Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-02-13T10:24:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rosidete Pereira de Bastos - 2008.pdf: 938423 bytes, checksum: 1e65715cda59aae81ec161a84d517cb6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-20T11:34:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rosidete Pereira de Bastos - 2008.pdf: 938423 bytes, checksum: 1e65715cda59aae81ec161a84d517cb6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-20T11:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rosidete Pereira de Bastos - 2008.pdf: 938423 bytes, checksum: 1e65715cda59aae81ec161a84d517cb6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The knowledge about immunology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis-murine infection is poorly known, especially concerning innate immune response and the involvement of leukotrienes in the resistance mechanisms. Leukotrienes are lipid mediators of inflammation that activate microbicidal mechanisms in leukocytes. The present study aimed to evaluate the BALB/c and C57Bl/6 murine infection with two L. (V.) braziliensis isolates obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and the involvement of leukotrienes in the resistance of infection. Thus, IMG3 and RPL5 isolates were identified as L. (V.) braziliensis by using molecular techniques and the in vitro growth of parasites in Grace´s medium (26°C) was evaluated. The time course of lesion after footpad infection was followed in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. C57Bl/6 mice genetically deficient in interferon gamma (IFNγ) were infected to evaluate the relevance of this cytokine in resistance. The parasite burden in draining lymph nodes and spleens was detected by limiting dilution assay. BALB/c- and C57Bl/6-infected footpads were processed after 12 weeks of infection and those from IFNγ-defecient mice after 4 weeks for histopathological analyses. Tissue sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin. Parasite capacity to induce nitric oxide (NO) was analyzed in RAW 264.7 cell cultures treated or not with IFNγ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrites were detected by using Griess reaction. The NO modulation by endogenous leukotrienes was evaluated through treatment of the cultures with a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor and a leukotriene B4 (LTB4) antagonist. Macrophage leishmanicidal activity against IMG3 isolate was evaluated in thioglycolateelicited peritoneal macrophages of C57Bl/6 mice. In these cultures, NO was inhibited by aminoguanidine. In vivo leukotriene inhibition was achieved by using a 5-LO inhibitor. In vitro-parasite growth profiles were similar and parasites at the 5th day of culture were used to infection. The lesion course was also similar between isolates in both two mouse stains used, but C57Bl/6 mice presented healing after 12 weeks of infection whereas in BALB/c mice the lesion was persistent. In IFNγ-deficient mice there progressive lesions and visceralization in IMG3- as well as in RPL5-infected mice. Corroborating these data, the parasite burden in draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice was higher than in C57Bl/6 mice after 12 weeks of infection with IMG3, and parasites (IMG3 and RPL5) were identified in about 50% of the IFNγ-deficient mouse spleens. The histopathological analyses showed an intense dermal infiltrate with vacuolated macrophages heavily parasitized in BALB/c mice (12 weeks) an in IFNγ-deficient mice (4 weeks), but not in C57Bl/6 mice (12 weeks), similarly for IMG3 and RPL5. Both isolates IMG3 an RPL5 induced NO production in RAW 264.7 celll cultures presenting synergism with IFNγ. Endogenous leukotrienes did not affect NO production in these cultures. C57Bl/6 peritoneal macrophages activated with IFNγ/LPS killed IMG3 parasites depending on NO release. In vivo inhibition of leukotriene synthesis did not change the course of infection in C57Bl/6 mice infected with IMG3 isolate. The relevant findings are: BALB/c mouse is susceptible to infection with IMG3 an RPL5 isolates whereas C57Bl/6 is resistant; IFNγ is crucial to the control of the infection; the isolates induce NO and this molecule contributes to macrophage leishmanicidal activity; and also the data suggest that endogenous leukotrienes are not involved in the control of L. (V.) braziliensis in C576Bl/6 mouse. / A imunologia da infecção murina por Leishmaia (Viannia) braziliensis é pouco conhecida, especialmente considerando a imunidade inata e a participação dos leucotrienos nos mecanismos de resistência à infecção. Os leucotrienos são mediadores lipídicos da inflamação que ativam mecanismos microbicidas dos leucócitos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil da infecção de camundongos BALB/c e C57Bl/6 por dois isolados de L. (V.) braziliensis obtidos de pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea e o envolvimento dos leucotrienos endógenos na resistência à infecção. Para isto, os isolados denominados IMG3 e RPL5 foram identificados como L. (V.) braziliensis por meio de técnicas moleculares e foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento in vitro em meio Grace (26°C), e quanto ao curso da evolução da lesão, em camundongos BALB/c e em C57Bl/6. Camundongos C57Bl/6 geneticamente deficientes em interferon gama (IFNγ) foram infectados para avaliar a importância desta citocina no controle da infecção. A carga parasitária foi obtida pelo ensaio da diluição limitante em linfonodos drenantes da lesão e nos baços. As patas dos camundongos BALB/c e C57Bl/6 foram colhidas após 12 semanas de infecção, e dos camundongos deficientes em IFNγ, na 4ª semana, e foram processadas para análises hitopatológicas. A capacidade de indução de óxido nítrico (NO) pelos isolados foi avaliada em culturas de células RAW 264.7 tratadas ou não com IFNγ e lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), sendo os nitritos detectados