In this work, we have investigated the thermal properties (diffusivity (D), conductivity (K), temperature coefficient of the optical path length change (ds/dT), etc) and loss processes owing to the ion-ion interactions, in Nd3+ doped laser materials, specifically YAG ceramic and CGGG crystal. Since the fluorescence quantum efficiency, , is directly related to these mechanisms that lead to luminescence quenching, the studies were carried out mainly observing the effects of these processes on . To this goal we used mainly the thermal lens technique and conventional spectroscopy. In Nd:YAG ceramic, we have investigated the losses due to down-conversion or, as they are well known, concentration quenching that are basically cross relaxation (CR) and energy migration (EM). From these results, it was concluded that the main source of luminescence quenching is CR and that the small ds/dT value together with the high optimum concentration put this material as candidate for several applications. In Nd:CGGG crystal, we have studied the loss processes owing to upconversion or, as is better known, upconversion Auger (UA) or energy transfer upconversion, which are important in laser systems of high. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho investigamos as propriedades térmicas (difusividade (D), condutividade (K), variação do caminho óptico com a temperatura (ds/dT), etc) e processos de perdas devido a interações entre íons, em materiais lasers dopados com Nd3+, especificamente cerâmica de YAG e cristal CGGG. Desde que a eficiência quântica de fluorescência, , está diretamente relacionada com esses mecanismos que levam a supressão da luminescência, os estudos foram realizados principalmente observando os efeitos desses agentes sobre . Para esse propósito, usamos principalmente a técnica de lente térmica e espectroscopia convencional. Na cerâmica de Nd:YAG investigamos as perdas por down-conversion ou, como é melhor conhecidas, quenching de concentração que são basicamente relaxação cruzada (RC) e migração de energia (ME). Nesses resultados concluímos que a principal fonte de supressão da luminescência é RC e que o valor de ds/dT baixo juntamente com a concentração ótima alta apresentam esse material com boas perspectivas de aplicações. No cristal Nd:CGGG estudamos os processos de perdas por upconversion ou, como é melhor conhecido, conversão ascendente Auger (CAA) ou conversão ascendente por transferência de energia, os quais são importantes em sistemas lasers de alta potência e/ou altas concentrações de íons dopantes. Com a presença dos processos de CAA é adicionado mais um canal de decaimento não radiativo. E como resultado foi observado uma diminuição de η e consequentemente um aumento da carga térmica (φ). O conhecimento dos processos investigados nesta dissertação é de importância fundamental para a engenharia e caracterização de matérias lasers.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-03-14T14:39:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão para homologação (30.07.15).pdf: 2226080 bytes, checksum: c8b1fccaa6da441fc65b1fccc4411d92 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-05-10T13:21:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão para homologação (30.07.15).pdf: 2226080 bytes, checksum: c8b1fccaa6da441fc65b1fccc4411d92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T13:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão para homologação (30.07.15).pdf: 2226080 bytes, checksum: c8b1fccaa6da441fc65b1fccc4411d92 (MD5) / CNPq / Esta tese descreve o planejamento, construção, otimização e aplicação de um sistema experimental dedicado ao estudo do processo de dispersão de parafinas em microfluxos de petróleo. O sistema consiste na combinação das técnicas de Análise por Injeção em Fluxo (FIA), Fluorescência Induzida por Laser (LIF), Despolarização da Fluorescência Induzida por Laser (PLF) e Lente Térmica (LT), com alta resolução espacial. Um dispositivo de injeção em fluxo, baseado em micro válvulas solenóides controladas remotamente, foi construído para gerenciar o fluxo de amostra. Esta consiste de petróleo parafínico, proveniente da Bacia do Recôncavo da Bahia, dissolvido em óleo mineral. A amostra é analisada numa cela de fluxo com seção reta de 1mm2 disposta em um posicionador automático, de construção própria, capaz de varrer a zona de amostragem com resolução de 400 pontos/mm2. Um laser de Argônio é responsável por gerar, simultaneamente, os sinais LT e LIF/PLF, que são detectados em duas linhas de luz distintas. A rotina de aquisição de dados