Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilianeCMNS_DISSERT.pdf: 1750841 bytes, checksum: cedbb003a4fc658825db6f8e66611748 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-25 / In this research the removal of light and heavy oil from disintegrated limestone was investigated with use of microemulsions. These chemical systems were composed by surfactant, cosurfactant, oil phase and aqueous phase. In the studied systems, three points in the water -rich microemulsion region of the phase diagrams were used in oil removal experiments. These microemulsion systems were characterized to evaluate the influence of particle size, surface tension, density and viscosity in micellar stability and to understand how the physical properties can influence the oil recovery process. The limestone rock sample was characterized by thermogravimetry, BET area, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence. After preparation, the rock was placed in contact with light and heavy oil solutions to allow oil adsorption. The removal tests were performed to evaluate the influence of contact time (1 minute, 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes), the concentration of active matter (20, 30 and 40 %), different cosurfactants and different oil phases. For the heavy oil, the best result was on SME 1, with 20 % of active matter, 1 minute of contact time, with efficiency of 93,33 %. For the light oil, also the SME 1, with 20 % of active matter, 120 minutes of contact time, with 62,38 % of efficiency. From the obtained results, it was possible to conclude that microemulsions can be considered as efficient chemical systems for oil removal from limestone formations / O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a remo??o de fra??es de ?leo leve e pesado em rocha calc?ria desintegrada atrav?s de sistemas microemulsionados, comparando as efici?ncias de remo??o em diferentes concentra??es de mat?ria ativa (C/T) e tempo de contato. Os sistemas microemulsionados (SME) s?o constitu?dos por tensoativo, cotensoativo, fase oleosa e fase aquosa. Nos sistemas estudados, tr?s pontos ricos em ?gua da regi?o de microemuls?o foram utilizados para verificar a efici?ncia de remo??o. Os sistemas foram caracterizados para avaliar a influ?ncia do tamanho do agregado, tens?o superficial e viscosidade na estabilidade micelar e compreender como as propriedades f?sicas podem influenciar o processo de remo??o de ?leo. A amostra de rocha calc?ria foi caracterizada por Termogravimetria, ?rea BET, Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura, Difra??o de Raios-X e Fluoresc?ncia de Raios-X. A rocha preparada foi colocada em contato com solu??o de ?leo leve e pesado em xileno para permitir a adsor??o de ?leo. Os testes de remo??o foram realizados a fim de avaliar a influ?ncia do tempo de contato (1, 30, 60 e 120 minutos), da concentra??o de mat?ria ativa (20, 30 e 40%), do cotensoativo e da fase oleosa. Para o ?leo pesado, o melhor resultado foi para o SME 1, com 20 % de mat?ria ativa, no tempo de 1 minuto, com 93,33 % de efici?ncia. Para o ?leo leve, o SME 1 no percentual de 20 %, com 120 minutos apresentou o melhor rendimento, com 62,38 %. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que os sistemas microemulsionados apresentam-se como uma alternativa eficaz para remo??o de ?leo em forma??es calc?rias

