Inledning: Livsstilssjukdomar är idag den största orsaken till dödsfall i världen. De påverkas av livsstilen med avsaknad av fysisk aktivitet och förhöjt energiintag, vilket leder till övervikt, fetma och högt blodtryck. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva hur vanliga riskfaktorer för livsstilssjukdomar påverkas av interventioner med fysisk yoga. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med 12 artiklar som valdes ut utifrån att de inkluderade en intervention med fysisk yoga för att studera effekten på de vanligaste riskfaktorerna för livsstilssjukdomar på vuxna. Resultat: Valda artiklar visade till övervägande del på att yoga som intervention kan vara effektivt för att minska riskfaktorer för livsstilssjukdomar genom att sänka blodtrycket och leda till viktminskning, men samtidigt visar några artiklar inga effekter. Yoga är holistiskt och flera studier innehåller kostrådgivning och stresshantering, vilket kan påverka effekten. Diskussion: Samlade slutsatser om effekten av fysisk yoga kan inte dras utifrån artiklarna. Studierna har haft flera faktorer som påverkat resultatet såsom andningsövningar, kostrådgivning och stresshantering. Fortsatt forskning bör fokusera på att genomföra studier där yoga-gruppen jämförs med en aktiv kontrollgrupp som utför annan fysisk aktivitet eller får kostrådgivning. Det skulle möjliggöra en bättre analys av den fysiska yogans effekter på riskfaktorer för livsstilssjukdomar. / Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases are one of the main causes of death in the world today. They are affected by a lifestyle with lack of physical activity and increased energy intake which leads to overweight and high blood pressure. Objective: The objective of this literature review was to describe how common risk factors for lifestyle diseases are effected by physical yoga, yoga asana, interventions. Methods: A literature review with 12 reviewed articles, where the studies included an intervention withyoga asana, to study the effects on risk factors for lifestyle diseases on adults. Results: A majority of the selected articles showed that yoga can be effective in reducing risk factors, lowering blood pressure and weight, but some studies showed no effect of the intervention. All studies included other factors that might have affected the outcome, such as dietary advice. Discussion: Clear conclusions of the effect of yoga asana practice cannot be based on these articles. Continued research should focus on conducting studies in which the yoga group is compared with an active control group. That would enable an analysis of the effects of yoga asana in relation to interventions with healthy diet or regular exercise.

Title: Utilization of physical activity to the influence of the health of top managerr Author: Bc. Martin Vojáček Supervisor: Prof. Ing. Václav Bunc CSc. Objective: Author of the diploma thesis Utilization of physical activity to the influence of the health of top managers deals with health issues stemming from the specific nature of the job of top managers. A key issue is the work related stress and its impact on the health of managers. The negative effects of stress and poor lifestyle are "lifestyle diseases" such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, disorders of the musculoskeletal system, burnout syndrom and chronic fatigue syndrome. Appropriately chosen physical activity based on the temperament can reduce risk, mitigate health problems and prevent the development of disease in all the aforementioned cases. The research survey conducted for 6 months on a group of five top managers attending in Fitness Slavia showed that exercise programs individually prepared on the basis of temperament have a positive impact both on mental and physical health of top managers. Methods: In this thesis these methods are used: measuring and testing, interviews, observation, study of specific literature and research. Results: The results obtained should help formulate the basis of the next...

The Republic of Nauru, a small Pacific island nation, has one of the highest obesity rates in the world. Obesity emerged rapidly in Nauru during the 1970s, a period characterised by political independence and unprecedented economic growth resulting from lucrative phosphate mining. In the mid-1970s, the Nauruan population was one of the first in the world in which obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease – co-morbidities associated with obesity – were identified as significant public health concerns. Such ‘lifestyle diseases’ continue to have debilitating effects on the Nauruan community. Obesity is generally understood to result from an energy imbalance; that is, people eat and drink more calories over time than they expend. This biomedical paradigm is implicit in the majority of research relating to obesity, such that the lifestyle to which obesity is attributed is limited to diet and activity. Yet in practice, lifestyle is much more than this. The lifestyle of a particular group is related to political, legal, religious, economic and value systems, modes of education, communication, transport and healthcare, and styles of art, music and entertainment. In this thesis I draw on ethnographic participant observation carried out in the Republic of Nauru during 2010-11, life history interviews, and diverse historical materials to answer three questions. First, what characterises the Nauruan lifestyle? Second, in what ways did the Nauruan lifestyle change over the second half of the twentieth century, the time period during which obesity and diabetes rapidly escalated? Finally, how might these changes be linked to the emergence and persistence of ‘lifestyle diseases’ in Nauru? I focus on one characteristic that stood out prominently in many different aspects of Nauruan life: ‘island time’, or the suggestion that there is ‘No Action Unless Really Urgent’. In theorisation of obesity, such living for the moment has been interpreted as laziness, pleasure-seeking or lack of self-control. However, a deeper analysis reveals that island time emerged gradually in the latter half of the twentieth century as Nauruans incorporated market-derived moral values into their everyday lives. This has led to profound changes in the way people feel when engaged in social exchanges, and is linked to temporally-shorter and more spatially dispersed social networks. I thus recast living for the moment as representative of a social trend rather than individual self-interest, and obesity as a phenomenon associated with the space between bodies rather than within each one. This leads me to consider more closely the links between social relationships and health. In Nauru, as in many societies, it is difficult to disentangle the biological and the social; the same feeling of unhealthiness, for example, is associated with being clinically ill and having a fight with a loved one. Yet many activities that are associated with tightening social networks, and which are prominent in the lifestyle characterised by island time – eating, drinking, or sitting and gossiping, for example – are also associated with obesity emergence. As a result, being biomedically healthy and feeling healthy are now somewhat incompatible in Nauru. In concluding, I argue that the adoption of economic rhetoric into everyday life has re-shaped moral values, everyday social relationships, and the demographic health profile on Nauru.

多くの肥満者は，生活習慣のセルフマネジメントが困難であると指摘される。これに対し本稿は，肥満者の行動的QOLの低さ，すなわち行動レパートリーの不足に着目し，それを拡大する援助方略を行動変動性の観点から検討した。その結果，行動変動性が回避場面で減少することが示され，行動変動性に対する強化手続きや，その応用であるアクセプタンス＆コミットメント・セラピーが行動的QOLの拡大に有効であることが示された。 / It has been argued that many individuals with obesity have difficulty managing their lifestyle. This study focused on lack of behavioral repertory as a cause of the difficulty and attempted to expand behavioral repertory and behavioral quality of life (QOL) from the viewpoint of behavioral variability. The result showed that the decrease in behavioral variability was related to avoidant behavior. Furthermore, the result showed that reinforcement of behavioral variability and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) promoted behavioral QOL expansion and lifestyle improvement. / 博士(心理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University