Periglaziale Deckschichten auf carbonatreichen Gesteinen der geologischen Formation des Muschelkalks sind bisher nur peripher Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen innerhalb der Deckschichtenfor-schung. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit dem Aufbau des oberflächenna-hen Untergrundes im Muschelkalk in einem Teilgebiet in der ostthüringischen Triaslandschaft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die periglazialen Deckschichten in Abhängigkeit von lithologischen Gesteins-merkmalen und Relieffaktoren (Exposition, Neigung) eine hohe räumliche Heterogenität hinsichtlich der stoff-lichen Zusammensetzung, der vertikalen Gliederung und Gründigkeit aufweisen. Sie sind in Basislagen (LB), Mittellagen (LM) und Hauptlagen (LH) gegliedert, die ihrerseits eigenständige Schichten beinhalten können. Die Lagenbildungen über carbonatreichen Gesteinen des Muschelkalks weisen Besonderheiten im Aufbau, in den stofflichen Eigenschaften und in ihrer Genese auf. Die Basislagen sind in der Regel mehrgliedrig entwickelt und können bis zu drei, faziell zu unterscheidende Substratkomplexe enthalten. Dies sind i) eine skelettfreie Kalksteinbraunlehm-Fließerde (LB-F), ii) ein Kalk-steinbraunlehmschutt (LB-1) und iii) ein Kalksteinschutt (LB-2). Die Zweiteilung der Basislagenschutte sowie die Abfolge LB-1/ LB-2 (LB-1 über LB-2) können als charakteristische Merkmale der Basislagenbildung über Muschelkalk herausgestellt werden. Skelettfreie Kalksteinbraunlehme (LB-F) stellen eine Besonderheit auf Carbonatgesteinen dar, da vergleichbare Bildungen auf quarz- und silikatreichen Standorten fehlen. Die Hauptlagen werden in eine schluffreiche (LH) und tonreiche (LHT) Fazies unterschieden. Beide zeichnen sich durch eine vollständige Skelettfreiheit aus, die ebenfalls als übergreifendes Merkmal über Muschelkalk gelten kann. Zwei Mittellagentypen sind mit skelettfreier Mittellage (LM) und skeletthaltiger Mittellage (LMs) vertreten. Die Genese der Basislagenabfolge LB-F/ LB-1/ LB-2 fand vollständig im Weichselglazial statt und schließt eine periglaziale Genese der Kalksteinbraunlehme ein. Die Beteiligung von Spülprozessen an der (Geli-) Solifluktion hat die Akkumulation von Lösungsrückständen (= Kalksteinbraunlehm) gefördert. Die Zweiteilung der Basisschutte kann ebenfalls durch die Mitwirkung ablualer Prozesse erklärt werden. Die Kalksteinbraun-lehm-Fließerde entstand synsedimentär zur Bildung der Basislagenschutte durch laterale Ausspülung. Die Variabilität der Lössedimente wird neben Luv-/Lee-Effekten und präsedimentäre karstartige Hohlformen vor allem auch über eine differenzierte periglaziale Bodenfeuchte- und Vegetationsverteilung gesteuert. In der Arbeit wurden u.a. der gU/fU-Quotient, pedogene Eisenoxide (Feo, Fed), Gesamteisengehalt (Fet), Fet/Ton-Quotient und (Fed-Feo/(Fet/Ton)-Quotient (nach GÜNSTER et al. 2001) sowie die Korrelation von Tongehalt und pedogenem Eisen für alle oben genannten Substrate ermittelt. Eine integrative Betrachtung dieser Parameter ist grundsätzlich geeignet, primäre Sedimenteigenschaften der Substrate herauszustellen und eine pedogenetische Überprägung abzugrenzen. Darüber hinaus erlauben sie Aussagen zur Genese. Der Tongehalt der Mittellagen konnte neben der Überformung durch Tonverlagerung als sedimentogene Ei-genschaft belegt werden. Kalksteinbraunlehme mit weniger als 65% Tongehalt müssen nicht grundsätzlich lösslehmbeeinflusst sein. Rezente Lösungsprozesse und eine rezente Weiterbildung der Kalksteinbraunleh-me konnten auch im Liegenden mächtigerer Lösssedimente nachgewiesen werden. Es wird gezeigt, wie die periglazialen Decksedimente in ihrer räumlichen, vertikalen und stofflichen Variabilität Einfluss auf die Heterogenität der Bodendecke nehmen.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoASJ_TESE.pdf: 8792658 bytes, checksum: 82015e9b1bc788b7c608317086cdc276 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Researches have shown that the introduction of rubber in concrete improves the features of its deformability, as well as contributes to environmental disposal of waste generated in the tire retreading process. Furthermore, there is a high availability of limestone within RN and CE country. Ignorance about this stone, does not allow its wide use as aggregate, leaving, this abundant supply idle. A composite of limestone gravel, with proportions of tire rubber waste which could be used as concrete would be an alternative to concrete for low applications. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the characteristics of concrete containing limestone gravel and proportions of little aggregate replacement (sand) by tire rubber waste. To this goal, the material components of the concrete were characterized, concrete specimens with limestone gravel were made, from the dash 1.0: 2.5: 3.5, varying the water/cement ratio, and inserting a commercial plasticizer, without a proportion of residue, known as reference. From this, concrete with and without the presence of the additive in the same proportions were chosen, as well as these with the use of granite gravel, for being the most used. Selected the references, to these, replacements of little aggregate (sand) were added replaced by rubber waste from the tire retreading process, treated with 1M NaOH in proportions from 5.0 to 20.0 % by mass, cured and exposed to the semiarid environment. The results indicate the possibility of using limestone gravel in the concrete composition with workability correction using plasticizer. There was a decrease in the mechanical properties of the concrete with increments of waste rubber, but there is an improvement in toughness and deformability of the composite, which makes it interesting for the construction of non-structural concrete floors, as well as, the rubber waste delayed the hardening process, continuing to gain resistance after 28 days / Pesquisas t?m mostrado que a introdu??o de borracha no concreto melhoram as caracter?sticas de deformabilidade deste, assim como, contribuem para destina??o ambiental de res?duos gerados no processo de recauchutagem de pneus. Somado a isto, existe uma alta disponibilidade de rocha calc?ria no interior do RN e do CE. O n?o conhecimento desta pedra, n?o possibilita sua ampla utiliza??o como agregado, deixando, esta farta oferta ociosa. Um comp?sito de brita do tipo calc?ria, com propor??es de res?duo de borracha de pneu que pudesse ser utilizado como concreto seria uma alternativa para concretos destinados a baixas solicita??es. Logo, este trabalho possui como objetivo a avalia??o das carater?sticas de concretos contendo brita calc?ria e propor??es de substitui??o do agregado mi?do (areia) por res?duo de borracha de pneus. Para tanto, caracterizou-se os materiais componentes do concreto, confeccionou-se corpos de prova de concretos com brita calc?ria, a partir do tra?o 1,0: 2,5: 3,5, variando-se a rela??o ?gua/cimento, e inserindo-se um plastificante comercial, sem a propor??o de res?duo, chamados de refer?ncia. A partir deste, foram escolhidos nas mesmas propor??es concretos com e sem a presen?a do aditivo, assim como, estes com a utiliza??o da brita gran?tica, por ser a mais utilizada. Escolhidas as refer?ncias, a estas foram acrescidas substitui??es de parte do agregado mi?do (areia) por res?duo de borracha de pneu proveniente do processo de recauchutagem, tratados com NaOH 1 M, nas propor??es de 5,0 a 20,0 % em massa, curados e expostos ao ambiente semi?rido. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de utiliza??o da brita calc?ria na composi??o do concreto com corre??o da trabalhabilidade utilizando-se plastificante. Observou-se uma diminui??o nas propriedades mec?nicas dos concretos com incrementos de res?duo de borracha, por?m existe uma melhora de tenacidade, e deformabilidade do comp?sito, o que o torna interessante para a constru??o de pisos de concretos n?o estruturais, assim como, o res?duo retardou o processo de endurecimento, continuando o concreto a ganhar resist?ncia, ap?s os 28 dias

Shelters, as preventive conservation methods, have traditionally been considered a better option than leaving the site exposed. However, there has been limited research on their effect on the preservation of heritage materials and, as a result, there is no clear scientific evidence to support sheltering. This study aims to provide the first rigorous scientific assessment of the effect of lightweight, open shelters on limestone deterioration at archaeological sites. A method based on the use of low-cost environmental monitoring equipment and limestone blocks and tablets (as indicators of decay) has been developed to determine the degree of protection provided by the shelters at the Bishop' Palace (Witney, England) and Hagar Qim (Malta). Preliminary visual assessments of the field sites were followed by 12-18 month exposure trials. Temperature extremes and fluctuations, frost events, relative humidity extremes and fluctuations, NaCl crystallisation events, solar radiation, wetting events, salt content, atmospheric pollutants and dust deposition were monitored. In addition, stone decay was studied by analysing changes in weight, elasticity, surface hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface colour, moisture content and general appearance (microscopic and macroscopic pictures) in stone samples. An exhaustive assessment of the shelter at the Bishop's Palace was carried out using Chalk, Cotswold and Portland limestone blocks as well as Portland limestone tablets (specifically for studying dissolution, soiling and biological growth). Additionally, a comparative assessment of the effects of the two shelters in contrasting climatic environments, the Bishop's Palace (temperate maritime) and Hagar Qim (Mediterranean), was undertaken by monitoring