Denna uppsats analyserar filmen Percy Jackson och kampen om åskviggen (2010) och kontrasterar den mot sitt källmaterial, boken Percy Jackson och kampen om åskviggen (2005). Uppsatsens syfte är att bättre förstå skillnaden mellan en berättelse skriven i bokformat och och samma berättelse i filmformat. Skillnaderna mellan bok och film är ett väldigt debatterat ämne som skapar en splittring bland adaptionsteoretiker. Med hjälp av adaptionsteorin analyserar uppsatsen vändpunkterna i både boken och filmen och hur det påverka huvudkaraktärerna. Genom denna process förstår vi bättre vilka förändringar en adaption av ett verk från bokformat till filmformat kan medföra.

Cette thèse est consacrée à une analyse de l'activité d'éclairs des systèmes orageux en Afrique équatoriale (10°E - 35°E ; 15°S - 10°N) sur la période de temps 2005-2013. Tout d'abord, les données fournies par le réseau global de détection d'éclairs WWLLN (World Wide Lightning Location Network) ont été comparées à celles obtenues par le capteur optique spatial LIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor) afin d'estimer l'efficacité de détection relative du WWLLN. Ensuite, elles ont permis d'établir une climatologie régionale à haute résolution de l'activité d'éclairs. Enfin, elles ont été associées à des données sur les caractéristiques nuageuses et météorologiques pour des études de cas d'orages dans différentes situations, afin d'examiner les corrélations entre activité d'éclairs, activité orageuse, caractéristiques nuageuses et conditions météorologiques. La méthode adaptée pour estimer l'efficacité de détection du WWLLN dans la zone d'étude a permis d'obtenir des valeurs compatibles avec celles trouvées dans d'autres régions du monde, et de mettre en évidence une variabilité spatio-temporelle qui aide à l'interprétation des changements affectant plusieurs paramètres de l'activité d'éclairs. La climatologie réalisée dévoile des caractéristiques originales de l'évolution temporelle et de la distribution spatiale de l'activité d'éclairs, notamment celles d'un maximum très aigu dans l'Est de la République Démocratique du Congo. Ainsi, la localisation, les dimensions, la forme, la persistance saisonnière et l'environnement de ce maximum ont été précisés. La distribution zonale des éclairs montre une forte proportion dans la bande tropicale sud, liée au maximum principal mais aussi à une forte activité étalée longitudinalement et constituant un large maximum secondaire où l'activité orageuse est plus variable spatialement d'une année à l'autre, temporellement d'une saison à l'autre, et où le cycle diurne est moins marqué.[...] / This thesis is devoted to an analysis of the lightning activity of storm systems in Equatorial Africa (10°E-35°E; 15°S-10°N) over the period 2005-2013. Firstly, data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) were compared with those from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) to estimate the relative detection efficiency of the WWLLN. Then, they established a high-resolution regional climatology of lightning activity. Finally, they were combined with data on cloud and meteorological characteristics to carry out thunderstorm case studies in different situations in order to examine the correlations between lightning activity, storm activity, cloud characteristics and meteorological conditions. The appropriate method introduced for estimating the WWLLN detection efficiency in the study area provides values ??consistent with those found in other regions of the world. Its spatial and temporal variability helps to interpret changes affecting several parameters of lightning activity. The climatology realized reveals original characteristics of the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of the lightning activity, in particular those of a very sharp maximum in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Thus, the location, the dimensions, the shape, the seasonal persistence and the environment of this maximum have been specified. The zonal distribution of lightning shows a high proportion in the southern tropical band, linked to the principal maximum but also to a high activity spread out longitudinally and constituting a large secondary maximum where the storm activity is more spatially variable from one year to another, temporally from one season to another, and where the diurnal cycle is less marked. [...]

Sachsen gehört zu den gewitter- und blitzreichsten Regionen Deutschlands. Durchschnittlich werden hier etwa 3,5 Blitze pro km² und Jahr gemessen (in Thüringen etwa 1,5 Blitze). Gewitter und Blitzaktivitäten bergen hohe Risiken für Umwelt und Gesellschaft. Bedeutend sind dabei die Stromstärke, die Anzahl der Blitze und Begleiterscheinungen wie Hagel, Windböen oder Starkregen. Die Studie umfasste eine grundlegenden Analyse der Blitzaktivitäten in Sachsen. Die Beobachtungsdaten seit 1999 belegen Trends zur Zunahme der Blitzhäufigkeit pro Tag und den Einfluss westlicher, südwestlicher und südlicher Anströmungen auf die Blitzaktivität. Für den Beobachtungszeitraum werden hohe jährliche Variabilitäten aufgezeigt. Offenkundige Zusammenhänge zwischen Blitzaktivität und Landnutzung bzw. Klimaparametern sind bisher nicht erkennbar. Für die Zukunft ist aber die Beeinflussung der Gewitterhäufigkeit durch die Erwärmung der Atmosphäre nicht auszuschließen.

