Thesis (S.T.M.)--Trinity Lutheran Seminary, Columbus, Ohio, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-121).

Akademisk avhandling--Ekonomisk historia--Göteborg, 1981. / Bibliogr. p. 232-241.

352 pages / What can be called the conventional view concerning the operation of family, kinship and other ascriptive ties during social change in non-Western countries is subjected to an extensive critique. The conventional view typically characterizes social organization in non-industrial areas as primarily subject to ascriptive principles. Social values are conceptualized as "tradition," "primitive," or "custom-bound," and it is asserted that an emphasis on family ties and ascription is part of an integrated set of phenomena found in non-industrial areas. With respect to industrial societies, the conventional view asserts that ascriptive principles do not operate to any important degree. These societies are described by concepts such as "modern," "civilized" or "individualistic," and it is argued that an emphasis on individual achievement and competition are part of an integrated set of phenomena found in more developed societies. The conventional view stresses the interrelatedness of all parts of society and therefore societies at different levels of development must have different social structures and social values. In this view, social change becomes a shift from phenomena which characterize the "traditional" society to phenomena which characterize the "modern" society. Since these two societies are in opposition at so many points it is asserted that the shift is generally sudden and dramatic. This dissertation criticizes the conventional view for its assertion that societies can be divided into these two types and that social change generally can be conceived of as a transition between these types. Societies with different levels of technology may in fact have similarities in their social organization. Social relationships are regular and recurrent but the same regularity may be found at different technological levels. In addition to offering a unique theoretical synthesis, the dissertation offers empirical data on the existence of achievement orientations among tribal peoples. A total of 1330 workers were sampled at four rubber plantations in Liberia, West Africa. The majority can be described as achievement oriented. Variables reflecting the conventional view, e.g. "modernization," "industrialization," and "urbanization" were used in an attempt to explain these findings. Specifically studied were education, work experience, "adaption to wage-labor," self-conception and urban experience. Achievement orientation was not positively related to any of these variables. Instead, this dissertation accounts for the existence of an achievement orientation among tribal people by showing that the amount of achievement orientation varied by tribe. Two factor analyses and a cluster analysis show that although a basic similarity existed among the tribes, i.e. all stress achievement, men from three Kwa-speaking tribes in our sample, the Kru, Krahn, and Grebo, were more achievement oriented than men from the other seven tribes. This variation by language group suggested that an explanation for the existence of achievement responses should be sought in the social structure of the tribes. Historical and ethnographic data showed that the Kwaspeaking group have a distinctive history of occupying coastal jungle areas and governing themselves through decentralized political authority. They did not have secret societies nor did they congregate in dense populations. The Mande and West Atlantic-speaking peoples had been pushed toward the coast by expansionary pressures from the interior. These latter peoples were relatively more stratified, had secret societies, were more likely to have farmed, and had a centralized political authority. The existence of centralized authority and secret societies probably weakened individual achievement emphases. This evidence shows the existence of achievement orientations among tribal peoples and provides an explanation for it that contrary to expectations of the conventional view does not make reference to modernization.

