People at northern latitudes lack an effective portion of daylight, especially in winter time, to entrain their circadian rhythm. If one belongs to the group of employees who have no time for daylight exposure and are not supplied by Human Centric Lighting (HCL) in their office, the only chance to get circadian light may be the daily commute. The mega trend of urbanisation increases time of commute, with on average 20-60 minutes spent daily in public transportation in European cities. By introducing HCL to public transport, especially metro vehicles, this time frame can be used to provide the commuting work force with circadian lighting. A LIGHT BOOSTER metro car is proposed to provide the right intensity, spectral distribution, directionality and timing of light to regulate the human inner clock and support health. The LIGHT BOOSTER metro car is very efficient as light is best used due to a high person per square meter ratio. This ratio is higher than in any office building. The energy consumption equals that of an conventional single household. Besides expected health benefits, the LIGHT BOOSTER metro car works as an educative tool, raising awareness for the beneficial effects of light on human health and well-being.

This thesis will investigate the relationship between lighting and perception of safety through a case study. The main focus of this study is outdoor lighting with consideration of gender equality and perception of safety. Although street lighting is generally recognized as the most important environmental features that influences subjective perception of safety after dark, there is still lack of knowledge regarding the needed quality of light for this purpose and how it may influence perceived safety. Literature review indicates that effect of light on perceived safety works through two different mechanisms: natural surveillance and social integration. The main focus of this thesis is on natural surveillance. Indeed, light by increasing visibility in interaction with presence of people, enhance possibilities of natural surveillance. Based on literature review, a tool has been developed to have a more specific examination of visibility.Besides, the women’s safety audit (WSA) diagnostic tool is used as a qualitative data collection tool to identify unsafe spots in the chosen area by 10 local female participants. The chosen area is a residential area in Eskilstuna city, called Årby neighbourhood. All the participants were asked to determine unsafe spots from their perspective in the chosen area during an exploratory night walk. In the next step, the identified unsafe spots are analysed by means of the developed tool in terms of visibility.The result of this thesis supports the previous findings regarding the relationship between visibility and safety perception. Results show that urban settings with low level of prospect (obstructed view), high level of entrapment (escape difficulty), high level of concealment (lots of hiding spots), lack of illuminated visual spatial boundaries (sky plane, vertical plane and ground plane), low level of facial recognition and obstacle detection, low level of illumination of path, high level of glare and varied lighting distribution are judged as the most unsafe by women. In addition, the study revealed that illuminated ground plane has the minimum impact on sense of safety in comparison with other safety-related environmental factors. Consequently, this study highlighted that standards and guidelines, which are related to ground plane, are not very beneficial for improving perception of safety.

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 P47 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 R62 / Master of Architecture

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 M54 / Master of Science

The aim of this thesis is to explore the overlooked technical role of cinematography, by discussing its artistic effects. I intend to examine the career of a single cinematographer, in order to demonstrate whether a dinstinctive cinematographic style may be defined. The task of this thesis is therefore to define that cinematographer’s style and trace its development across the course of a career. The subject that I shall employ in order to achieve this is the émigré cinematographer Eugen Schüfftan, who is perhaps most famous for his invention ‘The Schüfftan Process’ in the 1920s, but who subsequently had a 40 year career acting as a cinematographer. During this time Schüfftan worked throughout Europe and America, shooting films that included Menschen am Sonntag (Robert Siodmak et al, 1929), Le Quai des brumes (Marcel Carné, 1938), Hitler’s Madman (Douglas Sirk, 1942), Les Yeux sans visage (Georges Franju, 1959) and The Hustler (Robert Rossen, 1961). During the course of this thesis I shall examine the evolution of Schüfftan’s style, and demonstrate how Schüfftan has come to be misunderstood as a cinematographer of German Expressionism. The truth, as I will show, is far more complex. Schüfftan also struggled throughout his career to cope with the consequences of exile. In this thesis I will also therefore examine the conditions of exile for an émigré cinematographer, and in particular Schüfftan’s prevention from joining the American Society of Cinematographers. I intend to demonstrate how an understanding of cinematographic style can shed new light on a film, and to give renewed attention to an important cinematographer who has been largely ignored by film history.

