L'évaluation du risque lié aux contaminants est généralement basée sur des données collectées au cours d'essais monospécifiques (à une seule espèce). Par conséquent, les interactions entre espèces, bien qu'elles structurent les écosystèmes, ne sont pas prises en compte. Pour explorer les effets des contaminants sur la dynamique des espèces en interaction, cette thèse vise à modéliser le fonctionnement d'un microcosme de laboratoire de deux litres incluant trois espèces, la daphnie Daphnia magna, la lentille d'eau Lemna minor et la microalgue Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, exposées à une contamination par le cadmium. La dynamique des trois espèces ainsi que leurs interactions et les effets du cadmium ont été décrits par un modèle mécaniste basé sur des équations différentielles ordinaires couplées. Les principaux processus intervenant dans ce microcosme de trois espèces ont donc été formalisés, notamment la croissance et la survie des daphnies, la croissance et la sédimentation des algues, la croissance des lentilles, le broutage des algues par les daphnies, la compétition interspécifique entre algues et lentilles et les effets du cadmium sur ces différents processus. Les paramètres du modèle ont été estimés par inférence bayésienne, en utilisant simultanément toutes les données issues de différentes expérimentations en laboratoire, réalisées au cours de la thèse spécialement pour cette étude / Contaminant risk assessment is generally based on data collected during single species bioassays (including only one species). As a consequence, interactions between species that occur in ecosystems are not taken into account. To investigate the effects of contaminants on interacting species dynamics, this thesis aims at modelling the functioning of a 2-L laboratory microcosm with three species, the daphnid Daphnia magna, the duckweed Lemna minor and the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, exposed to cadmium contamination. We modelled the dynamics of the three species, their interactions and the effects of cadmium using a mechanistic model based on coupled ordinary differential equations. The main processes occurring in this three-species microcosm were thus formalized, including growth and survival of daphnids, growth and settling of algae, growth of duckweeds, grazing of algae by daphnids, interspecific competition between the algae and duckweeds, and the effects of cadmium on these processes. We estimated model parameters by Bayesian inference, using simultaneously all the data issued from multiple laboratory experiments specifically conducted for this study during the thesis

Submitted by MATEUS VITÓRIA MEDEIROS null (mateusvmedeiros@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-28T13:49:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versao final Mateus Medeiros.pdf: 2421674 bytes, checksum: 96105d11005bdfb2ec4655cc49aa8b6a (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-29T20:41:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by MATEUS VITÓRIA MEDEIROS null (mateusvmedeiros@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-30T13:49:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versao final Mateus Medeiros 1.pdf: 2938563 bytes, checksum: 54e47db93a38593af9eb2dfe37f653e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T16:44:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_mv_dr_jabo.pdf: 2938563 bytes, checksum: 54e47db93a38593af9eb2dfe37f653e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T16:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_mv_dr_jabo.pdf: 2938563 bytes, checksum: 54e47db93a38593af9eb2dfe37f653e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O desenvolvimento sustentável da aquicultura na perspectiva ambiental inclui entre diversos tópicos, a utilização de espécies nativas, o melhor aproveitamento da ração através de sistemas mais eficientes e a redução da poluição via descarte de efluentes. Este estudo foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa foram avaliadas as características limnológicas de quatro sistemas de cultivo em viveiros escavados, dois policultivos e dois monocultivos. As espécies utilizadas são nativas da fauna brasileira, o tambaqui Colossoma macropomum e camarão-da-amazônia Macrobrachium amazonicum. Na segunda etapa, o efluente final originado dos viveiros (etapa anterior) foi tratado com duas macrófitas flutuantes Eichhornia crassipes e Lemna minor por sete dias. Na última etapa, foram determinados os impactos ambientais da primeira etapa através da metodologia da análise do ciclo de vida (ACV). A eutrofização da água, na primeira etapa, apresentou valores semelhantes nos quatros sistemas testados. Os sistemas de tratamentos de efluentes foram eficientes na redução da concentração dos nutrientes para ambas macrófitas, com resultados satisfatórios no período de 48 horas. Já os resultados da ACV