Orientador: Simone Silva de Deos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T00:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dorley_BoakaiMurphy_M.pdf: 2078275 bytes, checksum: 9e62e72389ce4b168088d4c4a068aa77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Microfinanças constituem a prestação de uma vasta gama de serviços financeiros que incluem depósitos, empréstimos, poupanças, transferências de dinheiro e seguro para as famílias pobres e de baixa renda e seus microempreendimentos. No paradigma do desenvolvimento, as microfinanças têm se mostrado cada vez mais necessárias ¿ estratégia utilizada para atender aos grupos negligenciados da sociedade, especialmente mulheres, pessoas de baixa renda, comunidades rurais e a população carente. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é contribuir para a compreensão do impacto das microfinanças no alívio da pobreza em Montserrado County, usando o Access Bank Liberia Limited para o estudo de caso. Essa pesquisa cobriu o período de 2009 a 2012. Os resultados indicaram que as microfinanças tiveram um impacto positivo no alívio da pobreza dos destituídos de Montserrado County, particularmente liberianos sem acesso às instituições financeiras formais. Os resultados revelaram que as microoperações financeiras do Access Bank Liberia tiveram um impacto positivo na criação de empregos, renda dos clientes e poupanças. Além disso, as evidências sugerem que o acesso à assistência financeira como o crédito para pessoas de baixa renda é capaz de estimular a geração de microempreendimentos que permitem a essa parcela da população sair da armadilha da pobreza. Portanto, microfinanças são uma das mais eficientes intervenções para melhorar as condições econômicas dos destituídos, além de ser um instrumento de proteção social, principalmente para mulheres / Abstract: Microfinance is the delivery of a broad range of financial services which includes deposits, loans, payment services, savings, money transfer, and insurance to the poor and low-income households and their micro-enterprises. In the development paradigm, microfinance has evolved as a need ¿based strategy and program to cater to the neglected groups of society particularly women, poor, rural, deprived population. The objective of this research is to contribute to the understanding of the Microfinance impact on poverty alleviation in Montserrado County, using Access Bank Liberia Limited as a case study. This research covered the period 2009-2012. The researcher¿s findings indicated that microfinance has a positive impact on poverty alleviation on the destitute poor of Montserrado County, particularly Liberian who lacks access to formal financial institutions. The findings revealed that Access Bank Liberia microfinance operations have a positive impact on job creation, clients¿ income and savings. Moreover, the evidence suggests that if the poor or low income earners are provided access to financial assistance, such as credit, they are capable to start a micro-enterprise that will allow them to break out of the poverty trap. Therefore, microfinance has become one of the most effective interventions for economic empowerment tool for the destitute poor as well as social protection mainly for women / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Yes

This study argues that the formation of Americo-Liberian identity overwhelmingly relied on White American middle class cultural values despite the founders' criticisms and rejection of racial oppression and slavery. Americo-Liberians' previous participation in a culture that downgrades African heritage fostered the internalization of Western notions of civilization and African inferiority that led them to establish an oppressive regime similar to the one they had escaped from, and even enslaved the indigenous population, which they considered "uncivilized." The study thus investigates how formerly oppressed and enslaved blacks became oppressors and enslavers of other black people in the name of a "civilizing mission." The relationship that developed between Americo-Liberians and indigenous Liberians provides a case study to explore the impact of White supremacy ideology on enslaved Africans and racial uplift ideology. Building on contributions of social theory and conflict theory my analysis of Americo-Liberians demonstrates how social class and ideology interacted to produce socio-economic developments that led to the Liberian Civil War. This study covers the founding of Liberia as a republic during the 1840's through the League of Nation's intervention in 1928. It is during this time period that Americo-Liberians fostered an exploitative and colonizing relationship with the indigenous Liberian population. Previous scholarship regarding Liberia engages in descriptive analysis this study is the first to employ the theoretical framework of double-consciousness to further illuminate the ambivalent positions of the Americo-Liberians vis-a-vis indigenous Liberians

The momentous 2005 Liberian elections followed a devastating civil war. Remarkably, the winner of the presidential race was a woman, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and the second-placed was a footballer, George Weah. In addition, in stark contrast to many African elections in particular those in neighbouring Sierra Leone, voting patterns were fragmented: voters often chose President, Senators and Representatives from different parties or independents. Much can be explained by a remarkably level playing-field delivered by an interim coalition government providing no incumbent. In 2011, the Johnson-Sirleaf incumbency stood to significantly change the dynamics. This article seeks to discern whether Liberian elections maintain their unusual patterns, whether Liberia has joined the ranks of African patron-clientelist, dominant-party or two-party systems, in particular compared to that of Sierra Leone, or whether there are new twists in its democratic development. / Full text of the article was made available on the 1st March 2015 at the end of the publisher's embargo.