New red emitting phosphors, based on the double tungstate/molybdates, were discovered. Some were able to retain their luminous efficacy after substituting Y3+ for Eu3+, reducing the cost of the phosphor. This substitution was attempted for existing commercial red emitting phosphors and proved unsuccessful. Another set of phosphors based on these lattices were discovered and the emitted luminous efficacy was 140% greater than other reported Eu3+ phosphors. The best of these was Na2WO4MoO4Eu0.44Al1.34Sm0.011. The integration of phosphors to the lighting application was also studied, including improvements in light extraction for existing phosphors. ACEL panels are currently applied to many applications and were briefly examined. The more recent OLED technology was investigated and comparisons can be drawn with the ACEL panels. LEDs were also a focus of the work with a new method developed for remote application of phosphors to LEDs, based on a dome shaped encapsulant, and this was adopted commercially by a high brightness LED manufacturer. The studies on the phosphors reported herein were aimed at integrating these into commercial applications. Although this was not achieved as brightness and particles size were problematic, if it is demonstrated that further development of the synthetic methods produce phosphors with suitable attributes, this may lead to the integration in applications.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences & Industry / Elizabeth A. Boyle / Quality attributes of vacuum packaged, skinless smoked sausage made with a combination of pork, turkey, and beef, cooked to 64, 68, or 72°C internal endpoint temperature following USDA FSIS Appendix A, and displayed at 4°C for up to 120 days under light emitting diode (LED) and fluorescent (FLS) lighting were evaluated. External color, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), proximate analysis, reheat yield, and sensory attributes were measured on day 0, 90, and 120 of display. Purge amount and color were measured on day 10, 90, and 120. Product was displayed in LED or FLS retail display cases set to the same operational and temperature profiles. Lighting type had no effect (P>0.05) on any of the measured attributes. Instrumental external color was less (P<0.05) red by 0.63 units in product thermally processed to 64°C than product processed to 68°C. Product cooked to 72°C was less (P<0.05) yellow externally compared to those processed to 64 and 68°C. Purge color lightness increased (P<0.05) in product thermally processed to 72 compared to 64°C. Purge was more red by 0.36 units (P<0.05) on day 120 compared to day 10. Yellowness of purge color increased at 72°C compared to 64°C by 0.66 units. Purge was more yellow (P<0.05) on d 120 compared to d 10 and 90. TBARS values decreased (P<0.05) from 0.70 mg of malonaldehyde/100g on day 0 to 0.35 and 0.23 on d 90 and 120, respectively. Sensory panel scores showed that flavor intensity decreased (P<0.05) as day of storage increased, and saltiness decreased from d 0 to d 90. Purge content increased (P<0.05) from 1.45% to 1.90% in products cooked to 64 and 68°C, respectively. The amount of purge increased (P<0.05) from 1.58% to 1.92% on day 10 and 90, respectively. While there were slight changes found in quality characteristics of smoked sausages during storage, many of these were minimal. Processors could reduce their internal endpoint temperature following USDA FSIS Appendix A guidelines with minimal effect on product quality. Vacuum packaged pre-cooked smoked sausages could be displayed under LED or FLS lighting with no effect on product quality.

Master of Science / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Malgorzata J. Rys / Before year 2012 the US States must implement and continue using an assessment or management method to maintain traffic signs’ retro-reflectivity at or above the minimum levels adopted by FHWA. Overhead guide signs are a particular problem because past research has shown that with available sheeting types, external illumination may still be necessary. Newer sheeting types and more energy efficient and cost-effective lighting systems are currently available. Over the next several years there is potential for savings of tens of thousands of dollars if the states don’t have to use external illumination for their overhead guide signs, or, if more energy efficient, low cost lighting systems are used when necessary. A detailed literature review was conducted on minimum retro-reflectivity values for overhead guide signs, the legibility distance under reduced sign luminance and the lighting systems available for external illumination. There is no agreement found in the previous research studies as to what is the optimum or minimum luminance of the guide signs. In addition, a survey was sent to all state DOTs. This survey was focused on finding states’ policies regarding the use of sheeting type and external illumination requirement, and methods and lighting systems for maintaining minimum values for overhead guide sign luminance. The total response rate was 56% (28 out of 50 state DOTs responded). Out of 28 respondents 19 said that they have usage policy for the type of sheeting material used for overhead guide signs and 18 of them provided details about their policy. An equipment to control the illumination levels from vehicle headlamps was built and pilot tests were conducted in the laboratory. A pulse-with-modulation dimming circuit designed around the Atmel ARM-based microcontroller board and power MOSFETs was used to control the brightness of the headlights for the high- and low-beams. Field tests were conducted in the later stages during nighttime to evaluate three different types of sheeting materials using 10 human subjects from age group 18-34. The materials DG3 and Type IV were found to perform better than Type I material for nighttime visibility but they were not significantly different from each other.