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This study bears upon woman and her image in Emilia Galotti by Lessing, who exerted strong influence on the German theatre of the eighteenth century. His tragedies, fables, essays and other writings have since given rise to countless analyses. Rarely, however, has that polyphony of commentary addressed the faint presence of the female characters in his plays or their often unenviable fate. Indeed, only recently has literary criticism initiated debate on the feminine condition in Lessing's dramaturgy and theatrical aesthetics. Pursing that same line of inquiry, we will attempt to uncover the logic of exclusion of the feminine Other that lies behind the reactions of the male characters in the play under consideration. We will premise our exploration on the feminist concepts of woman as image and on male fantasies of women. / Our inquiry is two-pronged: How should Emilia's death be interpreted? Where does her guilt lie? First, we will explore the "economics of separation," i.e., the universe of mental representations harboured by patriarchal man of the Enlightenment. Through analyzing the concepts of death and gender, first from the vantage of the eighteenth century and then within the context of the theatre and literature of that period, we will define those concepts and better assess their powers (death) and limitations (gender). Second, we will probe the image of woman and her sexuality by observing the characters as they interrelate. We will underline the phenomena of projection and identification as well as the structures of abjection in the play. Lastly, our study will bring to light the fiction of the masculine identity and the manner in which women are imagined as "individuals," in sum, how stereotypes are engendered.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura / Fondecyt de Iniciación N°11140911

The dissertation undertakes an extensive investigation of the role of the gesture – from Lessing to emoji. Through close readings of bodily gestures as inscribed in text, documented on film, employed in performance, and shared throughout the cyberspace, the dissertation demonstrates how the human body has been imagined, conceptualized, and disciplined at various points since the second half of the 18th century. Presenting a reading of the body through the lens of different media, the analyses bring forth moments of disidentification and friction between medium and body: be that in gestural disobedience to ordered stage instructions, in resistance to the demands of the filmic apparatus, or in the form of a non-white emoji. To extrapolate historical developments and also processes of quotation and transference across media, material from different periods and disciplines is assembled: from unpublished manuscripts of the early Enlightenment (G. E. Lessing) via filmic footage from the late Weimar period (G. W. Pabst), to post-dramatic theatre performances around 2000 (Chr. Schlingensief), all the way up to present-day exchanges on social media platforms.

The body of critical literature on Kant's philosophy of history and religion is examined and criticized for its failure to recognize the consistency of Kant's thought. In opposition to it, a new interpretation based on the critical ideas of freedom, morality and teleology is proposed. The transition from the Critiques to history and religion is justified in terms of the notion of "a priori end" and through the recognition of evil. Kant's ideas are viewed in the historical context of Leibniz, Lessing and Herder. / Kant conceives history as the process of self-creation whereby man overcomes the split within his being between the rational and sensible. Providence and freedom are complementary grounds of this process. Kant's views on biology and history rely on a revolutionary conception of time as a principle of internal development in life. The development of political wisdom and religious symbols add to rational thought an essentially historical dimension.