This thesis explores the notion of "black modernity" in the context of the Liberia at the turn of the twentieth century. Despite Liberia's recognition by the international community as a sovereign nation, Liberia fell subject to the imperial ploys of the European powers in the Scramble for Africa. Americo-Liberians, the governing elite of Liberia, toiled to preserve Liberia's status as an autonomous nation and the only self-governed black republic in Africa. This thesis examines the complexities of Liberia's sovereignty crisis, highlighting the ways in which Americo-Liberians used methods of "modernity" for their own purposes. Using Liberia as a case study, this thesis argues that the concept of "black modernity" hinges on contextual factors such as the plight of the people, pending circumstances, power structures, and understanding of self in relation to these variables. Americo-Liberians, unlike most black people at this time, were protected from race-based oppression by the state. Thus, when Liberia's sovereignty was in jeopardy, Americo-Liberians diligently fought to ensure that the Republic of Liberia maintained its sovereignty by using methods of colonialism and diplomacy. While these methods mirrored those of the European imperialists, Americo-Liberians employed these methods to preserve Liberia and, accordingly, challenge the prevailing notions of black inferiority. / Master of Arts

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / The interaction between central bank role and fiscal policy is so crucial to the macroeconomic outcome of any economy. The role of fiscal policy is so strong in detennining central bank policies. This is why central bank behaviour is usually analyzed using a model, which incorporates an effect of fiscal pressure on monetary policy fonnulation. With primary deficit pressure by the fiscal authorities, the response to such government budget deficit plays an interactive role in affecting the tradewoff weights applied to the competing goals of monetary policy. The intenningling of these two policies creates a counter-cyclical reaction, which finds roots in the Central Bank of Liberia Act of 1999 that establishes the principal-agent relationship between the Central Bank of Liberia and the government. Liberia's emergence from intennittent periods of civil tunnoil and unrest has created the dire need for an upswing of its ravaged economy. This is especially explained by the high unemployment and illiteracy rate looming in the country. Additionally, there have been the successive failures of national government to put in place the requisite mechanisms for management and equitable distribution of the country's resources to its citizens. This study gives a diagnosis and the symptoms of Liberia's economic state. According to the World Bank, Liberia is listed in the category of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC). Poverty traces a vicious cycle from low income to low saving and investment to low output so back to low income. This study identifies the role the Central Bank of Liberia can play in the economic recovery process of Liberia. This study project will further examine and draw lessons from other developing economies, which are applicable to Liberia. In this direction, countries that are perfonning well in achieving moderate to high economic growth will be looked at in an attempt to draw meaningful lessons for Liberia's drive for the attairunent of economic growth. It is expected that there is no quick fix to economic recovery especially so for a third world country that has been plagued by numerous calamities resulting in the looting and pillaging of the country's resources. The recovery of Liberia from its economic woes will involve other stakeholders besides the Central Bank. This may include the sovereign government through its line ministries and sector-specific agencies as well as the multilateral and bilateral partners of Liberia making up the donor community. This study also reveals the shape of Liberia's economy with regards to the structure of the economy. The controlling of public debt and an encouragement of private debt for investment purposes is a right step in the right direction along the path of economic recovery. This study will also examine monetary policy instruments and their limitations as far as the implementation is concerned. Monetary policy can be implemented by changing the size of the monetary base. This directly changes the total amount of money circulating in the economy. A central bank can use open market operations to change the monetary base.

<p>In the aftermath of World War Two, the International Community has shown a renewed commitment towards the protection of human rights. However, whether during wars or under dictatorial regimes, numerous human rights abuses occurred everywhere in the world, from Latin America to Eastern Europe and from Southern Europe to Africa. Countries which experienced oppressive governance or outrageous atrocities has to address the legacies of their past on the return of democratic rule or peace. In other words, they had to emerge from the darkness of dictatorship or civil war in order to establish a democracy. Today, after 14 years of civil war, Liberia is faced with the challenge of achieving a successful transition where the imperatives of truth, justice and reconciliation need to be met. The purpose of this research paper was to make some recommendations on the way the accountability process in Liberia should be shaped as far as prosecution is concerned.</p>