consistiu em sucessivas injeções de amostra num percurso analítico de 30cm. Após as injeções os perfis de dispersão são individualmente detectados em diferentes posições da cela de fluxo e interpolados numa matriz de dados, gerando um mapa bidimensional de dispersão. Foram adicionados padrões de 3 tipos diferentes de parafina à amostra com o objetivo de determinar a sensibilidade do sistema à concentração e ao tamanho da cadeia parafínica. Os resultados mostram que os sinais fototérmico e fluorescente revelam informações distintas acerca da amostra, mas que ao mesmo tempo são complementares. Nas condições descritas nesta tese, tanto a LT quanto o LIF variaram linearmente com a concentração de petróleo, apresentaram boa resolução temporal e alta resolução espacial. Os mapas LIF mostraram um perfil de distribuição de massa compatível com um fluxo laminar. Foi verificado uma clara modificação no comportamento do fluxo de petróleo, a nível molecular, em função do tamanho da cadeia das parafinas adicionadas e da concentração em que estas se encontravam na solução. Durante o desenvolvimento do sistema foi possível implementar uma metodologia para a determinação do grau de polarização/anisotropia da amostra de petróleo em fluxo por absorção, à partir dos dados LT. Enfim, não apenas foi demonstrada a viabilidade de se utilizar detecção fototérmica em amostras de petróleo, como também se mostrou possível a adaptação de um sistema FIA com detecção simultânea de fluorescência em tempo real. Além disto, o sistema se mostrou eficiente na observação da dinâmica molecular do fluxo permitindo verificar a influência de moléculas parafínicas no processo de dispersão molecular de amostras de petróleo injetadas em óleo mineral, bem como a influência do tamanho da cadeia parafínica na estrutura e nas propriedades fotofísicas do fluido em processo de escoamento / This thesis describes the planning, construction, optimization and application of an experimental system dedicated to the study of paraffin dispersion process in oil micro flows. The system consists of the combination of Flow Injection Analysis (FIA), Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Polarized Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLF) and Thermal Lens (TL) techniques, with high spatial resolution. An flow injection device based on solenoid valves, controlled remotely, was built to manage the flow of sample. This consists of paraffinic oil, from the Recôncavo da Bahia Basin, dissolved in mineral oil. The sample is analyzed in a flow cell with 1mm2 cross section disposed in a homemade automatic positioner, able to scan the sample zone with a resolution of 400 dots/mm2. An Argon-ion laser is responsible for generating both TL and LIF/PLF signals, which are detected in two different lines of light. The data acquisition routine consisted of successive injections of sample in a 30cm analytical path. After injections the dispersion profiles are individually detected at different positions of the flow cell and interpolated in a data matrix, generating a two-dimensional dispersion map. 3 different types of paraffin standards were added in to the sample in order to determine the sensitivity of the system to the concentration and size of the paraffinic chain. The results show that the photothermal and fluorescent signals show different information about the sample, but at the same time are complementary. Under the conditions described in this thesis, both the TL and the LIF varied linearly with oil concentration, showed good temporal resolution and high spatial resolution. The LIF maps showed a mass distribution profile compatible with a laminar flow. A clear change in the oil flow behavior was observed at the molecular level, depending on the size of the chain of added paraffins and concentration as they were in solution. During development of the system it was possible to implement a methodology for determining the degree of polarization/anisotropy of the oil sample in flow by absorption, starting by TL data. Finally, not only been demonstrated the feasibility of using photothermal detection on oil samples, such as adaptation of a FIA system with simultaneous detection of real-time fluorescence was also possible. In addition, the system was efficient in the observation of molecular dynamics flow allowing verifying the influence of paraffinic molecules in the molecular dispersion process of oil samples injected in mineral oil, as well as the influence of the size of the paraffin chain on the structure and photophysical properties of the fluid.