por reação de Griess. A regulação da produção de NO pelos leucotrienos endógenos foi avaliada por tratamento das culturas de macrófagos com um inibidor de 5-lipoxigenase (5-LO) e um antagonista de receptor de leucotrieno B4 (LTB4). A atividade microbicida dos macrófagos foi avaliada em macrófagos peritoneais (C57Bl/6) infectados com o isolado IMG3, sendo o NO inibido por aminoguanidina. O efeito da inibição de leucotrienos, in vivo, foi avaliado em camundongos C57Bl/6 infectados com o isolado IMG3 e tratados com um inibidor de 5- LO. As curvas de crescimento in vitro foram similares para os dois isolados e os parasitos no 5° dia de cultivo foram usados nos experimentos de infecção. O curso da lesão foi similar entre os dois isolados nos camundongos BALB/c e C57Bl/6, porém enquanto a lesão regrediu nos C57Bl/6, nos camundongos BALB/c, a lesão foi persistente até a 12ª semana de infecção. Em camundongos deficientes em IFNγ houve crescimento progressivo das lesões e visceralização, tanto com o isolado IMG3 quanto com o RPL5. Confirmando estes dados, a carga parasitária nos linfonodos drenantes da lesão nos camundongos BALB/c foi maior do que a encontrada nos C57Bl/6 após 12 semanas de infecção com IMG3 e os parasitos (IMG3 e RPL5) foram encontrados em cerca de 50% dos baços dos camundongos deficientes em IFNγ. As análises histopatológicas mostraram um acentuado infiltrado inflamatório na derme, com macrófagos vacuolizados repletos de parasitos nos camundongos BALB/c (12 semanas), e nos deficientes de IFNγ (4 semanas), mas não nos camundongos C57Bl/6 (12 semanas), similarmente para IMG3 e RPL5. Os isolados IMG3 e RPL5 induziram NO em células RAW 264.7 em sinergismo com IFNγ e os leucotrienos endógenos não alteraram a produção de NO destas células. Macrófagos peritoneais murinos mostraram atividade microbicida de maneira dependente de NO. A inibição in vivo da síntese de leucotrienos não alterou o curso da infecção pelo isolado IMG3 em camundongos C57Bl/6. Coletivamente, os dados mostram que o camundongo BALB/c é suscetível à infecção pelos dois isolados, enquanto o C57Bl/6 é resistente; o IFNγ é essencial para o controle da infecção; os isolados induzem a produção de NO, o qual contribui para a eliminação dos parasitos; e os dados sugerem que os leucotrienos endógenos não estão envolvidos nos mecanismos de resistência dos camundongos C57Bl/6 a L. (V.) braziliensis.

published_or_final_version / Pharmacology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine and Pathology, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-204).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 balderramas_ha_me_botfm.pdf: 358097 bytes, checksum: c417b922a0a5cb167dc7ed65911f38d6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Leucotrienos são mediadores clássicos da resposta inflamatória, descritos como agentes quimiotáticos e reguladores da atividade microbicida de células do sistema imune inato, tendo papel protetor contra diferentes agentes infecciosos. Neste estudo, nós investigamos o envolvimento de leucotrienos no curso da paracoccidioidomicose murina a partir dos seguintes parâmetros imunológicos: influxo celular, atividade da mieloperoxidase, produção de NO, produção de citocinas e recuperação fúngica em pulmões de camundongos selecionados de acordo com a intensidade da sua resposta inflamatória aguda máxima (AIRmax) e mínima (AIRmin). Observamos que a infecção por P. brasiliensis induz considerável produção de citocinas IL-6, IL-10, IFN- e TNF-, promove o recrutamento celular e produção de NO nos pulmões em diferentes períodos de estudo. Nos animais tratados com um inibidor as síntese de leucotrienos (MK886) observamos uma menor produção das citocinas IFN-, IL-6 e TNF- concomitante com a queda do influxo de neutrófilos, e também diminuição na produção de NO, esses resultados podem explicar uma maior carga fungica nos pulmões de animais que tiveram a síntese de leucotrienos inibida, sugerindo aos leucotrienos um possível papel protetor na paracoccidioidomicose experimental. Animais da linhagem AIRmax apresentaram menor carga fungica quando comparado com animais AIRmin, este resultado pode ser relacionado ao fenótipo da AIR quanto à migração de neutrófilos, além de uma menor produção de NO e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, conferindo aos camundongos com background AIRmax maior resistência a infecção por P.brasiliensis. / Leukotrienes are classic inflammatory response mediators considered chemotactic agents and microbicide activity regulators in cells of the innate immune system, playing a protective role against different infectious agents. In this study, we investigated the involvement of leukotrienes in the course of murine paracoccidioidomycosis based on the following immunologic parameters: cell influx, mieloperoxydase activity, NO production, cytokine production, and fungal recovery in lungs of mice selected according to the intensity of their low (AIRmin) and high (AIRmax) acute inflammatory response. Infection by P. brasiliensis induced considerable production of the cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IFN-, and TNF-, and led to cell recruitment, as well as NO production, in lungs at different study periods. In animals treated with MK886, a leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor, IFN-, IL-6 and TNF- production was lower, while neutrophil influx and NO production decreased. These results may explain the higher fungal load in lungs of animals in which leukotriene synthesis was inhibited, suggesting that leukotrienes have a possible protective role in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. AIRmax animals had lower fungal load relative to AIRmin ones, which can be related to the AIR phenotype regarding neutrophil migration, besides lower production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines; thus, mice presenting AIRmax background are more resistant to infection by P.brasiliensis.