Globigerina and Coralline limestone blocks simultaneously at both sites. The research has shown that lightweight, open shelters do not exclude decay completely but minimise it. However, there are some areas at higher risk of decay, i.e. top parts of the walls and the periphery. In addition, problems with the shelter design can enhance some decay mechanisms, such as biocolonisation on the periphery at the Bishop's Palace and dust deposition under the shelter at Hagar Qim. Therefore, the effectiveness of shelters should not be assumed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HiagosFFL_DISSERT.pdf: 794630 bytes, checksum: b9112529e3742dd0a6d9fbab5a1a63fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / In animal production, where food represents about 70% of the cost of production, the supply of calcium to participate in large numbers in feed formulations, become the use of mineral origin organic important to maximize animal performance and minimize costs. Taking up the importance of integrity and eggshell strength in the conservation of its nutritional and microbiological property that mean the product quality and food safety, these features become essential for the approval of the egg by the consumer market. The objective was to evaluate different sources of calcium in diets on growth performance and eggs quality of laying hens light. The cages are equipped with linear feeder in galvanized sheet and drinker type nipple. The birds were housed in shed screen, in masonry, with clay tile roof equipped with 120 metal cages (0,20m x 0,40m x 0,40m) galvanized wire provided sideboard eggs arranged in four rows with corridor central. We used 120 birds of Bankiva line in the initial laying phase, starting the experiment when animals were in egg production and body weight even, the experimental period was 22-34 weeks old and the birds distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments. Each treatment had 10 repetitions with 3 birds each unit experimental and consisted of four experimental diets with different sources of calcium: limestone, búzio shell flour (Anomalocardia brasiliana), oyster shell flour (Crassostrea brasiliana) and egg shell flour. Were evaluated: egg production rate, feed intake, feed conversion, absolute and relative weight of yolk, albumen and shell, height and width of the egg, specific gravity, yolk color, eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk index. Had no significant effect (P> 0.05) between the treatments, for performance variables, egg production rate had a significant effect (P <0.05), its worst result egg shell flour. The egg shell flour was the only treatment showed significantly (P <0.05) for the weight, height and width of the egg, specific gravity, height and width albumen yolk, yolk absolute weight, albumen and shell, relative weight of the albumen and shell thickness, with worse results compared to the other treatments. Therefore, limestone, búzio shell flour and oyster shell flour, can be used as a source of calcium for laying rations / Na produção animal, onde a alimentação representa cerca de 70% do custo de produção, o suprimento de cálcio por participar em grande quantidade nas formulações de rações, torna a utilização de minerais de origem orgânica importante para se maximizar o desempenho animal e minimizar os custos. Levando-se a importância da integridade e resistência da casca do ovo na conservação de sua propriedade nutricional e microbiológica que significam a qualidade do produto e segurança alimentar, estas características tornam-se essenciais para a aprovação do ovo por parte do mercado consumidor. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes fontes de cálcio em rações, no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras de linhagem leves. As aves foram alojadas em galpão telado, em alvenaria, com cobertura de telha de barro equipado com 120 gaiolas metálicas (0,20m x 0,40m x 0,40m) de arame galvanizado providas de aparador de ovos, dispostas em quatro fileiras com corredor central. As gaiolas são equipadas com comedouro linear em chapa galvanizada e bebedouro do tipo nipple. Foram utilizadas 120 aves da linhagem Bankiva em fase inicial de postura, iniciando o experimento quando os animais estavam com produção de ovos e peso corporal uniforme, o período experimental compreendeu de 22 a 34 semanas de idade sendo as aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos. Cada tratamento composto por 10 repetições com 3 aves por unidade experimental e sendo constituídos por quatro rações experimentais, com diferentes fontes de cálcio: calcário calcítico, farinha de concha búzio (Anomalocardia brasiliana), farinha de concha de ostra (Crassostrea brasiliana) e farinha de casca de ovo. Foram avaliados: taxa de postura, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, peso absoluto e relativo de gema, albúmen e casca, peso, altura e