Efeitos ópticos não-lineares foram estudados em filmes finos de silício amorfo hidrogenado através da técnica de varredura-Z, que utiliza um único feixe de luz laser de onda contínua, modulado na escala de tempo de milissegundos. Em tal técnica, amostras do material foram deslocadas ao longo da região focal de um feixe com perfil de intensidade gaussiano e comprimento de onda de 532 nm, enquanto a transmitância da luz foi medida no campo distante. Os filmes foram depositados sobre vidro pela técnica PECVD a baixas temperaturas (entre 50 °C e 200 °C) e foi utilizado fósforo como impureza dopante: variando-se a concentração do gás fosfina durante a deposição do material, obtêm-se diferentes quantidades de fósforo incorporado no Si-a:H. Durante a realização da varredura-Z, foi observado o efeito de lente térmica no sinal da transmitância e a resolução temporal do sinal medido possibilitou o ajuste dos dados experimentais ao Modelo de Lente Térmica. A partir dos parâmetros desse ajuste, foi possível determinar a difusividade térmica das amostras (D ~ 3x10-³ cm²/s) e estimar sua condutividade térmica (K ~ 5x10-³ W/Kcm) e seu coeficiente de temperatura do caminho óptico (ds/dT). Além disso, os valores dos deslocamentos de fase do feixe (´teta\') e dos tempos característicos de formação da lente térmica (tc0) foram obtidos. Efeitos ópticos de origem térmica geralmente são indesejados em dispositivos fotônicos e, para evitá-los, o estudo e o conhecimento das propriedades ópticas não-lineares dos materiais que compõem tais dispositivos são de grande importância. Ademais, aplicações em microssensores podem ser baseadas nas propriedades do Si-a:H estudadas neste trabalho, como, por exemplo, sua condutividade térmica. / Nonlinear optical effects have been studied in hydrogenated amorphous silicon films through the single beam Z-scan technique, using a modulated CW laser in the millisecond time-scale regime. In this technique, the samples were moved along the focal region of a focused gaussian laser beam with wavelength of 532 nm, while the light transmittance in the far field was measured. The films were deposited on glass by low temperature PECVD technique (from 50 °C to 200 °C) and phosphorus were used as a dopant impurity: during the material deposition, different concentrations of phosphine gas cause different amounts of incorporated phosphorus into a-Si:H. The thermal lens effect was observed in the transmittance signal, so the experimental data from the time-resolved Z-scan mode could be fitted in the Thermal Lens Model. It was possible to determine the samples thermal diffusivity (D ~ 3x10-³ cm²/s) and to estimate their thermal conductivity (K ~ 5x10-³ W/Kcm) and temperature coefficient of the optical path length change (ds/dT) through those fittings. Besides, the phase shift (\'teta\') and the thermal lens characteristic time (tc0) were achieved. Thermal optical effects are unwanted to photonics devices, therefore studying and knowing these effects is very important to avoid them. Moreover, applications to microsensor devices may use the a-Si:H properties studied in this work as, for example, its thermal conductivity.