Leucotrienos (LTs) são mediadores lipídicos derivados do ácido araquidônico. Existem evidências que receptores da imunidade inata interagem com receptores para LTs amplificando funções efetoras de macrófagos. Investigamos se LTs modulam a fagocitose e a atividade microbicida via receptores Manose, Dectina -1 e PTX3 em macrófagos alveolares (AMs) e os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos. Nossos resultados mostram que: 1) AMs sintetizam LTs quando fagocitam C. albicans, Zy e Zy-PTX3; 2) LTs potencializam a fagocitose de C. albicans e Zy, mas não de Zy-PTX3. Este efeito dos LTs depende: do reconhecimento via receptor manose (LTB4) e Dectina-1 (LTD4); da integridade de lipid rafts; da ação em mecanismos de polimerização de actina; do aumento dos níveis de F-actina por inativação da Cofilina-1; da ativação das LIMKs, que regulam Cofilina-1; da ativação de PKC<font face=\"Symbol\">d e PI3K3) LTs aumentam a capacidade de AMs em matar C. albicans por ativação de NADPH oxidase. Em conjunto, mostramos que LTs potencializam programas de sinalização específicos para determinados PRRs. / Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. There is evidence that innate immunity receptors and leukotrienes receptors interact and amplify macrophage effector functions. We investigated if LTs receptors modulate phagocytosis and microbicidal activity mediated by Mannose receptor, Dectin-1 and PTX3 in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and the molecular mechanisms involved. Our results showed that: 1) AMs produce LTs when stimulated with C.albicans, Zy, Zy-PTX3; 2) LTs enhance phagocytosis of C.albicans and Zymosan, but not Zy-PTX3. This is dependent on: recognition via mannose receptor (LTB4) and Dectin-1 (LTD4); integrity of lipid rafts; its action on actin polimerization mechanisms; enhancement of F-actin levels by induction of Cofilin-1 inactivation; activation of LIMKs that regulate Cofilin-1; activation of PKC<font face=\"Symbol\">d and PI3K3) LTs enhance killing of C.albicans by activation of NADPH oxidase. Taken together, our results showed that LTs specifically influence signaling programs of keys PRRs.

No description available.

The enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a multifunctional enzyme that participates in a number of metabolic processes, including the conversion of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) to leukotriene D4 (LTD4). LTD4 is necessary for normal myeloid proliferation and differentiation. We have examined the ability of hematopoietic growth factors (HGF) to induce GGT enzyme activity and mRNA content in a HGF-responsive cell line (KG-1). Incubation of KG-1 with recombinant human cytokines interleukin-1β (IL- 1β), interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but not interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), results in significant increases in GGT enzyme activity. The increases in GGT activity are both dose- and time-dependent. In response to IL-1. Increases in enzyme activity are seen by 6 hours and activity is maximal by 24 hours. GGT mRNA increases also occur and peak by 3 to 6 hours. These results indicate that induction of increases in GGT mRNA levels and enzyme activity occur in myeloid cells in response to HGFs. This induction, together with the requirement for LTD4 for normal granulopoiesis, supports a role for GGT in the cellular events occurring in myeloid cells in response to HGFs.

No description available.