Resumo: Bivalves fósseis são comuns em rochas siliciclásticas e carbonáticas das formações Teresina e Rio do Rasto (Permiano Médio/Superior), Bacia do Paraná. Entretanto, a gênese das camadas de conchas carbonáticas ainda é pouco conhecida. Cinco camadas de calcários do centro-sul e norte do Estado do Paraná foram selecionados para estudo tafonômico: dois grainstones oolíticos a bivalves (Prudentópolis) e um grainstone a peloides e bivalves com intraclastos e oncoides (Rio Preto) da Formação Teresina; um packstone e um wackestone a bivalves e oncoides (Ribeirão Claro) da Formação Rio do Rasto. As camadas carbonáticas (≤ 45 cm de espessura), estão intercaladas entre rochas pelíticas, possuem contato basal erosivo, quantidade variável de intraclastos pelíticos, valvas caoticamente distribuídas com gradação vertical descontínua e empacotamento denso a disperso. As conchas encontram-se desarticuladas, comumente fragmentadas, às vezes incrustadas por cianobactérias, e correspondem a espécies alóctonas que viviam em substratos distintos. As assembléias de bivalves representam, portanto, tanatocenoses em tempestitos proximais amalgamados, gerados em água rasa com frequentes modificações por bioturbação e baixa taxa de sedimentação. A presente pesquisa corrobora outras evidências de que acumulações de conchas paleozóicas em mares epicontinentais resultaram de história tafonômica complexa com acentuada mistura temporal e espacial dos bioclastos sob influência de tempestades / Abstract: Bivalve fossils are common in siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the Teresina and Rio do Rasto formations (Middle to Late Permian), Paraná Basin. However, little is known about shell concentrations in carbonates. Five limestone beds in south-central and northern Paraná State were selected for a taphonomic study: two oolite-bivalve grainstones at Prudentópolis and one peloid-bivalve grainstone with intraclasts and oncoids at Rio Preto, from Teresina Formation; one packstone and one wackestone with bivalves and oncoids at Ribeirão Claro, from Rio do Rasto Formation. The limestone beds (≤ 45 cm thick) are intercalated with pelitic rocks; the basal contact is sharp and erosive, with variable amount of pelitic intraclasts. Shells are randomly oriented (many nested/stacked), showing dense to disperse packing, and discontinuous grading. The shells are disarticulated, commonly fragmented, sometimes encrusted by stromatolites, and correspond to allochthonous specimens winnowed from distinct life-substrates. The bivalve concentrations were generated in shallow water settings punctuated by storms, under very low sedimentation rates, with frequent intrastratal bioturbation. Hence, the concentrations are amalgamated proximal tempestites. This work corroborates previous evidences that Paleozoic shell beds from the epeiric seas have complex taphonomic histories and result from strong temporal/spatial mixing of bioclasts under storm influence / Orientador: Rosemarie Rohn Davies / Coorientador: Marcello Guimarães Simões / Banca: Joel Carneiro de Castro / Banca: Sabrina Coelho Rodrigues / Mestre

Avaliou-se as emissões dos gasses poluentes 'SO IND.2', NOx, THC e CO, e efeitos de escala de reator no processo de absorção de 'SO IND.2' por calcário em leitos fluidizados borbulhantes atmosféricos sob combustão de carvão mineral com alto teor de cinza e enxofre. Dois combustores de carvão em leito fluidizado foram utilizados: uma planta de bancada de seção circular de 0,16 m de diâmetro, e uma planta piloto de seção quadrada de 0,5 x 0,5 m. Foram controlados, tendo em vista situações operacionais típicas, o excesso de ar, a velocidade de fluidização (U/'U IND.MF'), a granulometria do particulado, e a temperatura do processo. As variáveis principais de análise foram a relação Ca/S de alimentação, altura do nível do leito e geometria do reator. A primeira foi variada pelo controle das taxas de alimentação de carvão e calcário e a segunda pelo controle da altura do leito expandido. Foram medidas as concentrações de gases na descarga do reator ('SO IND.2', 'O IND.2', 'CO', 'CO IND.2', NOx e THC), e as distribuições granulométricas e composição química dos materiais presentes no leito, elutriado e sangrado. Os resultados obtidos na planta de bancada foram comparados aos resultados obtidos na planta piloto. Indicaram que as diferenças encontradas são devidas principalmente a condições operacionais diferentes. O efeito de escala do reator, para as dimensões das plantas de bancada e piloto deste trabalho, mostrou-se desprezível. / Gas emissions of 'SO IND.2', NOx, THC and CO, and reactor scale effects were evaluated for the process of absorption of 'SO IND.2' by limestone in atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustion of high ash high sulfur coal. Two different fluidized bed reactor plants were used: a bench cylindrical section reactor 0.16 m internal diameter, and a pilot square section reactor 0.5 x 0.5 m. Air excess, fluidization velocity(U/'U IND.MF'), particle size and process temperature were established having in view typical operational conditions. The parameters varied for analysis were the Ca/S feeding ratio, height of the bed, and geometry of the reactor. The first was varied by controlling the feed rates of coal and limestone, and the second by controlling the height of the expanded bed. Gas concentrations were measured at the reactors exit ('SO IND.2', 'O IND.2', CO, 'CO IND.2', NOx and THC). Size distributions and chemical composition were determined for the bed, overflow and elutriated materials. The results obtained in the bench plant were compared to those obtained in the pilot plant. The differences found between the results of the two plants were attributed mainly to differences in operational conditions. The effect of scale, for the dimensions of the plants considered in this work, resulted not significant.