mostraram diferenças entre os quatros sistemas testados (na primeira etapa), no qual um dos sistemas de policultivo apresentou melhores resultados seguido pelo monocultivo de C. macropomum. O presente estudo demonstrou que soluções simples e sem necessidade de tecnologias modernas e de alto custo, como a utilização de policultivo e de tratamento de efluente podem reduzir os impactos da aquicultura brasileira. / The sustainable development of aquaculture in the environmental viewpoint includes within many topics the use of native species, better use of the feed through more efficient rearing systems and reduction in pollution by discharged effluents. This study is divided in three stages. In the first stage, we analyzed the limnological characteristics in four rearing systems in earthen ponds, two polycultures and two monocultures. The species used are native from Brazil, the tambaqui fish Colossoma macropomum and the Amazon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. In the second stage, the final portion of the pond effluent (previous stage) was treated using two floating macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes e Lemna minor for seven days. In the last stage, we evaluated the environmental impacts through the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The water eutrophication, in the first stage, showed similar development in the four tested systems. The effluent treatment systems were efficient in reducing the nutrient concentration for both macrophytes, reaching satisfactory results within 48 hours. The LCA results showed differences among the four tested systems (in the first stage), in which one of the polyculture systems had the best performance followed by the monoculture of C. macropomum. This study demonstrates that simple solutions, without modern and expensive technologies, such as adding more species to monoculture system and an effluent treatment can reduce the impacts of the Brazilian aquaculture. / FAPESP: 2010/51271-6

Orientador: Liliane Lazzari Albertin / Resumo: A degradação da qualidade da água é principalmente resultado de contaminantes de fontes difusas e da variabilidade espaço-temporal associada a essas fontes, além da falta de sistemas de coleta e tratamento de esgoto. Esse problema, de poluição pontual, pode ser amenizado em estações de tratamento de esgoto, pela implementação de tecnologias novas e eficientes, ou modificação do convencional em direção ao conceito de sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, o uso de macrófitas é uma alternativa de tecnologia de complexidade baixa, eficiente e econômica. As macrófitas têm uma alta taxa de reprodução e alta produção de biomassa, resultando em uma grande capacidade de remover compostos contaminantes dos esgotos. Além disso, as plantas aquáticas cultivadas em esgoto isento de metais pesados também podem ser utilizadas como fertilizantes na agricultura. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o uso potencial da biomassa da macrófita, Landoltia punctata, como material nitrogenado associado a resíduos de podas de árvores, e outros materiais carbonáceos, em compostagem para produção de composto orgânico, bem como avaliar a composição físico-química do composto. O uso da Landoltia punctata em tratamento de polimento de efluentes apresenta a melhora da qualidade da água dos corpos de crescimento d'água e contribui para minimizar o problema da eutrofização no meio aquático. Porém sua alta taxa de crescimento e produção dificulta sua aplicação em larga escala, levantando questões para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The degradation of water quality is mainly a result of contaminants from diffuse sources and the spatiotemporal variability associated to these sources, as well as the lack of sewage collection and treatment systems. This problem of punctual pollution can be mitigated in sewage treatment plants, through the implementation of new and efficient technologies, or modification of the conventional towards the concept of sustainability. In this context, the use of macrophytes is a technology alternative of low complexity, efficient and economical. Macrophytes have a high reproductive rate and high biomass production, resulting in a large capacity to remove contaminating compounds from sewage. In addition, aquatic plants grown in sewage free of heavy metals can also be used as fertilizers in agriculture. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential use of macrophyte biomass, Landoltia punctata, as nitrogenous material associated with tree pruning residues and other carbonaceous materials, in composting for organic compost production, as well as to evaluate the physical composition. -chemical of the compound. The use of Landoltia punctata in effluent polishing treatment improves the water quality of water bodies and contributes to minimize the problem of eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, its high rate of growth and production hampers its application on a large scale, raising questions for its safe disposal, since its biomass is characterized as ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>Phytoremediation as a way to control and lessen nutrient concentrations in landfill leachate is a cheap and environmentally sustainable method. Accumulated nutrients in the plants can then be removed by harvesting and anaerobically digesting the biomass. This study presents two aquatic plants (L. minor (L.) and P. stratiotes (L.)) and one microalgae species (C. vulgaris (L.)), their capacities for growth and nutrient removal in leachate from Häradsudden landfill, Sweden, are investigated. The biogas potential of the two plants is determined via anaerobic digestion in a batch run, followed by a lab-scale reactor run for L. minor only. Results show that growth in leachate directly from the landfill is not possible for the selected species, but at a leachate dilution of 50% or more. Nutrients are removed in leachates with plants to a higher extent than in leachates without, yet the actual amounts do not differ notably between plant species. L. minor proves a better choice than P. stratiotes despite this as growth is superior for L. minor under the experimental conditions of this study. Considering biogas production, L. minor gives more methane than P. stratiotes according to the results from the batch run. The former is however not suitable for large-scale anaerobic digestion unless as an additional feedstock due to practical cultivation issues.</p>

Phytoremediation as a way to control and lessen nutrient concentrations in landfill leachate is a cheap and environmentally sustainable method. Accumulated nutrients in the plants can then be removed by harvesting and anaerobically digesting the biomass. This study presents two aquatic plants (L. minor (L.) and P. stratiotes (L.)) and one microalgae species (C. vulgaris (L.)), their capacities for growth and nutrient removal in leachate from Häradsudden landfill, Sweden, are investigated. The biogas potential of the two plants is determined via anaerobic digestion in a batch run, followed by a lab-scale reactor run for L. minor only. Results show that growth in leachate directly from the landfill is not possible for the selected species, but at a leachate dilution of 50% or more. Nutrients are removed in leachates with plants to a higher extent than in leachates without, yet the actual amounts do not differ notably between plant species. L. minor proves a better choice than P. stratiotes despite this as growth is superior for L. minor under the experimental conditions of this study. Considering biogas production, L. minor gives more methane than P. stratiotes according to the results from the batch run. The former is however not suitable for large-scale anaerobic digestion unless as an additional feedstock due to practical cultivation issues.

Atrazine photochemical degradation in homogeneous phase using Fe(III)/UV/air system was studied. Two toxicity assessments, a Lemna minor growth inhibition test and a Daphnia magna acute immobilisation test, were employed to test potential toxicity of atrazine and its degradation products. The occurrence of atrazine in rivers from the Vltava River basin was evaluated from the analyses performed by Povodí Vltavy, State Enterprise.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-04-27T09:25:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 599175 bytes, checksum: 2e3c44bd32f7c387b7c2830d214e0aed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T09:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 599175 bytes, checksum: 2e3c44bd32f7c387b7c2830d214e0aed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Atualmente existe uma grande preocupação com os recursos hídricos, tendo em vista que são finitos e um dos pilares dessa preocupação é a sua contaminação por metais pesados. No presente trabalho, plantas de Lemna valdiviana foram expostas por 24 horas a diferentes concentrações de arsênio: arsenato, As +5 , (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 7,5 mg L -1 ); arsenito, As +3 , (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 7,5 mg L -1 ) a fim de se avaliar o efeito no crescimento, índice de tolerância e absorção e acúmulo dessas formas inorgânicas. Os espécimes expostos ao arsênio absorveram concentrações crescentes do metaloide à medida que se aumentou a disponibilidade do poluente em solução. Tal fato promoveu grande redução na taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e no índice de tolerância (IT), porém com maiores quedas para as plantas tratadas com arsenito, que aparentemente se mostrou mais tóxico para Lemna valdiviana, ocorrência essa associada às maiores concentrações internas da forma trivalente verificadas nas plantas. Posteriormente avaliou-se o papel do ácido jasmônico (JA) nessas plantas quando expostas ao arsenato na dose de 4,0 mg L -1 , que foi onde ocorreu redução aproximada de 50% na TCR. Foram utilizadas quatro doses de JA: 50, 100, 250 e 500 μM. A exposição ao metaloide desencadeou uma série de danos celulares, como produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), como o peróxido de hidrogênio (H 2 O 2 ) e ânion superóxido (O 2.