Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-20T12:24:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGFB.pdf: 4714978 bytes, checksum: 418d994bec2ad1909fecea7a13c3a3bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:31:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGFB.pdf: 4714978 bytes, checksum: 418d994bec2ad1909fecea7a13c3a3bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:31:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGFB.pdf: 4714978 bytes, checksum: 418d994bec2ad1909fecea7a13c3a3bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T12:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGFB.pdf: 4714978 bytes, checksum: 418d994bec2ad1909fecea7a13c3a3bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Prefabricated building systems in Light Steel Frame - LSF are widely used in developed countries like England, Japan and USA. As constructive process, the LSF shows a progress compared to the traditional system is characterized by being an industrial building, rationalized with high productivity and require one skilled labor. The ergonomic point of view, such a system offers significant improvements in employees' working conditions and despite these improvements are significant, we can still identify ergonomic problems related to the activities of workers. In this context, this work aims, through ergonomic work analysis - AET, to survey the critical activities performed during the construction process and a diagnosis of the situations encountered on site. This research is exploratory to be keen to discover and observe phenomena, trying to describe them, classify them and interpret them and their driving was used as a research method, the case study. To capture the data, makes use of ergonomic analysis of manual work - EWA (Ergonomic Workplace Analysis), METs (The standard metabolic equivalent) and OCRA (Occupational repetitive actions) in which the following items were considered: Load-lifting, accident risk, attention, general physical activity, working postures and movements and repetitiveness of the work. Among the main findings stand out: the high risk of this accident carrying out the work due to organizational process of the company, moderate caloric expenditure in the execution of activities and high IE OCRA present in fixing activities (screwing) the structures and the sealing elements. / Sistemas construtivos pré-fabricados em Light Steel Frame - LSF são amplamente utilizados em países desenvolvidos como Inglaterra, Japão e EUA. Como processo construtivo, o LSF apresenta uma evolução quando comparado com o sistema tradicional, caracteriza-se por ser uma construção industrializada, racionalizada, com elevada produtividade e por demandar uma mão de obra capacitada. Do ponto de vista ergonômico, esse sistema apresenta melhoras significativas nas condições de trabalho dos trabalhadores e, apesar dessas melhoras serem significativas, ainda podemos identificar problemas ergonômicos relacionados às atividades dos trabalhadores. Dentro desse contexto, esse trabalho busca, por meio da análise ergonômica do trabalho – AET, realizar um levantamento das atividades críticas desenvolvidas durante o processo construtivo e realizar um diagnóstico das situações encontradas em obras. Essa pesquisa tem caráter exploratório por estar interessada em descobrir e observar fenômenos, procurando descrevê-los, classificá-los e interpretá-los e na sua condução utilizou-se como método de pesquisa o estudo de caso. Para a captura dos dados, fez-se uso de três instrumentos ergonômicos: manual de análise ergonômica do local de trabalho – EWA (Ergonomic Workplace Analysis), MET's (The Standard Metabolic Equivalent) e do OCRA (Occupational repetitive actions). Foram considerados os seguintes itens para avaliação: elevação de carga, riscos de acidente, atenção, atividade física geral, posturas de trabalho e movimentos e repetitividade do trabalho. Dentre os principais resultados obtidos, destacam-se: o elevado risco de acidente presente na execução da obra, devido ao processo organizacional da empresa, gasto calórico moderado na execução das atividades e elevado IE OCRA presente nas atividades de fixação (parafusamento) das estruturas e dos elementos de vedação.