In this work I present a study dedicated to the penetration of whistler- mode waves to the ionosphere. An algorithm of automatic detection of whist- lers in spectrograms computed from the data measured on the DEMETER sa- tellite is described. A method of causative lightning detected by the EUCLID lightning detection network assignment to a detected whistlers is described. Results of statistical study dedicated to relationship between the detected whistlers and assigned causative lightning. Based on the proccessing of data from 364 passes of the DEMETER satellite over monitored area is shown, that mean whistler amplitude decreases with distance between the causative lightning, increses with causative lightning current and in the evening is ap- proximately three times higher than in the morning. A study dedicated to subprotonospheric whistlers is presented. We found, that subprotonospheric whistler causative lightnings currents are very high compared to that of usual 0+ whistlers.

Title: Lightning-Related Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena in the Earth's Magnetosphere Author: Jan Záhlava Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Physics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. František Němec, PhD., Department of Surface and Plasma Physics Abstract: The thesis focuses on lightning-related electromagnetic wave phenomena observed by spacecraft in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. Two different approaches are used to identify the frequency and spatial extent where lightning generated emissions significantly contribute to the overall wave intensity. First, whistler detections onboard the DEMETER spacecraft are used to sort the measurements according to the whistler activity. Second, we use a geographic distribution of lightning activity and analyze a dependence of the overall wave intensity on geomagnetic longitude. We show that, especially during the night, the overall wave intensity observed in the plasmasphere is well correlated with lightning activity. The other focus of the study is on special electromagnetic wave events consisting of alternating frequency bands of enhanced and reduced wave intensity formed in the ionosphere due to lightning. We analyze their occurrence and parameters, and we suggest a possible mechanism of their formation. Keywords: lightning, waves in plasma, whistlers, plasmasphere

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials exhibit high specificstrength and stiffness therefore they can be a lightweight alternative to metalliccomponents for the front section of an aero-engine. Despite the benefit of CFRP composite materials for aero-engine applications, there arealso new challenges due to their inherent properties compared to conventionalaerospace metallic structures, such as a lower erosion resistance, poor thermalresistance, and poor electrical conductivity. In aero-engines, some components can be subjected to harsh erosive environmentsduring operation, therefore the erosion resistance of CFRP composite materials need tobe investigated. CFRP composites are not able to withstand as high temperatures astraditional metallic components and their ability to resist fire events need to beenhanced. On the other side, the poor electrical conductivity of CFRP composites canalso be critical when the aircraft is struck by lightning. Therefore, improving theconductivity of CFRP composite is of large interest. This thesis work is focusing on investigating innovative coating solutions to overcomethese three independent challenges in order to enhance CFRP composite applicationsinto the front section of an aero-engine. Coating systems for lightning strike protection have been investigated and developed.A fire protection has been identified and tested; the tests showed promising results forfire application. Furthermore, investigations on erosion resistant coatings indicated thepossible improvement of replacing the currently used erosion resistant coating by othercoatings presented in this thesis work.

Modern broiler houses are expensive to build, maintain, and insure. Protecting them from extreme weather events is a major concern to producers, integrators, and insurance companies. Lightning strikes can cause catastrophic fires and electrical damage and can lead to costly bird losses. A greater understanding of the impact of lightning on the commercial broiler industries of MS and AL is needed. The objectives of this research were collection of baseline resistance data for broiler houses and equipment in both states, and mapping lightning strike densities across MS and AL, evaluating annual, monthly, seasonal, and diurnal patterns. 63.5% of surveyed broiler houses were at or below the recommended 25 Ω (ohms). Ufer grounding resulted in lower resistance ratings than grounding rods. Lightning strike density was elevated in counties near the Gulf Coast, highest during the summer months. Producers should inspect their grounding systems annually to mitigate lightning-induced damage.

Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) provide a solution to the scalability problem in blockchain technology. They facilitate multiple-hop transactions via payment channels between peers, allowing for the execution of several transactions before updating each node’s balance on the blockchain. However, the performance of the network in effectively routing payments is affected by unbalanced channels. This imbalance reduces the network’s ability to route payments in both directions within a channel, resulting in decreased overall performance. Previous research has identified unidirectional payment flows in the network as the underlying cause of this issue. The payment flow is based on the demand for payments between peers and the paths these payments take. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between payment patterns and the average channel imbalance, where the payment pattern is a combination of demand patterns and what pathfinding algorithm is used. The study uses a model of PCNs that allows the relationship of the variables of interest to be measured, while other impacting variables are controlled. A deterministic value of the average channel imbalance for a PCN topology, demand pattern, and pathfinding strategy is achieved by computing the steady-state imbalance. The results show that the less homogeneous the demand pattern is, the more asymmetric the payment flow becomes, and the more imbalanced the network’s channels become. The results confirm what previous research mentions: unidirectional flow causes the payment channel to become imbalanced. The demand pattern that generates unidirectional flow imbalance significantly affects the entire network, regardless of the pathfinding strategy employed. Even with the possibility of a pathfinding strategy influencing payment flow to make it less unidirectional, the inherent unbalanced nature of the demand pattern remains a considerable challenge. The results also show that the pathfinding strategy has a less significant impact than the demand pattern on the balance of the network over time. / Payment Channel Networks (PCN) tillåter fler transaktioner utföras på kortare tid för en mindre kostnad, än att publicera varje enskild transaktion direkt på blockkedja och är en bra lösning på skalbarhetsroblem kopplat till blockedjor som baseras på proof-of-work. PCNs möjliggör för flerhoppstransaktioner via noder som kan vidarebefodra flera betalningar på varje enskild betalningskanal de håller öppna med andra noder. Inte förrän en kanal stängs publiceras den senaste uppdateringen av saldot för enskild betalningskanal på blockkedjan. Trots detta lider nätverkets prestanda av att kanaler blir obalanserade och ökar risken för att transaktioner misslyckas routas. Tidigare forskning nämner att orsaken till att kanaler blir obalanserade är enriktade betalningsflöden i nätverket, vilket beror av betalningsflödet som är en kombination av betalningsefterfråga (vem vill betala vem) mellan noderna och vilka vägar som dessa betalningar tar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan betalmönster och genomsnittlig kanalobalans, där betalmönstret är en kombination av efterfrågansmönster och vägvalsstrategier. Studien använder en PCN-modell som möjliggör att undersöka sambandet mellan de variabler som är tänkt ska mätas, samtidigt som andra variabler kan kontrolleras. Genom att beräkna den stabila obalansen uppnås ett deterministiskt värde för genomsnittlig kanalobalans i varje nätverkstopologi. Resultaten visar att ju mindre homogent efterfrågemönstret är, desto mer asymmetriskt blir betalningsflödet och desto mer obalanserade blir nätverkets kanaler. Resultatet bekräftar det som tidigare forskning nämner: enriktade flöden orsakar obalans i betalningskanalen. Specifikt är det efterfrågansmönstern som skapar enriktade flöden som har de högsta stabila obalansen, oavsett vilken vägvalsstrategi som används. Resultaten visar också att vägvalsstrategin har mindre betydelse än efterfrågemönstret, åtminstone för vägvalsstrategier som leder till liknande valda vägar.

This thesis has proposed a simplified model of corona discharge from an overhead wire struck by lightning for surge computations using the FDTD method. In the corona model, the progression of corona streamers from the wire is represented as the radial expansion of cylindrical conducting region around the wire. The validity of this corona model has been tested against experimental data. Then, its applications to lightning electromagnetic pulse computations have been reviewed. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

A measurement method of small-capacitance using transient waveforms is proposed in this thesis. A pi-circuit is used to express the stray capacitors between terminals and those from each terminal to ground. Two measuring modes, differential and common modes, are required to obtain the parameters of the circuit. The parameters are determined by transient current waveforms of the modes with an applied voltage, i.e., the open circuited voltage at the end of the current injection cable. The parameters of the pi-type circuit are obtained from a slope of the transient current waveforms or a waveform fitting by a nonlinear method. These methods enable the derivation without a voltage measurement by a probe connecting across the small capacitance, since the parasitic capacitance of the voltage probe obscures the small capacitance. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University