Le développement récent de l’électronique exige la mise au point de composants de plus en plus efficaces, de plus en plus rapides et de plus en plus réduits en taille. Dès les années 1970, il a été montré que l'on pourrait utiliser la molécule comme composante électronique élémentaire. Dans ce domaine, le chimiste sait aujourd’hui créer des molécules douées de propriétés remarquables, comme par exemple les molécules-aimants et les chaines-aimants qui montrent une bistabilité magnétique à basse température (T < 10 K) liée à la relaxation lente de leur aimantation, leur conférant ainsi la capacité de conserver l’information. Dans ce contexte, l’idée d’organiser des molécules-aimants par des connecteurs moléculaires photocommutables permet à la fois d’ajouter une propriété magnétique supplémentaire au matériau, mais également de photo-contrôler la bistabilité magnétique de ces objets. Dans ces travaux de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’association de molécules-aimants avec deux types de liens : les complexes à transfert de charge Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] et à conversion de spin [Fe(LN5)(CN)2] et [Fe(LN3O2)(CN)2] (LN5 et LN3O2 étant des ligands pentadentes) dans le but de photo-contrôler les propriétés magnétiques. Les résultats obtenus dans la partie dédiée à l’organisation des complexes [MnIII(BS)]+ via le précurseur photo-actif nitroprussiate se sont révélés décevants du point de vue photomagnétisme. Toutefois, un des nouveaux composés 2D présente un comportement magnétique de type molécule-aimant. La stratégie de connecter les précurseurs de [MnIII(BS)]+par des complexes photomagnétiques [Fe(LN3O2)(CN)2] et [Fe(LN5)(CN)2] pour synthétiser de nouveaux systèmes photosensibles a porté ces fruits puisque neuf nouveaux systèmes ont été synthétisés. Permi les résultats les plus significatifs, nous avons obtenu un système unidimensionnel dans lequel les unité dimères [MnIII2(BS)2]2+ sont connectées par l’entité photomagnétique et qui présente un comportement de molécule-aimant. On retiendra aussi un autre système unidimentionnel qui présente un ordre antiferromagnétique et de la relaxation lente de l’aimantation. D’autre part, les études photomagnétiques ont clairement montré des comportements photoinduits pour les cinq composés qui contiennent les centres FeII à l’état bas spin. Pour conclure, le développement de notre stratégie est prometteur pour la création de nouveaux matériaux photomagnétiques dans les années à venir. / The exponential growth of technological demands for information storage capacity is at the origin of the nanosciences and the development of the molecular electronics. Since more than 40 years, the main objective in this field of research is mainly to store as fast as possible more information in a smaller volume. Nowadays, chemists know how to create molecules with remarkable properties, such as Single–Molecule Magnets (SMMs) and Single–Chain Magnets (SCMs), which show magnetic bistability at low temperature (T < 10 K) providing a memory effect. Therefore, the design of novel materials with original physical properties, based on molecular magnetic objects, became the focus of many researches around the world. Following this approach, the design of SMM linked by active bridges that can switch between two magnetic states under external stimuli (temperature, pressure, light...), should favor additional properties and allow an external control (by irradiation) of the magnetic properties of the final SMM-based materials. The goal of this thesis is to organize SMMs by assembling them with two types of linkers: electron-transfer building blocks (Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]) and spin-crossover complexes ([Fe(LN5)(CN)2] and [Fe(LN3O2)(CN)2]). Three new materials obtained from the organization of [MnIII(BS)]+ complexes with the [Fe(CN)5NO]2- building-block, showed no significant photoactivity unlike the Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] precursor. Nevertheless, one of these organized systems exhibits Single-Molecule Magnet behaviour. The employed strategy to link [MnIII(BS)]+ units with photomagnetic [Fe(LN5)(CN)2] and [Fe(LN3O2)(CN)2] spin-crossover complexes, leads to nine new interesting compounds. The most significant novelty from a structural point of view is the various topologies of compounds obtained from molecular complexes to one-dimensional architectures with different arrangements. All compounds exhibit interesting magnetic properties. For example, one of the unidimensional networks shows an antiferromagnetic order followed by a slow relaxation of the magnetization that has been observed for the first time in a canted system. On the other hand, magnetic investigations under light irradiation have revealed remarkable photoinduced properties in the case of five systems based on FeII units in their low spin state. In conclusion, the synthetic strategy used in this thesis has been experimentally validated and opens new perspectives for future photomagnetic SMM and SCM systems.