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T15:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_MarcioGimenesde_M.pdf: 13709328 bytes, checksum: 77e62ee337bf0a1e6f086448ced5ea44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Em que consiste o pensamento objetivo? Qual é a base do pensamento subjetivo? Há uma cisão irrecuperável entre essas duas formas de pensar? Poderiam ambas ajudar-se mutuamente? A objetividade não foi, ao longo dos anos, confundida com objetivismo? Subjetividade não foi confundida com subjetivismo, arbitrariedade ou mera vontade individual? Pensando nessas questões- e no conflito entre subjetividade e objetividade desenvolvo nessa dissertação um estudo de tal temática baseando-me na obra de Kierkegaard (1813-1855). Para a realização de tal tarefa, analiso especialmente o Post-Scriptum, relacionando-o com algumas outras obras suas e pseudônimos do pensador dinamarquês. A relação entre subjetividade e objetividade em Kierkegaard se esclarece através da sua concepção das figuras de Sócrates e Cristo. O pensador grego e Cristo- a suma imagem do mistério- são tomados como exemplos de subjetividade, a despeito de suas diferenças. Nessa pesquisa, três outros autores são de importância capital para Kierkegaard: Hegel, Lessing e Feuerbach. Hegel não figura apenas como oponente de Kierkegaard. Tal oposição kierkegaardiana foi tratada como uma estratégia no contexto geral de suas obras. O pensador dinamarquês também não defende uma subjetividade que pode ser confundida com qualquer espécie de subjetivismo, desprezando a objetividade. A leitura kierkegaardiana da figura de Lessing é bastante relacionada ao fato desse pensador ter trabalhado exaustivamente o confronto entre fé e razão. O Post-Scriptum de Kierkegaard será muito influenciado por uma carta de Lessing intitulada Sobre a demonstração em espírito e força. Feuerbach representa, no pensamento kierkegaardiano, uma espécie de adversário declarado e aliado involuntário. Este estudo mostra como Kierkegaard concorda com muitas das teses materialistas de Feuerbach acerca do cristianismo e afirma que este tem uma compreensão verdadeira do cristianismo, coisa que nem os pastores da cristandade luterana da Dinamarca, nem os filósofos sistemáticos conhecem. O Post-Scriptum também é fortemente influenciado por algumas das teses da Essência do Cristianismo de Feuerbach. Com essas delimitações e especificidade- a dissertação se propõe a estudar o debate entre subjetividade e objetividade no pensamento de Kierkegaard, contribuindo para um debate importantíssimo da história do pensamento filosófico ocidental / Abstract: What does objective thinking consist or? What is the foundation of subjective thinking? Is there a irreconcilable schism between these two ways of thinking? Could they complement each other? Wasn't objectivity for many years confused with objectivism? Wasn't subjectivity merely confused with arbitrary decisions or individual willingness; that is, the so-called subjectivism? Based on the work of Kierkegaard's (1813-1855) this dissertation explores the subjectivity/objectivity conflict. In order to achieve this goal, Kierkegaard's Post-Scriptum is analyzed in connection with other works of the Danish thinker. The subjectivity/objectivity relationship becomes clear in Kierkegaard's work through his analysis of Socrates and Christ, whereby, in spite of their differences, the Greek thinker and Christ are shown as examples of subjectivity. In this piece of research three other authors are of crucial importance for Kierkegaard: Regel, Lessing and Feuerbach. Regel is not only Kierkegaard's opponent. Such kierkegaardian position should be better analyzed and seen as a strategic stance in general context of his work. The Danish thinker does not support a kind of subjectivity which could be confused with any kind of subjectivism either. He does not despise objectivity. Kierkegaard's position with respect to Lessing is strongly related to the fact that the German thinker thoroughly explores the confTontation between faith and reason. Kierkegaard's Post-Scriptum will be greatly influenced by a letter of Lessing's entitled: Demonstration spirit and strength. Feuerbach is, in kierkegaardian's thinking, at the same time a kind of declared adversary and involuntary allied. This piece of research shows how the kierkegaardian position agrees with many of Feuerbach's materialistic theses conceming Christianity and also agreewith his true analysis of the Christianity. Kierkegaard considerers these theses better than the position of the Danish Luther ministers and the sistematic philosophers. The Post-Scriptum is also strongly influenced by some of Feuerbach's theses on the Essence of Christianity. This dissertation studies- within carefully described constraints and levels of specificity- the debate between subjectivity and objectivity in Kierkegaard's thinking. It is hoped that this work will be a small contribution to the crucial debate in the history of westem philosophical thinking / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