- ), gerando efeitos sobre a integridade de membranas celulares como a peroxidação lipídica e acarretando danos também em pigmentos cloroplastídicos. O JA atuou como um atenuante uma vez que agiu como um antioxidante, diminuindo a peroxidação lipídica e como estimulante da produção de enzimas antioxidantes como catalase, peroxidase, dismutase do superóxido, peroxidase da glutationa, redutase da glutationa, aumenta assim a capacidade antioxidante da plantas. Nos pigmentos fotossintéticos, tanto o arsênio como o JA causaram diminuição nos teores das clorofilas a e b e aumentaram os teores de carotenoides. Esses dados reforçam a ideia de que o JA está relacionado com alterações no estresse oxidativo, alterando as atividades de algumas enzimas chave que controlam este processo. / Currently there is a great concern for water resources, considering that are finite and one of the pillars of this concern is the contamination by heavy metals. In this study, plant Lemna valdiviana were exposed for 24 hours to different concentrations of arsenic: arsenate, As +5 , (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 7,5 mg L -1 ); arsenite, As +3 , (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 7,5 mg L -1 ) in order to evaluate the effect growth, tolerance index and absorption and accumulation of these inorganic forms. The specimens exposed to increasing concentrations of arsenic absorbed metalloid as it increased the availability of the pollutant in solution. This fact promoted significant reduction in the growth rate (TCR) and the tolerance index (IT), but with larger declines for plants treated with arsenite, which apparently was more toxic to Lemna valdiviana, occurrence that associated with higher internal concentrations the trivalent form verified in plants. Subsequently evaluated the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in these plants when exposed to arsenate at a dose of 4.0 mg L -1 , which was where there was approximate 50% reduction in TCR. They used four doses of JA: 50, 100, 250 and 500 μM. Exposure to metalloid triggered a series of cell damage, such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and superoxide anion (O 2.- ), generating effects on the integrity of cell membranes as lipid peroxidation and causing damage also chloroplastid pigments. The JA served as a mitigating once acted as an antioxidant, reducing lipid peroxidation and as stimulating the production of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, thus increases the antioxidant capacity of plants. In photosynthetic pigments as much arsenic as the JA caused degradation of chlorophyll a and b and increased carotenoid content. These data reinforce the idea that the JA is related to changes in oxidative stress by altering the activities of some key enzymes that control this process.

Recently, the agricultural, industrial and mining activities have led to increase in contaminant emission. Trace metals or herbicides are among the pollutants to be concerned in the world. In this study we evaluated the effects of the herbicide atrazine (at the concentrations of 5, 50 and500 µg L-1) and its combination with copper (Cu, 50 µg L-1) and chromium (Cr, 50 µg L-1) on duckweed over the period of 10 days in the laboratory conditions. We found that 50 and 500 µg atrazine L-1 severely impacted on the growth or even caused the death of the plants, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in the duckweed growth rate between the 5 µg atrazine L-1 exposure and control. In the combined treatments (50 µg atrazine L-1 with Cu; with Cr or with both Cu and Cr), the plant growth rate of atrazine with either Cu or Cr was strongly reduced. However, the mixture of atrazine with Cu and Cr did not significantly decrease the development and growth rate of duckweed. Besides, atrazine and investigated heavy metals resulted in turning whiteof duckweek leaves that evidence ofthe chlorophyll degradation. Our results showed the negative influences of the herbicide atrazine and metals on development and morphology of duckweed. / Gần đây, những hoạt động nông nghiệp, công nghiệp và khai khoáng đã và đang dẫn đến sự gia tăng phát thải các chất gây ô nhiễm. Kim loại nặng hoặc thuốc diệt cỏ là những chất gây ô nhiễm đang được quan tâm trên thế giới. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đánh giá ảnh hưởng của thuốc diệt cỏ atrazine (nồng độ 5, 50 và 500 µg/L) và sự kết hợp của chất này với đồng (Cu, 50 µg/L) và crom (Cr, 50 µg/L) lên bèo tấm trong thời gian 10 ngày trongđiều kiện phòng thí nghiệm. Chúng tôi nhận thấy atrazine tại nồng độ 50 và 500 µg/L đã gây nên những ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng lên sự phát triển hay thậm chí làm cho bèo tấm bị chết, trong khi đó, không ghi nhận được bất kì sự khác biệt có ý nghĩa thống kê về tốc độ tăng trưởng của bèo tấm giữa lô thí nghiệm phơi nhiễm 5 µg atrazine / L và lô đối chứng. Trong những lô phơi nhiễm kết hợp (50 µg atrazine / L với Cu, với Cr hoặc với đồng thời Cu và Cr), tốc độ tăng trưởng của bèo tấm khi phơi nhiễm với atrazine và Cu hoặc Cr bị giảm mạnh, tuy nhiên, việc phơi nhiễm đồng thời atrazine với Cu và Cr đã không làm giảm đáng kể sự phát triển và tốc độ tăng trưởng của bèo tấm. Bên cạnh đó, atrazine và kim loại nặng đã làm cho màu của lá bèo tấm chuyển sang màu trắng, điều này chứng tỏ có sự suy giảm chlorophyll. Kết quả nghiên cứu này đã cho thấy những ảnh hưởng tiêu cựccủa thuốc diệt cỏ atrazine và kim loại lên sự phát triển và hình thái của bèo tấm.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os efeitos ecotoxicológicos das ações individual e combinada dos fármacos cloridrato de propranolol e losartana potássica, por meio do ensaio de inibição do crescimento da macrófita aquática Lemna minor e comparar esses efeitos com os preditos por meio dos modelos de adição de concentração e ação independente. Buscou-se também calcular critérios de qualidade da água para a proteção da vida aquática para esses dois fármacos. Os testes de sensibilidade foram realizados empregando-se o cloreto de sódio como substância de referência. Os testes ecotoxicológicos foram conduzidos de acordo com Protocolo da OECD, com a modificação do uso de fotoperíodo ao invés de luz contínua para simular condições ambientais mais realísticas. As bases de dados Ecotox Database e da National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science foram consultadas, respectivamente, para a obtenção de dados ecotoxicológicos para a derivação dos critérios de qualidade da água e para a obtenção de dados previstos por meio de relações quantitativas estrutura-atividade (RQEA). Com relação aos testes de sensibilidade, todos os resultados estiveram dentro da faixa de aceitabilidade ao nível de confiança de 95%, com um valor médio de concentração efetiva mediana (CE50) de 4042,6 mg.L-1. Os testes com o fármaco cloridrato de propranolol para os parâmetros número de frondes, área foliar total e peso fresco resultaram nos valores médios de CE50 respectivos de 101,4 mg.L-1; 76,2 mg.L-1 e 84,0 mg.L-1, enquanto que nos testes com a losartana potássica esses valores foram, respectivamente, de 63,9 mg.L-1; 61,3 mg.L-1 e de 76,9 mg.L-1. Os valores de CENO e de CEO obtidos nos testes com o cloridrato de propranolol foram de 1,56 mg.L-1 e 3,1 mg.L-1, respectivamente, enquanto que nos testes com a losartana potássica, esses valores foram de 0,78 mg.L-1 e de 1,56 mg.L-1. O teste de ação combinada com os fármacos mostrou que ambos os modelos preditivos superestimaram, em todos os níveis de concentração testados, os efeitos de toxicidade da mistura nos testes com a L. minor. Portanto, observaram-se interações antagonísticas na ação combinada desses dois fármacos em relação aos efeitos preditos pelos modelos de referência. Com relação aos critérios de qualidade da água, calcularam-se os valores de 0,9 e 0,18 µg.L-1 de cloridrato de propranolol para a proteção das espécies pelágicas de água doce e salina, respectivamente, enquanto que para a losartana potássica, os valores preliminares calculados para a proteção das espécies de água doce e marinhas foram, respectivamente, de 0,055 e de 0,0055 µg.L-1. Os resultados obtidos permitiram observar que a losartana potássica mostrou-se mais tóxica para L. minor do que o cloridrato de propranolol. Além disso, a macrófita mostrou-se mais sensível aos efeitos de toxicidade da losartana potássica do que outras espécies relatadas na literatura. O teste de mistura mostrou que a capacidade dos dois modelos avaliados em predizer a toxicidade de misturas é limitada. As concentrações do cloridrato de propranolol em ambientes aquáticos não ultrapassam os critérios de qualidade da água. Testes crônicos adicionais com a losartana são necessários para a derivação de critérios definitivos. / This study aimed to evaluate the single and joint ecotoxicological effects of the drugs propranolol hydrochloride and losartan potassium, using the Lemna minor growth inhibition test and to compare the observed effects with those predicted by the models of concentration addition and independent action. In addition, water quality criteria were derivated for the protection of aquatic life against the possible adverse effects caused by these antihypertensive drugs. The sensitivity tests were carried out employing sodium chloride as a reference substance. Ecotoxicological tests were carried out according to OECD protocol, with