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-17T11:06:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseALV.pdf: 40973633 bytes, checksum: 8603da26922df7a8ff0039e77bd0d868 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-21T13:58:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseALV.pdf: 40973633 bytes, checksum: 8603da26922df7a8ff0039e77bd0d868 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-21T13:58:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseALV.pdf: 40973633 bytes, checksum: 8603da26922df7a8ff0039e77bd0d868 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T13:58:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseALV.pdf: 40973633 bytes, checksum: 8603da26922df7a8ff0039e77bd0d868 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) / The Construction Industry (CI), regarding the production of single-family housing in Brazil, is still characterized by the use of techniques and technologies that are highly dependent on knowledge and manpower experience. Thus, in most projects involving the construction of single-family housing, there are handcraft features when the building site is understood as a production system. Thus, it is common to observe the pathological manifestations appearance in post-occupational analysis, in addition to non-compliance with deadlines and budgets. In this sense, this thesis suggests that the CI breaks with some technical and cultural paradigms from the use of an industrialized building system, such as Light Steel Frame (LSF) and from the use of assembly lines, focusing the industrialization of singlefamily housing production. This proposal is based on four steps involving theoretical and experimental approaches. The theoretical approaches involved the structuring of a systematic literature review, which were identified gaps in scientific knowledge and the research hypothesis, besides the development of basic theoretical framework, the product definition and production system design. The experimental approach was represented by activities related to computer simulation of the production system and its subsequent optimization. The computer simulation was performed with the ProModel® software where was simulated the production of five hundred housing units from the programming logic of the designed system. Seven scenarios were simulated, with the results of its simulation it was possible to identify the most efficient configuration from optimizing the use of some resources, identified by layout B. In addition, the main results of the simulations show that it is possible to assembly the housing unit designed at 11.14 hours, with a cycle time of 5.56 hours, with the settings of scenario seven. The purpose of this thesis and the results can be considered relevant because promote innovation for both the consumer market and to the academy, since it deals with concepts little used or known in the CI. It also enables greater speed and volume of production, facing the Brazilian housing deficit, with significant quality improvements. / A Indústria da Construção Civil (ICC), no que tange a produção de habitações unifamiliares no Brasil, ainda se caracteriza pelo uso de técnicas e tecnologias que são altamente dependentes do conhecimento e experiência do operário. Assim, na maior parte dos empreendimentos que envolvem a construção de habitações unifamiliares, verificam-se características artesanais quando se aborda o canteiro de obras como um sistema produtivo. Dessa forma, é comum se atestar o surgimento de manifestações patológicas em análises pós-ocupacionais, além do corrente descumprimento de prazos e orçamentos. Neste sentido, a presente tese sugere que a ICC rompa com alguns paradigmas técnicos e culturais a partir do uso de um sistema construtivo industrializado, como o Light Steel Frame (LSF) associado ao uso de Linhas de Montagem, com o objetivo de se industrializar a produção de habitações unifamiliares. Esta proposta se fundamentou em quatro etapas que envolveram abordagens teóricas e experimentais. As abordagens teóricas envolveram a estruturação da revisão bibliográfica sistemática, onde foram identificadas as lacunas do conhecimento científico e a hipótese de pesquisa, além do desenvolvimento do referencial teórico básico, a definição do produto e o projeto do sistema de produção. Já a abordagem experimental foi representada pelas atividades referentes à simulação computacional do sistema de produção e posterior otimização do mesmo. A simulação computacional foi executada com o software ProModel®, em que foi simulada a produção de quinhentas unidades habitacionais a partir da programação da lógica do sistema projetado. Ao todo foram simulados sete cenários; com os resultados de suas simulações foi possível identificar a configuração mais eficiente, a partir da otimização do uso de alguns recursos, identificado pelo layout B. Além disso, os principais resultados das simulações mostram que é possível montar a unidade habitacional projetada em 11,14 horas, com um tempo de ciclo de 5,56 horas com as configurações do cenário sete. A proposta dessa tese e os resultados obtidos podem ser considerados relevantes, pois promovem a inovação tanto para o mercado consumidor quanto para a academia, uma vez que lida com conceitos pouco utilizados ou conhecidos na ICC. Além disso, possibilita maior rapidez e volume de produção, frente ao déficit habitacional brasileiro, com ganhos significativos de qualidade.