No presente estudo investigou-se amostras de plasma com DNA livre circulante (DNA LC) por meio da técnica Varredura Z. Esta é uma técnica eficiente na determinação de parâmetros de diferentes materiais, tais como cristais líquidos, ferrofluidos e compostos biológicos. Esta experiência é realizada através da focalização de um feixe laser de perfil gaussiano numa amostra. Na medida em que a amostra se aproxima do foco da lente, a intensidade do feixe aumenta e alcança seu valor máximo no ponto focal, então diminui para pontos distantes do foco. Na região próxima ao ponto focal se amplificam os fenômenos não-lineares. Recentemente foi demonstrado que níveis elevados de DNA LC no plasma ocorrem com frequência em pacientes com vários tipos de câncer, podendo ser utilizados para discriminar pacientes com malignidade de pessoas saudáveis. As amostras de DNA LC, submetidas ao experimento Varredura Z, forneceram respostas ópticas devido ao fenômeno de lente térmica. Os resultados revelaram que a amplitude de lente térmica das amostras extraídas do plasma de pacientes com malignidade difere daquela de doadores sãos. A técnica Varredura Z se mostrou mais vantajosa em relação a outras biológicas porque revelou uma maior diferença entre os grupos estudados e tem o caráter de detectar mudanças estruturais no DNA LC. / In the present study plasma samples with cell-free DNA were investigated by means of the Z-Scan technique. This is a powerfull technique in determining parameters of different materials, such as liquid crystals, ferrofluids and biological compounds. This experiment is performed by focusing a Gaussian profile laser beam on a sample. As the sample approaches the focus of the lens, the intensity of the beam increases and reaches its maximum value at the focal point, then decreases to points distant from the focus. In the region near the focal point non-linear phenomena are amplified. It has recently been demonstrated that high levels of plasma cell-free DNA occur frequently in patients with various cancers and can be used to discriminate patients with malignancy from healthy donors. The cell-free DNA samples, submitted to the Z-Scan experiment, provided optical responses due to the thermal lens phenomenon. The results revealed that the thermal lens amplitude of samples extracted from the plasma of patients with malignancy differs from that of healthy donors. The Z-Scan technique was more advantageous than other biological ones because it revealed a greater difference between the studied groups and has the character of detecting structural changes in cell-free DNA.

Introdução: A partir de relatos casos de opacifiação da lente intraocular acrílica hidrofílica Ioflex (Mediphacos, Belo Horizonte, Brasil), muitas vezes utilizada em mutirões de catarata para pessoas carentes, avaliamos a frequência das complicações oculares relacionadas com o implante desta lente quatro anos após a cirurgia, bem como seus efeitos a longo prazo na eficiência da cirurgia de catarata. Métodos: Foi selecionada amostra aleatória com 102 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de catarata com implante da lente intraocular Ioflex, em campanha comunitária no interior de Pernambuco, Brasil, quatro anos após a cirurgia. Um total de 31 pacientes não foi localizado e treze (18,3%) não compareceram para o exame. Assim, 58 pacientes (87 olhos) foram examinados. Para o cálculo da frequência da opacificação da cápsula posterior e para a avaliação da eficiência da cirurgia da catarata, foi selecionado apenas um olho de cada paciente. Os sujeitos foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo. Pacientes com redução da acuidade visual decorrentes das complicações pós-operatórias foram encaminhados para tratamento. O custo desses eventuais tratamentos foi estimado para análise da eficiência da cirurgia de catarata com a lente Ioflex. Para avaliação dos índices de opacificação da cápsula posterior as variáveis foram expressas por média e desvio padrão. Foi usado o teste t de Student\'s para análise de diferenças entre amostras independentes e pareadas. Resultados: Seis olhos (7%) apresentaram opacificação da lente intraocular. Nenhuma doença ou fator ambiental foi relacionado à opacificação da lente. A opacificação da cápsula posterior foi detectada em 39 (67%) olhos, sendo 24 (41,3%) olhos submetidos ao tratamento com laser para recuperação da acuidade visual. O custo total do tratamento das complicações pós-operatórias representou 6,3% do orçamento cirúrgico inicial. O custo adicional foi de $9,03 dólares por paciente para manter a boa acuidade visual. Conclusão: A lente intraocular acrílica hidrofílica Ioflex apresentou elevada frequência de complicações pós-operatórias tardias relacionadas à própria lente, reduzindo, a longo prazo, a eficácia e eficiência da cirurgia de catarata / Introduction: Based on reports of Ioflex hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens opacification (Mediphacos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), used in cataract surgeries for underserved communities, we evaluated the ocular complications related to the intraocular lens implant, four years after surgery, as well as its effects on the visual efficiency of long-term cataract surgery. Methods: A random sample of 102 patients that underwent cataract surgery and Ioflex intraocular lens implantation, in a community campaign in the rural area from Pernambuco, Brazil, four years after surgery. A total of 31 patients could not be located and 13 (18.3%) were not present for examination. Thus, 58 patients (87 eyes) were available for examination. In order to calculate the frequency of posterior capsule opacification and to evaluate the efficiency of cataract surgery, only one eye was selected from each patient. The subjects underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. Patients with reduced visual acuity due to postoperative complications were referred for treatment. The costs of these treatments were estimated for the analysis of the efficiency of the cataract surgery with the Ioflex lens in the long term period. For the evaluation of posterior capsule opacification rates the variables were expressed by means and standard deviation. The Student\'s t test was used for analysis the differences between independent and paired samples. Results: Six eyes (7.0%) had intraocular lens opacification. No disease or environmental factor could be related to intraocular lens opacification. Posterior capsule opacification was detected in 39 (67%) eyes, and 24 (41.3%) eyes were submitted to laser treatment for visual acuity recovered. The total cost of postoperative complications treatment represented 6.3% from the initial budget of the whole patients group evaluated. The additional costs to maintain a good visual outcome was USD $9.03 per patient with Ioflex lens implantation. Conclusion: The Ioflex hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens had high rates of postoperative complications related to the intraocular lens itself, decreasing effectiveness efficiency in long-term cataract surgery

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-08T19:46:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 4564563 bytes, checksum: e7d42b4e4fd043b15223cacd5d982eac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-26T20:27:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 4564563 bytes, checksum: e7d42b4e4fd043b15223cacd5d982eac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T20:27:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 4564563 bytes, checksum: e7d42b4e4fd043b15223cacd5d982eac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a influencia de materiais nanoestruturados no transporte térmico em meio líquido e sua aplicabilidade como fluidos de dissipação de calor. Foram estudados nanofluidos de base aquosa contendo nanopartículas esféricas de ouro e prata, bem como nanofolhas de grafeno, nanotubos de carbono, fulerenos e nanofios de fulerenos. Para a caracterização estrutural dos nanofluidos foram utilizadas a espectroscopia de extinção/absorção UV-visível, microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e espectroscopia via espalhamento Raman. Com base na teoria de espalhamento de Mie foi possível estimar a distribuição de tamanhos para as nanopartículas metálicas. Com as imagens de AFM foram obtidos tamanhos de partículas, principalmente para as nanoestruturas de carbono. A qualidade e tipo de nanoestrutura de carbono foram definidos com auxílio da espectroscopia Raman. Os nanofluidos foram termicamente caracterizados através da espectroscopia via efeito de lente térmica. Obteve-se aumento na eficiência térmica para os nanofluidos com nanopartículas metálicas. No entanto, o mesmo não ocorreu com as dispersões de carbono nanoestruturado. Assim, mostraram-se como alternativas promissoras de fluidos de resfriamento os nanofluidos com nanopartículas metálicas. / This work was intended to study the influences of nanostructured materials in thermal transport in liquid medium and the applicability of these new materials as heat dissipation media. We studied aqueous nanofluids containing spherical nanoparticles of gold and silver, as well as Graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, Fullerenes and Fullerene nanowires. For structural characterization of these nanofluids, extinction/ absorption UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman scattering spectroscopy have been used. Based on Mie scattering theory it was possible to estimate the distribution of sizes for metal nanoparticles. With AFM images were obtained particle sizes, mainly for the nanocarbon structures. The quality and type of nano carbon structure were defined with help of Raman spectroscopy. The heat transfer characteristics were obtained through thermal lens spectroscopy. We obtained thermal transport enhancement for metallic nanofluids. However, the same did not occur with nanocarbon nanofluids. Thus, the metallic nanofluids proved to be promising alternatives as cooling fluids.