At the institute of technology of building materials and components at the fakulty of civil engineering in Brno was initiated research deal with study of the effect of limestone on the progress of decarbonization. This work is an introductory study into this problems. It focuses on describing the genesis and diagenesis of limestones, their crystallography, texture and requirements for burning. Further describes the extraction and treatment of limestones before burning. In very burning is focused on its mechanism and the used furnace systems. In the experimental part is focused on the analysis of samples of limestones of various world sites in terms of petrology, geological origin, chemical composition, the content of insoluble residues, density and porosity, and analysis of formed limes, burned at 900 °C in terms of density, CO2 content and crystal size.

Se presenta una propuesta metodológica de clasificación de la degradación del suelo en ecosistemas semiáridos por pérdida de materia orgánica, basada en el tratamiento estadístico por análisis discriminante y factorial de los parámetros que habitualmente se determinan en los suelos y que influyen de manera decisiva en su degradación biológica y física. Se aplica el estudio a suelos calizos de siete zonas de la Región de Murcia, obteniéndose tres elementos discriminatorios: materia orgánica, textura y clase de productividad, siendo las dos primeras las de mayor peso específico. Con el análisis discriminante se establecen cuatro clases de degradación de suelos, en función del contenido en materia orgánica. A continuación, para evaluar el estado de degradación del suelo se recurre al análisis factorial de las variables estudiadas, presentando los suelos menos degradados un factor fertilidad positivo, mientras que los más degradados tienen un factor fertilidad negativo, tanto más bajo cuanto más intensa es la degradación. Como conclusión, se considera que el Calcisol pétrico, cultivado, procede de la degradación del Kastanosem pétrico, bajo vegetación natural, por degradación biológica de éstos, con la consiguiente disminución de materia orgánica con el transcurso del tiempo. Se calcula que dicha degradación viene operando desde hace unos 100 años. / We presented/displayed in this work a methodologic proposal of classification of the degradation of the ground in semi-arid ecosystems by loss of organic matter, cradle in the statistical treatment by discriminante and factorial analysis of the parameters that habitually determine in grounds and that they influence of decisive way in its biological and physical degradation. It is applied to the study to limestone grounds of seven zones of the Region of Murcia, obtaining itself three discriminatory elements: organic matter, texture and class of productivity, being two first those of greater specific weight. With the discriminante analysis four classes of ground degradation settle down, based on the content in organic matter, of greater to minor, assigning each sample to one of them. Class 1: Calcic Kastanosem, Leptosol and Cambisol. Class 2: Pétrico Kastanosem. Class 3: Pétrico and háplico Calcisol. Class 4: Regosol, Fluvisol and Antrosol. Next, to evaluate the state of degradation of the ground one resorts to the factorial analysis of the studied variables, presenting grounds less degraded a factor positive fertility, whereas the most degraded they have a negative factor fertility, lower as much at the most intense is the degradation. Like conclusion, it is considered that the pétrico Calcisol, cultivated, comes from the degradation of the pétrico Kastanosem, under natural vegetation, by biological degradation of these, with the consequent diminution of organic matter with the course of the time. One calculates that this degradation has been coming operating for about 100 years.

Expansive soils occurring in arid and semi-arid climate regions of the world cause serious problems on civil engineering structures. Such soils swell when given an access to water and shrink when they dry out. Several attempts are being made to control the swell-shrink behavior of these soils. Soil stabilization using chemical admixtures is the oldest and most widespread method of ground improvement. In this study, waste limestone dust and waste dolomitic marble dust, by-products of marble industry, were used for stabilization of expansive soils. The expansive soil is prepared in laboratory as a mixture of kaolinite and bentonite. Waste limestone dust and waste dolomitic marble dust were added to the expansive soil with predetermined percentage of stabilizer varying from 0 to 30 percent. Grain size distribution, consistency limits, chemical and mineralogical composition, swelling percentage, and rate of swell were determined for the samples. Swelling percentage decreased and rate of swell increased with increasing stabilizer percentage. Also, samples were cured for 7 days and 28 days before applying swell tests. Curing of samples affects swell percentages and rate of swell in positive way.

In the production of cement, to increase the cement/clinker ratio and decrease CO2 emission, the most important alternative is to produce mineral admixture incorporated cements (CEM II-III-IV-V) instead of portland cement (CEM I). These cements are usually produced by intergrinding the portland cement clinker and the mineral admixtures. However, the difference between grindabilities of the different components of such cements may cause significant effects on the particle size distribution and many other properties. For this reason, separate grinding of additives and clinker may be thought as an alternative. In this study, the effects of intergrinding and separate grinding on the particle size distribution and consequently on the strength of portland composite cements which contained natural pozzolan (trass), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and limestone besides portland cement clinker were studied.