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims to perform a quantitative probabilistic based evaluation of the reliability achieved in the design of Light Steel Frame Buildings (LSFB) when designed according to the loading code, SANS 517:2009 and the new design code for cold formed steel sections, SANS 10162-2:2010. The evaluation was done as follows: A specific structure, chosen and designed according to the specifications given in SANS 517:2009, was modelled in a structural analysis program. From the analyses done it was possible to identify the most critical element for given failure modes. Spread sheets according to SANS 10162-2:2010 were developed to calculate the resistance or design values for the different failure modes. By using a First Order Reliability Method (FORM), the reliability index for each failure mode could be calculated and evaluated in three different ways. Firstly, the reliability margin implied by the design load was evaluated. It was assumed that the resistance of the profile had a deterministic value while the loads applied to the structure were taken as probabilistic, i.e. following their known distribution functions. From this evaluation it was found that the necessary level of reliability was achieved for all failure modes. Secondly, the reliability margin implied by the resistance of the profile was evaluated. The resistance of the profile was taken as probabilistic with a distribution function that could be determined from the known distribution functions of the profile parameters responsible for the capacity of the profile. The loading was assumed to have a single deterministic value. From this evaluation it could be seen that a very low level of reliability was achieved for the failure modes of shear working in on the strong axis of the profile as well as interaction between bending and axial load. This is due to the strong dependence of this failure mode to the thickness of the profile, to which no partial factor is applied in the design process. Thirdly, the reliability margin implied by both the resistance and loads was evaluated. In a real life situation both loads and resistances would have variability. The resistance and loading values were taken as probabilistic with their known distribution functions. From this evaluation it was found that the necessary level of reliability was only achieved for shear working in on the weakaxis and axial load. All other failure modes achieved a level of reliability slightly lower than the target level of reliability for South Africa. The stiffening effect of wall cladding elements were not taken into account in the analysis. The reliability of connections was also not evaluated. It can be concluded that the element reliability achieved through the use of above-mentioned codes seems to be slightly less that desired. There could be an argument for recalibrating the partial factors to achieve the desired level of element reliability. However, the cladding elements provide significant additional stiffness to the structure and there is no immediate cause for stiffness concern. Future studies should aim to quantify the contribution that the cladding elements make to the overall structural reliability. The influence of connections reliability should also be investigated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie poog om ‘n kwantitatiewe probabilisties-gebaseerde beoordeling van die betroubaarheidsindeks vir Ligte Staalraam Strukture (LSS) te bepaal wanneer dit ontwerp word volgens die belastingskode, SANS 517:2009 en die nuwe ontwerpskode vir koudgevormde staal profiele, SANS 10162-2:2010. Die beoordeling is as volg gedoen. ‘n Spesifieke strukturele model is gekies, ontwerp volgens die spesifiekasies in SANS 517:2009 en toe gemodelleer in ‘n struktuur analise program. Vanuit die analises was dit moontlik om die mees kritieke element te vind vir gegewe falings modusse. Sigblaaie, volgens SANS 10162-2:2010, is ontwikkel om die weerstand van die profile te bereken vir die falings modusse. Dit was moontlik om die betroubaarheidsindeks op drie verskillende maniere te bereken deur gebruik te maak van ‘n Eerste Orde Betroubaarheids Metode (EOBM). Eerstens is die betroubaarheids speling wat deur die belasting geimpliseer was, bepaal. Daar is aanvaar dat die weerstand van die profiel ‘n deterministiese waarde het terwyl die aangewende belasitng as probabilisties geneem is met hul bekende verdelingsfunksies. Uit hierdie beoordeling is gevind dat die nodige vlak van betroubaarheid bereik word vir alle falings modusse. Tweedens