the modification of using photoperiod instead of continuous lighting, in order to provide conditions closer to the environmental ones. The Ecotox Database and the database of the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science were consulted for derivation of the water quality criteria and for the data predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), respectively. With regard to the sensitivity tests, all results were within the range of acceptability at a 95% confidence level, with a mean value of median effective concentration (EC50) of 4042.6 mg.L-1. The tests with propranolol hydrochloride for the parameters frond number, total frond area and fresh weight resulted in mean EC50 values of 101.4 mg.L-1; 76.2 mg.L-1 and 84.0 mg.L-1, respectively, whereas in the tests with losartan potassium, those EC50 values were 63.9 mg.L-1, 61.3 mg.L-1 and 76.9 mg.L-1, respectively. The NOEC and LOEC values obtained in the tests with propranolol hydrochloride were 1.56 mg.L-1 and 3.1 mg.L-1, respectively, whereas in the tests with losartan potassium, these values were 0.78 mg.L-1 and 1.56 mg.L-1, respectively. Both the reference predictive models overestimated the mixture toxicity of the pharmaceuticals at all the effect concentration levels evaluated in the L. minor test. Therefore, the mixture of propranolol hydrochloride and losartan potassium showed an antagonistic interaction in the L. minor test in comparison to the predicted effects. Regarding to the water quality criteria, the values of 0.9 and 0.18 µg.L-1 of propranolol hydrochloride were calculated for the protection of pelagic organisms living in freshwater and marine ecosystems, respectively, whereas for losartan potassium, the calculated preliminary criteria for protection of pelagic organisms living in freshwater and saltwater ecosystems were 0.055 and 0.0055 µg.L-1, respectively. The results showed that losartan potassium proved to be more toxic to L. minor than propranolol hydrochloride. Furthermore, this macrophyte seemed to be more sensitive to losartan toxicity than other organisms reported in the literature. The mixture test showed that the capability of the two reference models in accurately predicting the mixture toxicity is limited. The concentrations reported of propranolol hydrochloride in aquatic environment are not usually higher than the water quality criteria values. More data on chronic test to losartan are necessary in order to derive definitive criteria.

Transgenic plant systems have been proposed as bioreactors in the production of pharmaceutical and industrial proteins. The economic benefits of inexpensive plant production systems could be erased if the downstream processing ends up being expensive. To avoid monoclonal antibody (mAb) modification or fouling of chromatography resins, removal of phenolics from plant extracts is desirable. Removal of major phenolics in Lemna extracts was evaluated by adsorption to PVPP, XAD-4, IRA-402 and Q-Sepharose resins. Analysis of phenolics adsorption to XAD-4, IRA-402 and Q-Sepharose showed superior dynamic binding capacities at pH 4.5 than at 7.5. The economic analysis using SuperPro Designer 7.0 indicated that addition of a phenolics adsorption step would increase mAb production cost only 20% by using IRA-402 compared to 35% for XAD-4 resin. The overall mAb processing cost can be reduced by implementing a phenolics removal step. To understand phenolics-resin interactions, adsorption isotherms of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, syringic acid and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside) from different phenolic classes on three resins (IRA-402, PVPP, XAD-4) at pH 4.5 and 7.5 were determined. Differences in adsorption with the type of phenolics were observed, and PVPP was not efficient for phenolics removal. Screening of sugarcane lines for bovine lysozyme (BvLz) accumulation indicated that expression levels are still inadequate for commercial development. To maximize BvLz extraction, pH and ionic strength were evaluated; five conditions resulted in equivalent BvLz/TSP ratio. Membrane filtration process using BvLz extracts attained partial removal of native proteins by the 100 kDa membrane step, but also BvLz loss (21-29%). Regardless of the extraction condition, at least 47% of the starting BvLz was lost during the membrane processing. None of the evaluated extraction conditions caused a substantial recovery of BvLz in the concentrate. Alternative purification options for the IEX+HIC process, which achieved 95% BvLz purity, were tested. Direct loading of sugarcane extract concentrate on HIC and XAD-4 pretreatment of juice did not recovered BvLz as effectively as the IEX chromatography. Pure BvLz was obtained by the XAD+HIC process, but higher purification fold and HIC yield were achieved by the IEX+HIC process, due to the complete separation of BvLz and 18-kDa protein.