largura do ovo, gravidade específica, espessura de casca, unidade Haugh, índice de albúmen e de gema. Não foram significativas (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos estudados, as variáveis de desempenho, exceto taxa de postura, a qual obteve efeito significativo (P<0,05), tendo resultado inferior para o tratamento com a farinha de casca de ovo. A farinha de casca de ovo foi o único tratamento que apresentou efeito significativo (P<0,05), para as variáveis de peso, altura e largura do ovo, gravidade específica, altura da gema e largura do albúmen, peso absoluto de gema, albúmen e casca, peso relativo do albúmen e espessura de casca, apresentando resultados inferiores em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Portanto, o calcário calcítico, farinha de concha de búzio e farinha de concha de ostra, por apresentarem uma maior granulometria demonstrou melhores resultados, podendo ser utilizadas como fonte de cálcio em rações de poedeiras de linhagem leves

The cement being used in the construction industry is the result of a chemical process<p>linked to the decarbonation of limestone conducted at high temperature and results in a<p>significant release of CO2. This thesis is part of the project EcoBéton (Green concrete) funded<p>by the French National Research Agency (ANR), with a purpose to show the feasibility of<p>high substitution of cement by mineral additions such as blast furnaces slag, fly ash and<p>limestone fillers. Generally for high percentages of replacements, the early age strength is<p>lower than Portland cement concrete. To cope with this problem, an optimisation method for<p>mix design of concrete using Bolomey’s law has been proposed. Following the encouraging<p>results obtained from mortar, a series of tests on concretes with different substitution<p>percentages were carried out to validate the optimisation method. To meet the requirements of<p>the construction industry related to performance of concrete at early age, which determine<p>their durability, a complete experimental study was carried out. Standard tests for the<p>characterization of the mechanical properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, and<p>setting) allowed to validate the choice of mix design on the basis of equivalent performance.<p>We focused on the hydration process to understand the evolution of the mechanical<p>properties. Setting time measurement by ultrasound device at different temperatures (10°C,<p>20°C and 30°C) showed that ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash<p>delayed the setting process, while use of limestone filler may accelerate this process.<p>Calorimetric studies over mortars and concretes made possible to calculate the activation<p>energy of the different mixtures and a decrease in heat of hydration of concretes with mineral<p>additions was observed which is beneficial for use in mega projects of concrete. Scanning<p>Electron Microscopy observations and thermal analysis have given enough information about<p>the hydration process. It was observed that the hydration products are similar for different<p>concrete mixtures, but the time of their appearance and quantity in the cement matrix varies<p>for each concrete mix.<p>Last part of the thesis was dedicated to the study of main types of shrinkage. First of all,<p>deformations measured were correlated to hydration, capillary depression and porosity<p>evolution. Results allowed concluding that the use of mineral additions has an actual effect on<p>the plastic shrinkage behaviour, but its impact is not proportional to the percentage of<p>additions. Substitution of cement by the additions seems to have a marked influence on the<p>kinetics of the shrinkage without any effect on its long term amplitude. The study of<p>restrained shrinkage under drying conditions by means of ring tests showed that concretes<p>with high percentage of slag addition seem more prone to cracking than the Portland cement<p>concretes. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Vegetation sampling was carried out to determine changes on the limestone quarries after 30 years. These semi-permanent plots are located in the Czech Karst Protected Landscape Area in the Czech Republic.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 neves_jp_me_rcla.pdf: 9688721 bytes, checksum: e459ad8bf7d442ee8695ccc1b4c3da9f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Bivalves fósseis são comuns em rochas siliciclásticas e carbonáticas das formações Teresina e Rio do Rasto (Permiano Médio/Superior), Bacia do Paraná. Entretanto, a gênese das camadas de conchas carbonáticas ainda é pouco conhecida. Cinco camadas de calcários do centro-sul e norte do Estado do Paraná foram selecionados para estudo tafonômico: dois grainstones oolíticos a bivalves (Prudentópolis) e um grainstone a peloides e bivalves com intraclastos e oncoides (Rio Preto) da Formação Teresina; um packstone e um wackestone a bivalves e oncoides (Ribeirão Claro) da Formação Rio do Rasto. As camadas carbonáticas (≤ 45 cm de espessura), estão intercaladas entre rochas pelíticas, possuem contato basal erosivo, quantidade variável de intraclastos pelíticos, valvas caoticamente distribuídas com gradação vertical descontínua e empacotamento denso a disperso. As conchas encontram-se desarticuladas, comumente fragmentadas, às vezes incrustadas por cianobactérias, e correspondem a espécies alóctonas que viviam em substratos distintos. As assembléias de bivalves representam, portanto, tanatocenoses em tempestitos proximais amalgamados, gerados em água rasa com frequentes modificações por bioturbação e baixa taxa de sedimentação. A presente pesquisa corrobora outras evidências de que acumulações de conchas paleozóicas em mares epicontinentais resultaram de história tafonômica complexa com acentuada mistura temporal e espacial dos bioclastos sob influência de tempestades / Bivalve fossils are common in siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the Teresina and Rio do Rasto formations (Middle to Late Permian), Paraná Basin. However, little is known about shell concentrations in carbonates. Five limestone beds in south-central and northern Paraná State were selected for a taphonomic study: two oolite-bivalve grainstones at Prudentópolis and one peloid-bivalve grainstone with intraclasts and oncoids at Rio Preto, from Teresina Formation; one packstone and one wackestone with bivalves and oncoids at Ribeirão Claro, from Rio do Rasto Formation. The limestone beds (≤ 45 cm thick) are intercalated with pelitic rocks; the basal contact is sharp and erosive, with variable amount of pelitic intraclasts. Shells are randomly oriented (many nested/stacked), showing dense to disperse packing, and discontinuous grading. The shells are disarticulated, commonly fragmented, sometimes encrusted by stromatolites, and correspond to allochthonous specimens winnowed from distinct life-substrates. The bivalve concentrations were generated in shallow water settings punctuated by storms, under very low sedimentation rates, with frequent intrastratal bioturbation. Hence, the concentrations are amalgamated proximal tempestites. This work corroborates previous evidences that Paleozoic shell beds from the epeiric seas have complex taphonomic histories and result from strong temporal/spatial mixing of bioclasts under storm influence

Chemical and physical attributes of an Acrustox subjected to different management systems were evaluated. The experiment was conducted at the Fazenda do Glória/UFU since 2000. The field experimental area was conducted during seven years, in a randomized block design, to evaluate some chemical and physical attributes of the soil, at depths of 0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm, for different management systems (conventional and conservationist). The parameters examined were: density, porosity, macro and microporosity, aggregate stability, total organic carbon (TOC), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), nitrogen (N) and aluminum (Al3+). Statistical differences were found between conventional and conservationist treatments. The values indicated a density increase with the depth, combined with porosity decrease as the relationship macro/micropores and with lower aggregate stability in conventional system in comparison with the conservationist systems. Statistical differences of the chemical attributes of soil, between the conservationist and conventional treatments, were found only at the top 5 cm of the soil, only for the elements Ca, P and K. Aluminum correction was more efficient in the conventional system, due to lime addition in the soil, independent of gypsum addition. / Foram avaliados atributos físicos e químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico submetido a diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda do Glória/UFU desde o ano 2000. A área experimental de campo, disposta num esquema de delineamento em blocos casualizados, foi conduzida durante sete anos para avaliar alguns atributos físicos e químicos do solo, nas profundidades de 0-5; 5-15 e 15- 30 cm, para diferentes sistemas de manejo (convencional e conservacionistas). Os parâmetros analisados foram: densidade, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, estabilidade de agregados, carbono orgânico total (COT), fósforo (P), cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), potássio (K+), nitrogênio (N) e alumínio (Al3+). Foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos conservacionistas e convencional. Os dados indicaram aumento da densidade com a profundidade, conjugado com redução da porosidade total, bem como da relação macro/microporos e com a menor estabilidade de agregados no sistema convencional, em relação aos sistemas conservacionistas. Para os atributos químicos do solo, diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos conservacionistas e convencional ocorreram apenas nos primeiros 5 cm do solo, somente para os elementos P, Ca e K. A correção do Al foi mais eficiente no sistema convencional, devido à incorporação do calcário ao solo, independente da aplicação de gesso agrícola. / Mestre em Agronomia

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas-Fernando-Bayerle.pdf: 1438510 bytes, checksum: 2daffbb020be65c4b31cd27c080ea2a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work aimed to evaluate the use of tannins as adsorbent of heavy metals in broiler chicks fed diets with different levels of mussel flour inclusion in replacement of limestone of the feeding. Two experiments were divided in two phases with two assays each. In the first experiment we conducted a trial to evaluate the performance of broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days fed wattle tannin, using for it 720 Cobb-500 1-day-old male broiler chicks distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replicates of 20 birds in each experimental unit. The treatments were composed by basal diets with increasing levels of wattle tannin (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 g/ton-1 of wattle tannin). The results showed that the use of 250 g/ton-1 of tannin was detrimental to performance, and morphometric measurements suffered no statistical difference using tannin in the diet. In the second trial, we evaluated the performance of broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days of age fed increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) of replacement of mussel meal by limestone in feeding and still supplementation or not of wattle tannin (250 g/ton-1 of wattle tannin) with 5 replicates per treatment. For that, 1200 Cobb-500 1-day-old male broiler chicks were housed in a completely randomized design, with 24 birds each. The results showed that the golden mussel has lot of calcium, low levels of heavy metals, and microbiological contamination did not present or is below the amounts allowed by law. For performance, the data demonstrated that the use of mussel can be performed up to 100% replacement of the limestone in feeding without affecting the variables, but the use of 250 g/ton-1 of wattle tannin was detrimental to the performance of broiler chicks. There was no influence on the use of mussel and tannin on the deposition of heavy metals in the body of birds. The variables, liver and kidneys showed the interaction between the tested diets. The bony features, just gray on fresh matter showed interaction between treatments. In the second experiment, the first test was to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens to the stage 21-42 days, fed with wattle tannin. For that, 648 Cobb-500 21-days-old male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design, divided into six treatments and six replicates of 18 birds in each experimental unit. The treatments were composed by basal diets with increasing levels of wattle tannin (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 g/ton-1 of wattle tannin). The data showed that the use of levels above 500 g / t of wattle tannin in the diet is detrimental to the performance of the birds, and there were no statistical differences in morphometric measures. Carcass yield decreased linearly with the addition of tannin in the diet and there was a decrease in fat deposition, and an increase in liver size. In the second trial, the performance of broilers from 21 to 42 days was evaluated. For that, 900 Cobb-500 21-days-old male broilers were housed in a completely randomized design, with increasing levels of substitution (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) of the golden mussel flour in replacement of limestone and also with supplement or not of wattle tannin (250 g/ton-1 of wattle tannin) with 5 replicates per treatment and 18 birds in each experimental unit. The performance showed that the use of mussel can be performed up to 100% in replacement of the limestone in the feeding without affecting the variables, but the use of 250 g/ton-1 of wattle tannin was detrimental to the performance of broiler chickens cutting. For bony features, the use of tannin decreased bone strength (kgf) and increased phosphorus in natural matter, and there was an interaction between variables to Seedor index and gray on fresh matter. The use of tannin negatively affected carcass yield and the relative weight of kidneys, and there was a significant interaction for yield wings and legs. Calcium levels in the blood suffered interaction between the substitution levels studied / O desenvolvimento deste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de taninos como adsorvente de metais tóxicos em rações de pintos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de mexilhão dourado em substituição ao calcário calcítico das rações. Foram realizados dois experimentos divididos em duas fases com dois ensaios cada, no primeiro experimento foi realizado um ensaio para avaliar o desempenho de pintos de corte para fase 1 a 21 dias, alimentados com tanino de acácia, utilizando-se 720 pintos de corte, machos, com um dia de idade, Cobb 500, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, com 20 aves em cada unidade experimental. Os tratamentos eram formados por rações basais com níveis crescentes de tanino de acácia (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 g/ton-1 de tanino de acácia). Os resultados demostraram que a utilização de 250 g/ton-1 de tanino foi prejudicial para o desempenho, e as medidas morfométricas não sofreram diferença estatística utilizando tanino na dieta. Num segundo ensaio foi avaliado o desempenho de pintos de corte para a fase 1 a 21 dias de idade alimentados com níveis crescente (0; 25; 50; 75; 100%) de substituição de farinha de mexilhão dourado pelo calcário calcítico da ração e ainda a suplementação ou não de tanino de acácia (250 g/ton-1 de tanino de acácia), com 5 repetições por tratamento. Foram alojados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 1200 pintos de corte, machos, com um dia de idade, Cobb 500, com 24 aves por unidade experimental. Os resultados apontaram que o mexilhão dourado possui grande quantidade de cálcio, níveis baixíssimos de metais tóxicos, e a contaminação microbiológica não apresentou ou encontra-se abaixo dos valores permitidos pela legislação vigente. Para o desempenho, os dados demonstraram que a utilização do mexilhão dourado pode ser realizada em até 100% de substituição ao calcário calcítico das rações sem afetar as variáveis estudadas, porém a utilização de 250 g/ton-1 de tanino de acácia foi prejudicial para o desempenho dos pintos de corte. Não foi observado influencia na utilização de mexilhão dourado e tanino sobre a deposição de metais tóxicos no organismo das aves. As variáveis, fígado e rins, apresentaram interação entre as dietas avaliadas. As características osseas, apenas a cinza na matéria natural apresentou interação entre os fatores estudados. No segundo experimento, o primeiro ensaio teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de frangos de corte para a fase de 21 a 42 dias, alimentados com tanino de acácia. Aos 21 dias foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 648 frangos de corte, machos, Cobb 500 divididos em seis tratamentos e seis repetições, com 18 aves em cada unidade experimental. Os tratamentos eram formados por rações basais com níveis crescentes de tanino de acácia (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 g/ton-1 de tanino de acácia). Os dados encontrados demostraram que a utilização com níveis acima de 500 g/ton-1 de tanino de acácia na dieta é prejudicial para o desempenho das aves, e não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para as medidas morfométricas. O rendimento de carcaça decresceu linearmente com a inclusão de tanino na dieta, e houve uma diminuição na deposição de gordura, e um aumento no tamanho do fígado. No segundo ensaio foi avaliado o desempenho de frangos de corte para a fase de 21 a 42 dias, alojados em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com níveis crescente de substituição (0; 25; 50; 75; 100%) de farinha de mexilhão dourado pelo calcário calcítico da ração e ainda a suplementação ou não de tanino de acácia (250 g/ton-1 de tanino de acácia), com 5 repetições por tratamento. Aos 21 dias as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 900 frangos de corte, machos, Cobb 500, com 18 aves em cada unidade experimental. O desempenho nesta fase demonstrou que a utilização do mexilhão dourado pode ser realizada em até 100% de substituição ao calcário calcítico das rações sem afetar as variáveis estudadas, porém a utilização de 250 g/ton-1 de tanino de acácia foi prejudicial para o desempenho dos frangos de corte. Para as características osseas, a utilização de tanino diminuiu a resistência óssea (kgf) e aumentou o fósforo na matéria natural, e houve interação entre as variáveis estudadas para o índice Seedor e cinza na matéria natural. A utilização de tanino afetou negativamente o rendimento de carcaça e o peso relativo dos rins, e houve interação significativa para o rendimento de asas e pernas. Os níveis de cálcio no sangue sofreram interação entre os níveis de substituição estudados

Les Pyrénées ne sont pas considérées comme une chaîne active malgré certaines évidences néotectoniques et la microsismicité. Toutefois, des travaux récents ont montré que la chaine n’avait probablement jamais atteint un état stationnaire. Or, le soulèvement tectonique des chaînes de montagnes actives contrôle a priori les rythmes et les taux d’incision des vallées fluviales, lesquels sont à leur tour modulés par les changements climatiques répétés du Quaternaire. Une option pour contraindre les mouvements verticaux à long terme est de quantifier les taux d’incision par le biais de marqueurs géométriques passifs du soulèvement tels que les terrasses alluviales. Mais, selon les contextes, il n’est pas toujours possible de contraindre le soulèvement à partir de tels marqueurs. Les réseaux karstiques constituent une alternative du fait de la possibilité de déterminer la durée d’enfouissement d’alluvions fluviatiles provenant de la partie amont des bassins versants et piégés lors de leur traversée des chaînons calcaires périphériques à partir de la concentration en nucléides cosmogéniques produits in situ dans leur fraction quartzeuse. En effet, au fur et à mesure de l’encaissement de la vallée, différentes générations de conduits épinoyés horizontaux se mettent en place, les réseaux plus récents se formant en-dessous des générations précédentes. Ces galeries étagées enregistrent les paléo-altitudes des paléo-niveaux de base locaux. Ainsi, dès lors qu’elles piègent des alluvions fluviatiles, les galeries épinoyées sont assimilables à des niveaux de terrasses alluviales.Nous avons déterminé les durées d’enfouissement de sédiments détritiques dans 61 cavités des vallées de la Têt, de l’Ariège, de l’Aude et de l’Agly, via les méthodes 26Al/10Be et 10Be/21Ne, en sus d’observations morphologiques (développement des réseaux, analyse des étagements). Ces vallées offrent des étagements conséquents et les fleuves qui les parcourent sont connectés à des niveaux de base distincts (façades Atlantique et Méditerranéenne). Les résultats sur ces vallées nous permettent de documenter des incisions du Miocène ancien (~16-13 Ma) jusqu’à l’actuel avec des influences de forçages externes et de l’eustatisme que nous analyserons. L’extrapolation des taux d’incision permet également d’estimer des âges Oligo-Miocène pour les surfaces perchées incisées par ces systèmes fluviatiles.Cependant, la densité de paléo-drains sub-horizontaux sur une tranche altimétrique (relativement à la précision des techniques de datations), le contexte géodynamique, voire paléoclimatique, les réorganisations des réseaux de drainage, peuvent engendrer des histoires de remplissages des réseaux plus complexes qu’escomptées. De ce fait, contraindre justement et précisément l’âge d’un dépôt, même via des croisements inter-méthodes (26Al/10Be, 10Be/21Ne, RPE, OSL) peut s’avérer infructueux. / The rates and chronologies of valley incision are closely modulated by the tectonic uplift of active mountain ranges and were controlled by repeated climate changes during the Quaternary. The continental collision between the Iberian and Eurasian plates induced a double vergence orogen, the Pyrenees, which has been considered as a mature mountain range in spite of significant seismicity and evidence of neotectonics. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that the range may have never reached a steady state. One option for resolving this controversy is to quantify the incision rates since the Miocene by reconstructing the vertical movement of geometric markers such as fluvial terraces. However, the few available ages from the Pyrenean terrace systems do not exceed the middle Pleistocene. Thus, to enlarge the time span of this dataset, we studied alluvium-filled horizontal epiphreatic passages in limestone karstic networks. Such landforms are used as substitutes of fluvial terraces because they represent former valley floors. They record the transient position of former local base levels during the process of valley deepening. In addition to morphological observations, the burial durations of detrital sediments in 61 cavities of the Têt, Ariège, Aude and Agly valleys were determined using cosmogenic 26Al/10Be and 10Be/21Ne ratios. The results obtained allow us to document incision processes since the early Miocene (~ 16-13 Ma) and to study influences of external forcing and eustatism. In comparison with other studies, it appears that incision rates are probably higher in the central Pyrenees, suggesting an increased role for glaciers in the incision process. Moreover, a gradient would also be observable from north to south, the Spanish slope probably having been incised faster. However, the density of sub-horizontal levels on an elevation range, the geodynamical and paleo-climatic contexts, the reorganization of the drainage networks may lead to networks filling stories more complex than expected. The obtained results applying various suitable geochronological methods (26Al/10Be, 10Be/21Ne, ESR and OSL on quartz) sometimes evidence that these radiometric approaches may be limited when source and/or emplaced deposits are reworked. The validity of dosimetric methods in a mountainous context, and the possibility that not all of the quartz grains are bleached at the time of deposition will also be discussed.