is die betroubaarheids speling wat deur die weerstand geimpliseer was, bepaal. Daar is aanvaar dat die weerstand van die profile ‘n probabilistiese verdeling het wat bepaal is uit bekende verdelingsfunksies van die profiel parameters verantwoordelik vir die kapasiteit van die profiel. Daar is aanvaar dat die belasting ‘n enkele deterministiese waarde het. Uit hierdie beoordeling is gevind dat daar ‘n baie lae vlak van betroubaarheid is vir skuif in die rigting van die sterk as, asook interaksie tussen aksiaal-las en momente. Dit is te danke aan die falings modus se sterk afhanklikheid van die dikte van die profiel. Daar word egter geen parsiële faktor aan die dikte toegeken in die ontwerp proses nie. Derdens is die betroubaarheids speling wat deur beide die weerstand en belasting geïmpliseer was, bepaal. In die werklikheid sal beide belasting en weerstand ‘n vlak van onsekerheid hê. Die weerstand en belasting is as probabilistiese waardes geneem met hul bekende verdelingsfunksies. Uit hierdie beoordeling is gevind dat slegs die falings modus vir skuif in die rigting van die swak as en aksiaal-las die nodige vlak van betroubaarheid bereik. Al die ander modusse het steeds ‘n redelike hoë vlak van betroubaarheid. Dit is egter steeds laer as wat voorgeskryf word vir Suid-Afrika. Die verstywings-effek van die bekleding is nie in hierdie ondersoek in ag geneem nie. Die betroubaarheid van die verbindings is ook nie bepaal nie. ‘n Gevolgtrekking kan dus gemaak word dat die element-betroubaarheid wat bereik word deur die bo-genoemde kodes effens laer is as die gewensde. ‘n Argument kan ontstaan vir die herkalibrasie van die parsiële faktore om die gewensde vlak van betroubaarheid te bereik, maar die bekleding bied ‘n noemenswaardige addisionele styfheid aan die struktuuur. Daar is dus geen onmiddellike kommer oor die styfheid van hierdie strukture nie. Verdere studies moet poog om die bydra van hierdie bekledingselemente tot die betroubaarheid van die struktuur te kwantifiseer. Die invloed van die konneksies tot die betroubaarheid van die struktuur sal ook ondersoek moet word.

As evoluções tecnológicas juntamente com o surgimento de novas necessidades dos usuários resultaram em diversos novos tipos de métodos construtivos. O conceito de industrialização das edificações vem evoluindo com velocidade, e estes novos sistemas construtivos surgiram como alternativa aos sistemas tradicionais buscando entre outros, melhor desempenho térmico, energético, lumínico, acústico e de sustentabilidade. Diante desta crescente demanda por inovação, a ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) passou a estudar um conjunto de normas para estabelecer critérios de desempenho ao validar os novos sistemas construtivos de edificações habitacionais. Isto se concretizou com a publicação da Norma de Desempenho (ABNT NBR 15575/2013), que estipula parâmetros para desempenho dessas construções e métodos detalhados de acordo com o desempenho desejado. Simultaneamente, as simulações computacionais evoluíram, permitindo menor custo de experimentação, são capazes de antecipar resultados antes somente possíveis após testes físicos com protótipos e também a encontrar alternativas de soluções também quanto à eficiência energética e ao conforto dos usuários. Entre alguns programas existentes para simulação de desempenho térmico, está o EnergyPlus, o qual foi utilizado para este estudo, tendo como principal objetivo avaliar o desempenho térmico de painéis de light steel frame pré-fabricados utilizados na fachada e nas vedações internas de um sistema construtivo modular composto por estrutura metálica, e piso e a laje de concreto. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, foi utilizado como modelo base uma residência térrea, configurada por ambientes independentes, que virão a compor uma residência inteira onde serão inseridos os painéis de light steel frame pré-fabricados. As 16 tipologias de painéis foram estudadas em três diferentes cidades do Brasil, sendo elas situadas nas regiões Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul e em dias típicos de verão e inverno, utilizando os recursos de simulação computacional (EnergyPlus) possibilitando a análise comparativa de desempenho térmico de cada tipologia ao serem submetidos a diferentes temperaturas e regime de insolação. A maioria das tipologias de painéis apresentam resultados favoráveis apenas para a cidade de Fortaleza, e desfavoráveis para as cidades de São Paulo e Curitiba, onde somente a última tipologia de painel atendeu os requisitos mínimos de desempenho para todas as cidades. Este estudo não contempla dados experimentais ou ensaios físicos. / Technological developments coupled with the emergence of new user needs resulted in several types of new construction methods. The concept of building industrialization has been evolving with speed, and these new construction systems have emerged as an alternative to traditional systems. These alternative systems seek better thermal performance, energy efficiency, light performance, acoustic and sustainability, among other things. Faced with this growing demand for innovation, ABNT (Brazilian Technical Standards Association) went on to study a set of rules to establish performance criteria to validate the new construction systems of residential buildings. These criteria were established with the publication of Performance Standard (NBR 15575/2013), which provides detailed parameters for performance of these buildings and provides methods according to the desired performance. At the same time, computer simulations have evolved, allowing lower cost of experimentation. These simulations are able to anticipate results which were previously only possible after physical tests of prototypes and also are able to find alternative solutions for energy efficiency and comfort of users. Among some existing programs for simulating thermal performance is the EnergyPlus, which was used for this study, with the primary objective of evaluating the thermal performance of prefabricated light steel frame panels. These panels were used in the facade and the internal seals of a building system composed of modular steel structure and floor and the concrete slab. To develop the study, a one-story residence was used as a base model, set by independent environments, composed entirely of the prefabricated light steel frame panels. The 16 panel types were studied in three different cities in Brazil, located in the Northeast, Southeast and South, and on a typical day of summer and winter. Using the computer simulation resources (EnergyPlus) enabled comparative analysis of thermal performance of each type when subjected to different temperatures and insolation regime. Most panel types have favorable results only in the city of Fortaleza, and unfavorable in the cities of São Paulo and Curitiba, whereas only the last panel type met the minimum performance requirements for all cities. This study does not include experimental data or physical tests.

As evoluções tecnológicas juntamente com o surgimento de novas necessidades dos usuários resultaram em diversos novos tipos de métodos construtivos. O conceito de industrialização das edificações vem evoluindo com velocidade, e estes novos sistemas construtivos surgiram como alternativa aos sistemas tradicionais buscando entre outros, melhor desempenho térmico, energético, lumínico, acústico e de sustentabilidade. Diante desta crescente demanda por inovação, a ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) passou a estudar um conjunto de normas para estabelecer critérios de desempenho ao validar os novos sistemas construtivos de edificações habitacionais. Isto se concretizou com a publicação da Norma de Desempenho (ABNT NBR 15575/2013), que estipula parâmetros para desempenho dessas construções e métodos detalhados de acordo com o desempenho desejado. Simultaneamente, as simulações computacionais evoluíram, permitindo menor custo de experimentação, são capazes de antecipar resultados antes somente possíveis após testes físicos com protótipos e também a encontrar alternativas de soluções também quanto à eficiência energética e ao conforto dos usuários. Entre alguns programas existentes para simulação de desempenho térmico, está o EnergyPlus, o qual foi utilizado para este estudo, tendo como principal objetivo avaliar o desempenho térmico de painéis de light steel frame pré-fabricados utilizados na fachada e nas vedações internas de um sistema construtivo modular composto por estrutura metálica, e piso e a laje de concreto. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, foi utilizado como modelo base uma residência térrea, configurada por ambientes independentes, que virão a compor uma residência inteira onde serão inseridos os painéis de light steel frame pré-fabricados. As 16 tipologias de painéis foram estudadas em três diferentes cidades do Brasil, sendo elas situadas nas regiões Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul e em dias típicos de verão e inverno, utilizando os recursos de simulação computacional (EnergyPlus) possibilitando a análise comparativa de desempenho térmico de cada tipologia ao serem submetidos a diferentes temperaturas e regime de insolação. A maioria das tipologias de painéis apresentam resultados favoráveis apenas para a cidade de Fortaleza, e desfavoráveis para as cidades de São Paulo e Curitiba, onde somente a última tipologia de painel atendeu os requisitos mínimos de desempenho para todas as cidades. Este estudo não contempla dados experimentais ou ensaios físicos. / Technological developments coupled with the emergence of new user needs resulted in several types of new construction methods. The concept of building industrialization has been evolving with speed, and these new construction systems have emerged as an alternative to traditional systems. These alternative systems seek better thermal performance, energy efficiency, light performance, acoustic and sustainability, among other things. Faced with this growing demand for innovation, ABNT (Brazilian Technical Standards Association) went on to study a set of rules to establish performance criteria to validate the new construction systems of residential buildings. These criteria were established with the publication of Performance Standard (NBR 15575/2013), which provides detailed parameters for performance of these buildings and provides methods according to the desired performance. At the same time, computer simulations have evolved, allowing lower cost of experimentation. These simulations are able to anticipate results which were previously only possible after physical tests of prototypes and also are able to find alternative solutions for energy efficiency and comfort of users. Among some existing programs for simulating thermal performance is the EnergyPlus, which was used for this study, with the primary objective of evaluating the thermal performance of prefabricated light steel frame panels. These panels were used in the facade and the internal seals of a building system composed of modular steel structure and floor and the concrete slab. To develop the study, a one-story residence was used as a base model, set by independent environments, composed entirely of the prefabricated light steel frame panels. The 16 panel types were studied in three different cities in Brazil, located in the Northeast, Southeast and South, and on a typical day of summer and winter. Using the computer simulation resources (EnergyPlus) enabled comparative analysis of thermal performance of each type when subjected to different temperatures and insolation regime. Most panel types have favorable results only in the city of Fortaleza, and unfavorable in the cities of São Paulo and Curitiba, whereas only the last panel type met the minimum performance requirements for all cities. This study does not include experimental data or physical tests.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sustainability is difficult to achieve in a world where population and economic growth leads to increased production of greenhouse gases, resource depletion and waste generation. Today, the environmental dimension of sustainability, which is more commonly known as the natural environment, and the construction industry are two terms often mentioned together. In Europe, 12.4 % of greenhouse gas emissions are induced by the construction and manufacturing industry (Maydl, 2004). Also, 50 % of the resources extracted are used in the construction industry and more than 25 % of waste generated is construction and demolition waste. In South Africa, the building sector accounts for approximately 23 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions (Milford, 2009). Furthermore, 60 % of investment is made in the residential sector where 33 % of the building stock is the focus of the government’s Housing Programme. It is seen that the construction industry significantly impacts the natural environment and the aim should be to reduce this negative impact. Within the local residential sector, the low-cost housing sector presents potential when it comes to sustainable improvements. Each of the three spheres of sustainability, namely economy, natural environment and society, plays a crucial role in this sector. Various studies have been done on the economical and social fields, but little information exists on the impact low-cost houses have on the environment. A need arises to scientifically quantify the environmental impact hereof, therefore it is chosen as the focus of this study. Various methods in order to determine the environmental impact of the built environment exist globally, but they tend to be complex, are used in conjunction with difficult to understand databases and require expensive software. A need for a local quantification method with which to determine the environmental impact of the built environment, more specifically low-cost housing, has been identified. A simple and easy-to-use analysis-orientated quantification method is proposed in this study. The quantification method is compiled with indicators related to the local conditions; these include Emissions, Resource Depletion and Waste Generation. The end objective is to provide the user with an aggregated total value called the Environmental Impact Index to ease comparison of possible alternatives. The quantification method is developed as a mathematical tool in the form of a partial Life Cycle Assessment which can aid in objective decision making during the conception and design phase of a specific project. Note that only the Pre-Use Phase of the building life cycle is considered during the assessment, but can be extended to include the Use Phase and End-of-Life Phase. The proposed method has the capability of calculating and optimising the environmental impact of a building. Regarding low-cost housing, different housing unit designs can be compared in order to select the best alternative. The quantification method is implemented for two low-cost house design types in this study. Firstly, the conventional brick and mortar design is considered whereafter a Light Steel Frame Building is viewed as an alternative. The model implementation demonstrates that the model operates in its supposed manner. Also, Light Steel Frame Building housing units are shown to be worth investigating as an alternative to the conventional brick and mortar design but should be confirmed with a more accurate Life Cycle Assessment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ’n wêreld waar toenemende ekonomiese en bevolkingsgroei veroorsaak dat al hoe meer kweekhuisgasse voortgebring word, hulpbronne uitgeput word en groter hoeveelhede rommel geproduseer word, is dit ’n bykans onbegonne taak om volhoubaarheid te probeer bereik. Volhoubaarheid rakende die natuurlike omgewing en konstruksie is twee terme wat vandag dikwels saam genoem word. Ongeveer 12.4 % van die kweekhuisgasse wat in Europa vrygestel word kom uit die konstruksie- en vervaardigingbedrywe (Maydl, 2004). Die konstruksiebedryf gebruik ook bykans die helfte van hulpbronne wat ontgin word en meer as 25 % van rommel word deur konstruksie of sloping produseer. Die Suid-Afrikaaanse boubedryf is verantwoordelik vir 23 % van die totale hoeveelheid kweekhuisgasse wat die land vrystel. Die behuisingsektor, waar die regering aan die hoof van 33 % van eenhede staan, ontvang 60 % van bestaande beleggings (Milford, 2009). Dit is dus duidelik dat die boubedryf ’n negatiewe impak op die natuurlike omgewing het en dat dit van groot belang is om dié situasie te verbeter. In die behuisingsektor het lae-koste-behuising groot potensiaal as dit kom by volhoubaarheid. Volhoubaarheid bestaan uit drie sfere: ekonomie, natuurlike omgewing en sosiaal, en al drie speel ’n betekenisvolle rol in lae-koste-behuising. Daar is reeds verskeie studies aangepak om die ekonomiese en sosiale sfere te beskryf, maar daar is steeds min inligting beskikbaar oor die omgewingsimpak van ’n lae-koste-huis. Dit laat die behoefte ontstaan om hierdie impak te kwantifiseer. Bestaande metodes wat wêreldwyd gebruik word om ʼn omgewingsimpak te bepaal is dikwels besonder kompleks en benodig duur sagteware tesame met ingewikkelde databasisse om dit te implementeer. ’n Behoefte aan ’n plaaslike kwantifiseringsmetode is geïdentifiseer. Hierdie studie stel ’n eenvoudige, gebruikersvriendelike kwantifiseringsmetode bekend. Dit word saamgestel uit faktore wat verband hou met die plaaslike omgewing: Uitlaatgasse, Hulpbronuitputting en Rommelvervaardiging. Uiteindelik word ’n saamgestelde waarde, wat die Omgewingsimpak-indeks genoem word, bereken om vergelyking te vergemaklik. Hierdie kwantifiseringsmetode word aan die hand van ’n gedeeltelike lewenssiklus-analise as ’n wiskundige hulpmiddel ontwikkel. Slegs die eerste fase van ’n gebou se lewenssiklus word beskou tydens hierdie studie, maar dit is moontlik om die ander twee fases in te sluit. Die voorgestelde metode het die vermoë om die omgewingsimpak te bereken en ook te optimeer. Tydens die ontwerpsfase, wanneer belangrike besluite geneem moet word, kan so ’n hulpmiddel van enorme waarde wees om die beste opsie uit verskillende alternatiewe te help identifiseer. Die studie beskou twee tipes behuisingseenhede vir die doel van implementering van die kwantifiseringsmetode: die konvensionele baksteen en mortel metode en alternatiewelik ’n ligte staalraamwerk-gebou. Tydens implementering van die voorgestelde metode, demonstreer die model dat dit werk soos dit veronderstel is om te funksioneer. Verder is getoon dat ’n ligte staalraamwerk-gebou ’n waardevolle alternatief is om te ondersoek, maar dit moet liefs met ’n meer akkurate lewenssiklus-analise bevestig word.

Environmental noise at high levels and inappropriate construction techniques used in conventional buildings in Brazil claim for a transition to better construction systems. Recently the Brazilian standard NBR 15575:2013 established for the first time parameters and criteria for residential building performance. In standard minimum requirements for sound insulation are given, for example for external walls and roof structures. This way it is of fundamental importance to have sound transmission loss data for diferente types of such elements at hand. Taking into account that there is very little information on the sound transmission loss of external walls of the light steel frame (LSF) type measurements of sound insulation of different vertical external LSF walls typically used in Brazil were carried out. Eighteen different LSF walls were mounted in the sound transmission measurement chamber of the Federal University of Santa Maria and measurements were carried out in accordance with ISO 10140:2010. Sound insulation was characterized by means of the sound reduction index R, the weighted sound reduction index Rw and the sound transmission class, making it possible to compare the sound insulation of the LSF walls with data from the literature. The LSF walls under investigation in this study used different materials such as OSB panels, cement boards, plaster boards, Smartside panels, PVC panels, XPS panels and magnesium oxide boards for the outer face. The influence of resilient channels and sponge tape, placed between the outer face and the metalic studes, were also evaluated. The sound insulation of the diferente LSF walls were found to be 43 dB ≤ Rw ≤ 50 dB and 45 dB ≤ STC ≤ 52 dB. Within the LSF walls measured the one which used magnesium oxide boards on the outer face showed to have the highest weight sound reduction index (Rw = 50 dB). Resilient channels, fabricated especially for this study, and sponge tape were able to provide an increase of Rw and STC up to 5 dB compared to the same wall without this resilient elements, and provide better sound insulation especially for frequencies higher than 400 Hz. From the data it can be concluded that LSF walls are more efficient regarding the sound insulation than single walls of the same surface mass and in some cases even better than single walls of superior surface mass, such as walls made of massive brick or concrete blocks. / O excesso de ruído ambiental e as inadequadas técnicas construtivas dos sistemas convencionais utilizados no mercado da construção civil brasileira, fazem com que seja necessária a introdução de novas tecnologias construtivas mais racionais e produtivas. A partir da entrada em vigor da NBR 15575:2013 foram estabelecidos diversos parâmetros de desempenho para edificações habitacionais. A referida norma também estabelece exigências mínimas de isolamento acústico para os sistemas que compõem as edificações, entre eles, as vedações verticais. Desta forma, informações sobre o isolamento acústico providenciado pelos diferentes sistemas construtivos tornaram-se de fundamental importância. Tendo em vista a pouca informação existente na literatura sobre o isolamento sonoro de paredes externas em light steel frame (LSF), foram realizadas medições de perda de transmissão sonora em paredes externas executadas neste sistema construtivo, usadas tipicamente no mercado brasileiro. Dezoito composições de paredes em LSF foram montadas na câmara reverberante de transmissão sonora da UFSM para realização dos ensaios de perda de transmissão conforme procedimentos propostos pela ISO 10140:2010. O isolamento sonoro foi quantificado a partir dos espectros do índice de redução sonora R, pelo índice de redução sonora ponderado Rw e pela classe de transmissão sonora STC, facilitando a comparação entre diferentes composições de parede e dados de isolamento sonoro encontrados na bibliografia. Os principais materiais utilizados no revestimento das paredes LSF foram paineis OSB, placas cimentícias, placas de gesso acartonado, réguas Smartside, réguas de siding vinílico, painéis XPS e placas de óxido de magnésio. A influência da utilização de barras resilientes e fitas de espuma de PVC, entre as placas de revestimento e a estrutura metálica, também foi avaliada. Determinou-se que o isolamento sonoro das diferentes paredes LSF avaliadas é de 43 dB ≤ Rw ≤ 50 dB e 45 dB ≤ STC ≤ 52 dB. Dentre as paredes externas em LSF, aquela que utilizou placas de óxido de magnésio na face exterior apresentou o maior Rw = 50 dB. As barras resilientes e fitas de espuma de PVC foram capazes de aumentar o Rw e STC em até 5 dB, se comparado à parede semelhante sem estes dispositivos, especialmente nas frequências a partir de 400 Hz. A partir da análise dos dados, concluiu-se que as paredes LSF consideradas paredes duplas são mais eficientes no isolamento sonoro quando comparadas às paredes simples ou homogêneas de mesma massa e até do que algumas paredes com massa muito superior, como paredes de tijolos maciços, de blocos de concreto ou de blocos cerâmicos.