Résumé : Les anomalies de la contractilité utérine induisent des complications majeures. Il a été décrit que les facteurs inflammatoires et hormonaux déterminent la qualité des contractions utérines. FACTEURS INFLAMMATOIRES : Lors de prématurité spontanée, un statut inflammatoire est présent dans 60 % des cas où des médiateurs lipidiques inflammatoires (leucotriènes, prostaglandines) jouent un rôle majeur. Cette étude évalue l’effet du Montélukast, un antagoniste des récepteurs aux cys-leucotriènes, sur l’activité myométriale humaine in vitro. L’effet du Montélukast anténatal a été quantifié en condition inflammatoire sur l’activité contractile in vitro et sur la prolongation de la grossesse. Deux modèles sont utilisés. Le premier modèle est basé sur le prélèvement de biopsies utérines humaines, lors de césariennes. Le deuxième modèle est basé sur l’induction d’inflammation chez des rates gestantes suivie par des prélèvements utérins. En condition basale, les résultats montrent que le Montélukast a un effet tocolytique significatif sur l’activité contractile in vitro humaine et que son effet est additif à celui de la Nifédipine, le tocolytique de référence. Par ailleurs, l’effet du Montélukast est maximal en condition de prématurité spontanée. Lors de l'ajout d'agent pharmacologique bien caractérisé in vitro dans le modèle inflammatoire, la réactivité contractile à l'ocytocine des biopsies utérines des rates traitées au Montélukast est abolie alors que la sensibilité à la niféfipine était augmentée. Finalement, 3 des 9 rates traitées au Montélukast présentaient une prolongation anormale de la gestation. FACTEURS HORMONAUX : Lors d’une observation fortuite, une modification du patron de contractions utérines a été observée in vitro chez des femmes enceintes présentant une hypothyroïdie et traitées à la T[indice inférieur 4]. Des anomalies de contractilité peuvent conduire à des césariennes avec les risques chirurgicaux associés. Cette partie évalue si cette modification de la contractilité utérine est causée par l’hypothyroïdie sous-jacente ou l’administration de T[indice inférieur 4]. Par des biopsies utérines de rates, nous avons démontré que l’hypothyroïdie réduit la durée et augmente significativement la fréquence des contractions tandis qu’à forte dose de T[indice inférieur 4], une augmentation de la durée et une fréquence diminuée sont quantifiées. Ces résultats miment le patron anormal de contractions observé chez les femmes enceintes traitées à la T[indice inférieur 4]. Nos données suggèrent donc que la modification de la réactivité myométriale est due au traitement à la T[indice inférieur 4]. Cette approche originale montre que ces deux facteurs influencent la contractilité utérine et que des prises en charge plus personnalisées et mieux adaptées permettront de revenir à une contractilité utérine physiologique. / Abstract : Abnormalities of uterine contractility result in major complications. It has been described that inflammatory and hormonal factors determine the quality of uterine contractions. INFLAMMATION FACTORS: In spontaneous prematurity, inflammatory status is present in 60 % of preterm birth cases, where inflammatory lipid mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandins) play a key role. This section aims to evaluate the effect of montelukast, a cysteinyl-leucotrienes receptor antagonist, on in vitro human myometrial activity. Then, the effect of antenatal montelukast on contractile activity will be quantified under an inflammatory condition in vitro and on the prolongation of the pregnancy. Two models have been used. The first model is based on human uterine biopsies recovered from c-sections. The second model is based on the induction of inflammation in pregnant rats, in which hysterectomies were performed. In the basal condition, montelukast has a tocolytic effect in vitro on human uterine contractile activity and its effect is additive to the effect of nifedipine, the reference tocolytic. Moreover, the effect of montelukast is maximal under spontaneous preterm birth. When adding in vitro pharmacological agent s well characterized to pregnant rats from the inflammatory model, uterine reactivity to oxytocin is abolished after antenatal montelukast treatment while the uterine sensitivity to nifedipine was increased. Finally, three of the nine rats treated with montelukast had an abnormal delay of gestation. HORMONAL FACTORS: After a fortuitous observation, an abnormal pattern of uterine contraction was observed in pregnant women with hypothyroidism and treated with T[subscript 4]. Contractile abnormalities can lead to c-sections with associated surgical risks. This section assesses whether this change in uterine contractility is caused by an underlying hypothyroid condition or the administration of T[subscript 4]. In uterine biopsies from a female rat hypothyroid model, we have demonstrated that hypothyroidism significantly shortens and increases the contractions, while with high doses of T[subscript 4] an increased duration and a decreased frequency were quantified. These results mimic the abnormal pattern of contractions observed in pregnant women treated with T[subscript 4]. Thus, our data suggest that this change in myomterial reactivity is due to T[subscript 4] treatment. This original approach shows that these two factors influence uterine contractility and that appropriate management will allow their uterine contractile activity to return to physiological values.