hunger and malnutrition with expansion of the consumer market. In the city of São Paulo, the Programa Leve Leite (PLL) was implemented in 1995, with the objective of reducing child malnutrition and school dropout by providing milk powder to public school students. In 2017, its rules were changed to prioritize vulnerable and young children, which led to discussions among different sectors regarding the reduction in the number of beneficiaries, allocation of budget resources, program effectiveness, social losses and lack of participation. of civil society. Objective - To analyze whether Programa Leve Leite, in the city of São Paulo, is a public policy that promotes the Human Right to Adequate Food and Food and Nutrition Security from the outline of its legal-institutional design, phases, contexts and interests. Methods - Qualitative and descriptive research through the collection of documentary and bibliographic references. The corpus assembled 17 regulatory documents of PLL and supplementary documents, such as political speeches by mayors and city legislators, election campaigns, bills, news, speeches by families of beneficiary children, representatives of civil society organizations, government and companies, published between 1995 and 2019. Results - The use of models of policy analysis \'legal-institutional of public policy framework\', \'policy cycle\', \'policy cycle approach\' and \'policy dystopia\' applied to food and nutrition allowed the delimitation of three periods of the Programa Leve Leite - \'Initial PLL\' (1995), \'Initial-modified PLL\' (1995-2016) and \'Current PLL\' (2017-), whose characteristics were described from their phases, modifications of the contexts in which they have been developed and the incidence of political, public and private interests. Final Considerations - As it was built, Programa Leve Leite cannot be considered a public policy that promotes Human Right to Adequate Food and Food and Nutrition Security. Despite seeking to improve the rates of child malnutrition or the socioeconomic vulnerability of young children or children with disabilities, the public program, over 24 years, has not been adapted to the institutionalization in Brazil of policies that respect, protect, guarantee and promote healthy and adequate eating habits. Its legal-institutional design conforms it as a charitable and compensatory program, without foreseeing intersectoral and civil society participation, and allows the incidence of corporate political activities of the dairy sector, such as marketing strategies, lobbying and legal actions, and potential conflicts between political, private and public interests. The absence of evaluation studies on the results of the Programa Leve Leite in more than two decades has allowed it to remain in force subject to the political and electoral will of the municipal mayors. The procedural, panoramic and interdisciplinary view presented can contribute to the construction of public policies aligned with the principles of Human Right to Adequate Food and Food and Nutrition Security, with social participation and without conflict of public and private interests.