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié l'impact considérable de désordre aléatoire sur le transport de la lumière lente dans les guides à cristaux photoniques 1D, c'est-à-dire la localisation de la lumière. Les mesures en champ proche, les simulations statistiques et le modèle théorique révèlent l'existence d'une limite inférieure de l’extension spatiale des modes localisés. Nous avons également présenté que le niveau de désordre et l’extension spatiale de mode localisé individuelle sont liés par la masse effective de photons plutôt que la vitesse de groupe considérant en général.Deuxièmement, les systèmes hybrides d'atomes froids et des guides à cristaux photoniques ont été reconnus comme un approche prometteuse pour l'ingénierie grande interaction lumière-matière au niveau des atomes et des photons individuels. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la physique, à savoir le transport de la lumière dans des guides de nanophotonique périodiques couplées à des atomes à deux niveaux. Notre expression semi-analytique développée est générale et peut rapidement caractériser le couplage entre les atomes froids et les photons guidées. Pour surmonter les difficultés techniques considérables existent dans les systèmes hybrides atomique et photonique, nous avons conçu un guide nanophotonique qui supporte un mode de Bloch lente guidée avec grande queue évanescente dans l'espace libre pour les atomes froids de piégeage. Pour adapter précisément la région de fréquence de la lumière lente du mode guidé à la ligne de transition atomique, nous avons conçu la bande photonique et de la courbe de dispersion du mode guidé afin que la force de l'interaction est robuste contre imprévisible fabrication imperfection. / In this thesis, we firstly investigated the striking influence of random disorder on light transport near band edges in one dimensional photonic crystal wave guides, i.e. light localization. Near-field measurements, statistical simulations and theoretical model revealed the existence of a lower bound for the spatial extent of localized modes. We also showed that the disorder level and the spatial extent of individual localized mode is linked by the photon effective mass rather than the generally considered group velocity. Secondly, hybrid cold atoms and photonic crystal wave guides system have been recognized as a promising paradigm for engineering large light-matter interaction at single atoms and photons level. In this thesis, we studied the basic physics, i.e. light transport in periodic nanophotonic wave guides coupled to two-level atoms. Our developed general semi-analytical expression can quickly characterize the coupling between cold atoms and guided photons. Aim to overcome the significant technical challenges existed for developing hybrid atom-photonic systems, we designed a nanophotonic waveguide, which supports a slow guided Bloch mode with large evanescent tail in free space for cold atoms trapping (release the limitation imposed by Casmir Polder force and technical challenge of nanoscale manipulation of cold atoms). To match precisely the slow light region of the guided mode to the atomic transition line, we carefully engineered the photonic band and the dispersion curve (i.e.flatness) of the guided mode so that the interaction strength is robust against unpredictable fabrication imperfection.

Ces travaux de thèse sont consacrés à l'étude expérimentale de fonctions de traitement optique de signaux, multiplexés en longueur (WDM) ou en temps (OTDM), à base de composants à cristaux photoniques (CPh) en matériaux semi-conducteurs III-V réalisés dans le cadre du projet européen Copernicus. Les propriétés dispersives singulières qu'il est possible d'obtenir dans ces structures ont été étudiées au travers d'effets non linéaires améliorés dans le régime de lumière lente. Ainsi, une étude sur le mélange à quatre ondes a été réalisée avec des applications de conversion de longueur d'onde à haut débit et de démultiplexage temporel. Par ailleurs, de la génération de seconde harmonique a été démontrée avec une efficacité record pour ce type de structure, et appliquée au monitoring de signaux télécoms à 42,5 Gbit/s. Des nanocavités CPh ont été utilisées en tant que filtres extracteurs de longueurs d'onde pour démontrer le démultiplexage d'un signal WDM à 100 Gbit/s. Par la suite, nous avons travaillé sur une plate-forme photonique hybride. L'intégration