第22回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成21(2009)年度報告

Στην παρούσα εργασία έγινε προσπάθεια να διερευνηθούν οι υδρογεωλογικές συνθήκες των καρστικών υδροφόρων οριζόντων του κεντρικού τμήματος του νομού Αχαΐας και να οριοθετηθούν οι κύριες υδρογεωλογικές λεκάνες ή ενότητες της περιοχής. Στα πλαίσια της έρευνας αυτής εκτελέσθηκαν οι παρακάτω εργασίες: α) Γεωλογική αναγνώριση της περιοχής. β) Ανάλυση του υδρογραφικού δικτύου και του μορφολογικού αναγλύφου της περιοχής έρευνας. γ) Χάραξη γεωλογικών τομών που καλύπτουν όλη την περιοχή μελέτης με σκοπό τη διερεύνηση του υδρογεωλογικού καθεστώτος στην περιοχή. δ) Αναγνώριση των κυριοτέρων πηγών στην ύπαιθρο και σχεδιασμός σκαριφημάτων για κάθε μία από αυτές. ε) Χάραξη υδρογεωλογικών λεκανών για την περιοχή μελέτης που αποστραγγίζονται από τις αντίστοιχες πηγές. ζ) Επεξεργασία των υδροχημικών δεδομένων στα νερά των πηγών. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την παρούσα έρευνα φαίνεται ότι η έντονη τεκτονική καταπόνηση που έχουν δεχθεί οι γεωλογικοί σχηματισμοί κατά το παρελθόν παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη διαμόρφωση των υδρογεωλογικών λεκανών της περιοχής, καθώς τα ρήγματα ελέγχουν την εξάπλωσή τους. Ακόμη, τα παράλληλα τεκτονικά λέπια δημιουργούν υδρογεωλογικές λεκάνες διεύθυνσης περίπου Β-Ν. Τοπικό επίπεδο βάσης αποτελούν πολλές φορές οι πυριτικές παρενστρώσεις των ανωκρητιδικών ασβεστολίθων, αφού συντελούν στο σχηματισμό μικρής σημασίας υδροφόρων οριζόντων. Στα μέτωπα των επωθήσεων παρουσιάζεται μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό καρστοποίησης των ασβεστολίθων (π.χ. Καλούσι, Πλατανόβρυση) λόγω μεγαλύτερης καταπόνησης των πετρωμάτων στις περιοχές αυτές. Τα διαγράμματα Piper δίνουν γενικά τύπο νερού Ca – HCO3 που δείχνει νερά που φιλοξενούνται σε καθαρά ασβεστολιθικούς υδροφόρους. Τέλος, η πλήρης ή μερική υδρομάστευση των πηγών συντελεί στην αλλαγή του υδραυλικού καθεστώτος των πηγών, με αποτέλεσμα μερικές από αυτές να μην λειτουργούν πλέον, ενώ η ρύπανση του νερού των πηγών σε ορισμένες θέσεις οφείλεται καθαρά σε ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες. / This paper presents the results of the hydrogeological research in the karst aquifers conducted in the central part of the Achaia province, as well as the limitation of the hydrogeological basins. During the research, the tasks that were performed were the following: a) Geological research of the whole area. b) Geomorphological and hydrographical analysis of the research area. c) Side elevations in order to define the hydrogeological conditions in the exploration area. d) Location of the springs and drawing side elevations for each one of them. e) Drawing of the hydrogeological basins that are dewatered of the springs. f) Elaboration of the hydrochemical data of the spring waters. According to the results that came up at the end of this research, it seems that the tectonic pressure to the rocks and the sediments of the area has infected the development of the hydrogeological basins because the faults usually control their diffusion. Furthermore, the parallel tectonic flakes form hydrogeological basins with a North-South orientation. Local base-level of the karst aquifers are usually the clay intrusions inside the limestone layers, that form aquifers of small importance. In the areas near the thrust, there is bigger solution in the karst aquifers (e.g. Platanovrisi, Kalousi etc.), because of the amount of pressure that affected those areas. The Piper diagrams suggest a water type of Ca-HCO3 that shows water from limestone aquifers. Finally, the use of the spring waters in many cases is so big that it affects the level of the underground water, while the contamination of the water seems to be imputed to the stock farming in some places.

名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告