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Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T00:50:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torriani_TristanGuillermo_D.pdf: 1020202 bytes, checksum: d9bb0b269fc9b29ee28e3c941f09f6bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho é mostrar como personagens ideais foram construídos na filosofia e literatura alemãs da segunda metade do século XVIII. No primeiro capítulo, procuro mostrar o desenvolvimento do Iluminismo na sua relação com o teatro nacional alemão. Lessing é, sem sombra de dúvida, o autor decisivo neste sentido, pois reunia em si não só o artista criativo, mas também o teórico. Para explorar essa potente combinação, é necessário que se estude sua produção artística associada à sua teorização estética, política e educacional. Um aspecto particularmente interessante a ser notado é a complexa coexistência de aspectos nacionalistas e cosmopolitas nos personagens e ideais por ele propostos. Os textos discutidos, embora não esgotem sua obra, são indispensáveis para uma compreensão do Iluminismo lessinguiano: a peça juvenil Os judeus, o diálogo Ernesto e Falco, as teses sobre A educação da humanidade, e sua obra-prima Natan, o sábio, que se inspira na figura de Moses Mendelssohn. No segundo capítulo, passo a examinar, entre outros escritos, o ensaio Jerusalém de Moses Mendelssohn, no qual ele ataca a autoridade eclesiástica e estatal, além de advogar a missão monoteísta do Judaísmo e defender a obtenção de direitos para os judeus. Tendo previamente examinado a peça por ele inspirada, não deixa de ser instigante ver o próprio Mendelssohn ou ¿Natan¿ falar em suas próprias palavras, dando-nos, assim, um certo senso de realidade. No terceiro capítulo, procuro mostrar o interesse filosófico de A flauta mágica de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, com um enfoque sobre os personagens como Papageno, Tamino, Pamina, Papagena e Sarastro. Por algum motivo, este Singspiel parece levantar questões candentes da modernidade como machismo, racismo, e homossexualidade, apesar de sua aparente falta de coerência narrativa. Admitindo o caráter esotérico da narrativa, acompanho, no decorrer da peça, a expressão literal desses conflitos permeando a interação dos personagens. No quarto capítulo, procuro delinear a figura kantiana do ser humano (Mensch) iluminado partindo das diferenças antropológicas concretas, mas posteriormente explicitando os conceitos envolvidos na teorização sobre seu suposto esclarecimento. Ao contrário dos autores anteriores, nos quais se pode falar de uma construção estética de personagens, em Kant essa construção dos tipos antropológicos passa a ser teórica, mesmo se baseada em fatos provindos da literatura de viagem. A prova disso está na sua tentativa, explícita, de construir um conceito de raça humana a partir do critério da cor da pele / Abstract: The main purpose of this dissertation is to show how ideal characters were constructed by major German philosophers and writers during the second half of the eighteenth century. Chapter One (¿Lessing¿) is concerned with establishing and clarifying the relation between Enlightenment philosophy and literature in the German-speaking world. G. E. Lessing is certainly the most critical author in this respect, as he was both a major creative artist and a theoretician to boot. To fully appreciate this powerful combination, it is necessary to study his plays in light of his aesthetic, political and educational ideas and vice versa. It is especially interesting to see the tense coexistence between concerns for national German political and linguistic unity on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a yearning for cosmopolitan, abstract, humanity (the so-called Mensch). Although not exhaustive, my examination covers several texts which are crucial to an adequate understanding of Lessing¿s Enlightenment project: the play, written in his youth, The Jews, the Masonic dialogue Ernest and Falk, the philosophical and theological theses in The education of humanity, and his masterpiece Nathan, the wise, whose title character was inspired by Moses Mendelssohn. Chapter Two (¿Moses Mendelssohn as Nathan¿) reviews, among other writings, the essay Jerusalem, in which Moses Mendelssohn attacks church and state authority, claims a monotheist mission for Judaism and argues for Jewish rights. It is particularly enlightening to compare Lessing¿s fictional Nathan to Mendelssohn himself. Chapter Three (¿Mozart and The magic flute¿) is an attempt to show the philosophical relevance of W. A. Mozart¿s The magic flute, while focussing on characters such as Papageno, Tamino, Pamina, Papagena, Monostatos and Sarastro. For some reason, this Singspiel raises several controversial issues of modernity such as male chauvinism, racism and homosexuality, despite its apparent lack of narrative coherence. I acknowledge the esoteric character of the narrative but follow the literal expression of these conflicts as the characters interact throughout the play. Chapter Four (¿Kant and the Mensch¿) deals with I. Kant¿s pre-critical anthropology and relates it to his concept of the enlightened Mensch. Contrary to the previous authors, however, who were concerned with an aesthetic construction of characters, in Kant¿s case, the construction of anthropological types is, properly understood, theoretical, even if it relies on data gleaned from the then popular travel book literature. Proof of this is his explicit attempt to construct a concept of human race upon the criterion of skin coloration / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia