For producing realistic images, reflection is an important visual effect. Reflections of the environment are important not only for highly reflective objects, such as mirrors, but also for more common objects such as brushed metals and glossy plastics. Generating these reflections accurately at real-time rates for interactive applications, however, is a difficult problem. Previous works in this area have made assumptions that sacrifice accuracy in order to preserve interactivity. I will present an algorithm that tries to handle reflection accurately in the general case for real-time rendering. The algorithm uses a database of prerendered environment maps to render both the original object itself and an additional bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF). The algorithm performs image-based rendering in reflection space in order to achieve accurate results. It also uses graphics processing unit (GPU) features to accelerate rendering.

For producing realistic images, reflection is an important visual effect. Reflections of the environment are important not only for highly reflective objects, such as mirrors, but also for more common objects such as brushed metals and glossy plastics. Generating these reflections accurately at real-time rates for interactive applications, however, is a difficult problem. Previous works in this area have made assumptions that sacrifice accuracy in order to preserve interactivity. I will present an algorithm that tries to handle reflection accurately in the general case for real-time rendering. The algorithm uses a database of prerendered environment maps to render both the original object itself and an additional bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF). The algorithm performs image-based rendering in reflection space in order to achieve accurate results. It also uses graphics processing unit (GPU) features to accelerate rendering.

Image based lighting, (IBL), is a computer graphics technique for creating photorealistic renderings of synthetic objects such that they can be placed into real world scenes. IBL has been widely recognized and is today used in commercial production pipelines. However, the current techniques only use illumination captured at a single point in space. This means that traditional IBL cannot capture or recreate effects such as cast shadows, shafts of light or other important spatial variations in the illumination. Such lighting effects are, in many cases, artistically created or are there to emphasize certain features, and are therefore a very important part of the visual appearance of a scene. This thesis and the included papers present methods that extend IBL to allow for capture and rendering with spatially varying illumination. This is accomplished by measuring the light field incident onto a region in space, called an Incident Light Field, (ILF), and using it as illumination in renderings. This requires the illumination to be captured at a large number of points in space instead of just one. The complexity of the capture methods and rendering algorithms are then significantly increased. The technique for measuring spatially varying illumination in real scenes is based on capture of High Dynamic Range, (HDR), image sequences. For efficient measurement, the image capture is performed at video frame rates. The captured illumination information in the image sequences is processed such that it can be used in computer graphics rendering. By extracting high intensity regions from the captured data and representing them separately, this thesis also describes a technique for increasing rendering efficiency and methods for editing the captured illumination, for example artificially moving or turning on and of individual light sources.

A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) tem sido utilizada no tratamento de lesões neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas. Sua base é a combinação de três elementos-chave: fotossensibilizador, oxigênio molecular e luz em comprimento de onda que excite o fotossensibilizador, levando-o a gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio que causam danos à estrutura celular. Portanto, a iluminação é um dos fatores essenciais para a indução da resposta adequada. Nos casos de lesões superficiais, a iluminação é facilmente obtida através da irradiação da superfície da mesma. Contudo, no tratamento de tumores sólidos ou invasivos, é preciso recorrer à TFD intersticial, na qual fibras ópticas são inseridas no tumor. No entanto, as diferenças no perfil de emissão de luz a partir das fibras difusoras, dependem do modo de fabricação, tamanho e propriedades, o que dificulta o estabelecimento de uma dosimetria de luz apropriada. Com este estudo, buscou-se contribuir no entendimento de como a luz, emitida por uma fibra difusora, se comporta no meio túrbido, assim como no tecido biológico. Dessa forma, buscou-se prever como a luz se propaga no meio e, assim, poder estimar a dose adequada de luz que se deve entregar ao tecido para que toda uma região seja irradiada. Para isto, foi utilizada uma fibra óptica com um difusor cilíndrico de 20 mm de comprimento emissor, acoplada a um laser de diodo em 630 nm e uma fibra óptica isotrópica de coleta, para medir a intensidade de luz emitida pelo difusor em várias posições. As medidas permitiram obter uma caracterização do perfil de emissão da fibra, sendo o ar o único meio de propagação da luz nesse caso. Posteriormente à obtenção do perfil, uma solução lipídica foi utilizada como phantom de tecido biológico. As fibras foram encapadas de modo a expor somente uma seção de 1 mm de comprimento delas. Com as fibras submersas na solução do phantom, foram realizadas medidas do campo de luz gerado por este elemento de 1 mm de comprimento do difusor. A partir da caracterização da emissão do elemento, foi possível recuperar a distribuição de luz gerada por todo o difusor utilizando composições ponderadas feitas a partir deste elemento. Estas composições apresentaram melhores resultados quando foi considerada a uma prévia caracterização da fibra na ponderação da reconstrução. A TFD foi realizada em fígado de ratos sadios para a análise de uma resposta real e, com o auxílio de ferramentas computacionais, foi possível reconstruir a necrose constituída pela irradiação da fibra toda, a partir da necrose gerada por um elemento difusor de 2 mm da fibra (obtido da mesma forma que o elemento de 1 mm), com resultados também otimizados com o uso da caracterização da fibra como base para a soma ponderada. Os resultados demonstraram que, através da caracterização do perfil de iluminação da fibra difusora e da distribuição de luz em meio túrbido, foi possível definir teoricamente um padrão de necrose semelhante ao observado no modelo animal. Portanto, a reconstituição do perfil obtida possui potencial para permitir melhorias no entendimento e na dosimetria de aplicações intersticiais de luz para TFD. / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used for treatment of several tumor types, and presents best results for surface lesion. Light penetration on biological tissue is one limiting factor in PDT, interfering with the treatment of invasive or solid tumors. In those cases, a possible solution is to use interstitial PDT, in which optical fibers are inserted into the tumor. Cylindrical diffusers have been used for the application of interstitial PDT. However, differences in the diffuser light emission depend on the manufacturing process, size and optical properties of the fiber, which make it difficult to establish light dosimeter. This study aims to determine the distribution of light generated by a cylindrical diffuser in a turbid medium. A solution of lipid emulsion was used as an optical phantom. An optical fiber with a cylindrical diffuser of 2 cm in length was connected to a diode laser 630 nm, and the spatial distribution of light generated by the diffuser was measured by scanning a collector optical fiber. From the measurement of the light field generated by an element (1 mm long) of a 20 mm-long cylindrical diffuser, recovery of the distribution of light generated by the entire diffuser is expected. The results obtained so far show that it is possible to reconstruct the light field of a 20 mm-long cylindrical element diffuser by measuring the light emitted simultaneously by 20 elements of 1 mm. Then, the PDT was done in rat liver to analyze a real response and, with help of computational tools, a necrosis generated by irradiation of all fiber was reconstructed, using a necrosis produced by an element 2 mm long (likewise the element 1mm long). The results showed that knowing the illumination profile of a cylindrical diffuser and the light distribution in turbid medium, it was possible to redefine a shape of necrosis from as animal model theoretically. Therefore, the reconstruction of the profile obtained has potential to improve understanding and the light dosimeter in interstitial PDT.

This paper presents a method for resampling a sequence of high dynamic range light probe images into a representation of Incident Light Field (ILF) illumination which enables realtime rendering. The light probe sequences are captured at varying positions in a real world environment using a high dynamic range video camera pointed at a mirror sphere. The sequences are then resampled to a set of radiance maps in a regular three dimensional grid before projection onto spherical harmonics. The capture locations and amount of samples in the original data make it inconvenient for direct use in rendering and resampling is necessary to produce an efficient data structure. Each light probe represents a large set of incident radiance samples from different directions around the capture location. Under the assumption that the spatial volume in which the capture was performed has no internal occlusion, the radiance samples are projected through the volume along their corresponding direction in order to build a new set of radiance maps at selected locations, in this case a three dimensional grid. The resampled data is projected onto a spherical harmonic basis to allow for realtime lighting of synthetic objects inside the incident light field.

Colloidal particles are small particles ranging in size from nanometres to micrometres suspended in a fluid. Amongst many scientific and biological applications, they have been used to model crystallisation, vitrification, and particle interactions along with the use of colloidal model systems for the study of the fundamental nature of the fluid-crystal and fluid-glass phase transitions. It has been shown that colloidal particles can be trapped and manipulated using strongly-focused light beams known as optical tweezers, and this has paved the way for research into the area of micromanipulation using optical trapping. Holographic elements can replace multiple lenses in creating large numbers of optical tweezers and this is known as holographic optical trapping (HOT). A computer generated hologram can be designed to create large structured light fields, consisting of multiple foci, to enable trapping of multiple particles in arbitrary configurations. The overall aim of this project was to design, develop and test the suitability of a simple, inexpensive optical trapping arrangement suitable for multiple optical trapping. To achieve this, a theoretically-exact expression for the wavefront of a single point source was implemented in the coding scheme, allowing for the fast creation of multiple point sources suitable for holographic optical trapping experiments. Compensation for the spherical aberration present in the focusing optics was implemented into the coding scheme. Kodalith photographic film was chosen as the holographic recording medium for its high contrast and availability. The film has proven to be a successful medium, when used to record photographically-reduced images of high-quality printouts of the computed diffraction pattern, as it was able to successfully reproduce complex light fields. It is believed that this will be the first time that this film has been implemented for optical trapping purposes. The main limitations concerning the performance of the holograms recorded on Kodalith were the phase nonuniformities caused by unevenness in the film thickness which resulted in a failure to separately resolve light traps separated by less than about 5 (Mu)m. Index matching of the film between sheets of flat glass helped to compensate for these limitations. Holographic optical trapping was successfully observed using a variety of different initial beam powers, holographic aperture settings and light field configurations. Trapping experiments on of two types of particles (PMMA and polystyrene) were successfully conducted, with as little as ~ 150 (Mu)W per trap being required for multiple polystyrene trapping. However, particles were weakly trapped and were easily dislodged at these powers, and a higher power per trap of around 1 mW is preferred. The use of a relatively low numerical aperture (NA) 50 mm SLR lens for focusing the holographic optical traps was successful, proving that optical trapping can be conducted without the use of high NA microscope-objective lenses commonly used in other set ups. Holographic trapping of colloidal particles was successfully conducted at RMIT University for the first time proving the validity of the coding scheme, the recording method and the trapping arrangement.

A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) tem sido utilizada no tratamento de lesões neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas. Sua base é a combinação de três elementos-chave: fotossensibilizador, oxigênio molecular e luz em comprimento de onda que excite o fotossensibilizador, levando-o a gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio que causam danos à estrutura celular. Portanto, a iluminação é um dos fatores essenciais para a indução da resposta adequada. Nos casos de lesões superficiais, a iluminação é facilmente obtida através da irradiação da superfície da mesma. Contudo, no tratamento de tumores sólidos ou invasivos, é preciso recorrer à TFD intersticial, na qual fibras ópticas são inseridas no tumor. No entanto, as diferenças no perfil de emissão de luz a partir das fibras difusoras, dependem do modo de fabricação, tamanho e propriedades, o que dificulta o estabelecimento de uma dosimetria de luz apropriada. Com este estudo, buscou-se contribuir no entendimento de como a luz, emitida por uma fibra difusora, se comporta no meio túrbido, assim como no tecido biológico. Dessa forma, buscou-se prever como a luz se propaga no meio e, assim, poder estimar a dose adequada de luz que se deve entregar ao tecido para que toda uma região seja irradiada. Para isto, foi utilizada uma fibra óptica com um difusor cilíndrico de 20 mm de comprimento emissor, acoplada a um laser de diodo em 630 nm e uma fibra óptica isotrópica de coleta, para medir a intensidade de luz emitida pelo difusor em várias posições. As medidas permitiram obter uma caracterização do perfil de emissão da fibra, sendo o ar o único meio de propagação da luz nesse caso. Posteriormente à obtenção do perfil, uma solução lipídica foi utilizada como phantom de tecido biológico. As fibras foram encapadas de modo a expor somente uma seção de 1 mm de comprimento delas. Com as fibras submersas na solução do phantom, foram realizadas medidas do campo de luz gerado por este elemento de 1 mm de comprimento do difusor. A partir da caracterização da emissão do elemento, foi possível recuperar a distribuição de luz gerada por todo o difusor utilizando composições ponderadas feitas a partir deste elemento. Estas composições apresentaram melhores resultados quando foi considerada a uma prévia caracterização da fibra na ponderação da reconstrução. A TFD foi realizada em fígado de ratos sadios para a análise de uma resposta real e, com o auxílio de ferramentas computacionais, foi possível reconstruir a necrose constituída pela irradiação da fibra toda, a partir da necrose gerada por um elemento difusor de 2 mm da fibra (obtido da mesma forma que o elemento de 1 mm), com resultados também otimizados com o uso da caracterização da fibra como base para a soma ponderada. Os resultados demonstraram que, através da caracterização do perfil de iluminação da fibra difusora e da distribuição de luz em meio túrbido, foi possível definir teoricamente um padrão de necrose semelhante ao observado no modelo animal. Portanto, a reconstituição do perfil obtida possui potencial para permitir melhorias no entendimento e na dosimetria de aplicações intersticiais de luz para TFD. / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used for treatment of several tumor types, and presents best results for surface lesion. Light penetration on biological tissue is one limiting factor in PDT, interfering with the treatment of invasive or solid tumors. In those cases, a possible solution is to use interstitial PDT, in which optical fibers are inserted into the tumor. Cylindrical diffusers have been used for the application of interstitial PDT. However, differences in the diffuser light emission depend on the manufacturing process, size and optical properties of the fiber, which make it difficult to establish light dosimeter. This study aims to determine the distribution of light generated by a cylindrical diffuser in a turbid medium. A solution of lipid emulsion was used as an optical phantom. An optical fiber with a cylindrical diffuser of 2 cm in length was connected to a diode laser 630 nm, and the spatial distribution of light generated by the diffuser was measured by scanning a collector optical fiber. From the measurement of the light field generated by an element (1 mm long) of a 20 mm-long cylindrical diffuser, recovery of the distribution of light generated by the entire diffuser is expected. The results obtained so far show that it is possible to reconstruct the light field of a 20 mm-long cylindrical element diffuser by measuring the light emitted simultaneously by 20 elements of 1 mm. Then, the PDT was done in rat liver to analyze a real response and, with help of computational tools, a necrosis generated by irradiation of all fiber was reconstructed, using a necrosis produced by an element 2 mm long (likewise the element 1mm long). The results showed that knowing the illumination profile of a cylindrical diffuser and the light distribution in turbid medium, it was possible to redefine a shape of necrosis from as animal model theoretically. Therefore, the reconstruction of the profile obtained has potential to improve understanding and the light dosimeter in interstitial PDT.

No description available.

Light fields have been populated as a new geometry representation of 3D scenes, which is composed of multiple views, offering large potentials to improve the depth perception in the scenes. The light fields can be captured by different camera sensors, in which different acquisitions give rise to different representations, mainly containing a line of camera views - 3D light field representation, a grid of camera views - 4D light field representation. When the captured position is uniformly distributed, the outputs are the structured light fields. This thesis focuses on depth estimation from the structured light fields. The light field representations (or setups) differ not only in terms of 3D and 4D, but also the density or baseline of camera views. Rather than the objective of reconstructing high quality depths from dense (narrow-baseline) light fields, we put efforts into a general objective, i.e. reconstructing depths from a wide range of light field setups. Hence a series of depth estimation methods from light fields, including traditional and deep learningbased methods, are presented in this thesis. Extra efforts are made for achieving the high performance on aspects of depth accuracy and computation efficiency. Specifically, 1) a robust traditional framework is put forward for estimating the depth in sparse (wide-baseline) light fields, where a combination of the cost calculation, the window-based filtering and the optimization are conducted; 2) the above-mentioned framework is extended with the extra new or alternative components to the 4D light fields. This new framework shows the ability of being independent of the number of views and/or baseline of 4D light fields when predicting the depth; 3) two new deep learning-based methods are proposed for the light fields with the narrow-baseline, where the features are learned from the Epipolar-Plane-Image and light field images. One of the methods is designed as a lightweight model for more practical goals; 4) due to the dataset deficiency, a large-scale and diverse synthetic wide-baseline dataset with labeled data are created. A new lightweight deep model is proposed for the 4D light fields with the wide-baseline. Besides, this model also works on the 4D light fields with the narrow baseline if trained on the narrow-baseline datasets. Evaluations are made on the public light field datasets. Experimental results show the proposed depth estimation methods from a wide range of light field setups are capable of achieving the high quality depths, and some even outperform state-of-the-art methods. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.