hétérogène de nanocavités CPh en semi-conducteurs III-V sur des guides silicium nous a permis de réaliser de la commutation optique très rapide appliquée à des fonctions de conversion de longueur d'onde jusqu'à 20 Gbit/s et de limiteur de puissance à 10 Gbit/s. Tous ces résultats sont très prometteurs pour l'intégration photonique avec la micro-électronique et la technologie CMOS. Par le biais de ces travaux, nous montrons que les cristaux photoniques, de par leurs propriétés de confinement et de ralentissement de la lumière, sont des structures particulièrement intéressantes pour la réalisation de fonctions de traitement du signal sur porteuse optique. / This thesis is devoted to the experimental study of optical processing functions, of wavelength multiplexed (WDM) or time multiplexed (OTDM) signals, based on III-V semiconductors photonic crystals (PhC) devices produced in the European project Copernicus. The unique dispersive properties that is possible to obtain in such a structure were studied through nonlinear effects enhanced in slow light regime. Thus, a study of four-wave mixing was performed with high bit rate wavelength conversion and time demultiplexing applications. Moreover, second harmonic generation has been demonstrated with record efficiency for such a structure, and applied to 42.5 Gbit/s telecom signals monitoring. PhC nanocavities were used as wavelength drop filter to demonstrate 100 Gbit/s WDM signal demultiplexing. Thereafter, we worked on hybrid photonic platform. The heterogeneous integration of III-V PhC nanocavity on silicon waveguide allowed us to perform very fast optical switching, applied to wavelength conversion up to 20 Gbit/s and power limiting function at 10 Gbit/s. All of these results are very promising for future photonic integration with micro-electronics and CMOS technology. Through this work, we show that PhC, owing to their confinement and slow light properties, are structures particularly interesting to perform optical processing functions.

De nos jours, la cryoconservation est une technique très largement utilisée dans les protocoles d’assistance à la reproduction ou comme outil pour la sauvegarde des ressources génétiques. Toutefois, la chienne est un modèle animal complexe pour l’application des biotechnologies de la reproduction du fait de ses nombreuses singularités anatomiques et physiologiques. L’objectif de notre travail était d’étudier et de développer une méthode de cryoconservation des ressources génétiques chez la chienne par le biais de deux types de ressources : les embryons et le tissu ovarien. Après avoir mis au point une méthode de collecte d’embryons, nous nous sommes appliqués à la constitution d’un stock d’embryons cryoconservés en prévision d’un transfert embryonnaire. L’étude et le développement d’un protocole de cryoconservation du tissu ovarien ont été abordés après avoir adapté et validé nos méthodes d’analyses in vitro. L’utilisation de plans d’expériences factoriels fractionnaires a permis de mettre en évidence les facteurs les plus influents sur la qualité de la réserve folliculaire (nature du cryoprotecteur pénétrant, cinétique de congélation, étapes d’équilibration) et de proposer un protocole de cryoconservation. La combinaison du DMSO incorporé en un seul bain d’équilibration avec une vitesse de congélation de 0,3°C/min est apparue comme la combinaison la plus appropriée à la cryoconservation de tissu ovarien chez la chienne et a permis d’observer, après xénogreffe de tissu ovarien cryoconservé, une reprise de la croissance folliculaire et de l’activité hormonale du tissu greffé / Nowadays, cryopreservation is widely used in animal assisted reproduction or safeguarding of genetic resources. Nevertheless, the bitch is a complex animal model concerning the use of this biotechnology, due to numerous anatomical and physiological peculiarities. The aim of our research work was to investigate and develop a method of cryopreservation of genetic resources in the bitch by exploring two kinds of resources: embryos and ovarian tissue. After the setting up of a method for embryo collection, we have built up a stock of cryopreserved embryo for subsequent embryo transfer. After a preliminary validation of our in vitro assessment methods, the investigation and development of a cryopreservation protocol has been conducted. The use of fractional experimental design allowed us to highlight the main factors affecting the follicular pool quality (CPA nature, freezing rate and equilibration steps). The combination of DMSO incorporated in a unique equilibration bath with a freezing rate of 0.3°C/min appeared to be suitable for the cryopreservation of bitch ovarian tissue. Finally, Follicular growth and hormonal activity resumption have been observed after xenotransplantation of cryopreserved bitch ovarian tissue