A Doxorrubicina (DOX) é um dos antineoplásicos mais utilizados no tratamento de tumores sólidos, como os de pele. Sua baixa penetração cutânea e instabilidade frente aos tecidos biológicos impedem, no entanto, sua aplicação tópica e localizada. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi direcionar e aumentar a penetração cutânea da DOX, além de protegê-la contra eventuais degradações na pele, através do desenvolvimento de nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) contendo DOX e da aplicação da iontoforese. As NLS foram obtidas pelo método da Microemulsão (ME), vertendo-as em excesso de água gelada e agitando o sistema vigorosamente. Foram obtidas NLS com cargas superficiais negativas (NLS-N) e NLS com cargas superficiais positivas (NLS-P). As NLS-N eram compostas por ácido esteárico, lecitina de soja, taurodeoxicolato de sódio e água. E as NLS-P por um derivado do colesterol e/ou ácido esteárico, poloxamer, cloreto de cetilpiridínio e água. As NLS com tamanho de partícula, polidispersividade e potencial zeta adequados para os estudos de permeação cutânea e celular foram definidas a partir de um planejamento fatorial completo (32). NLS-N e NLS-P selecionadas foram incorporadas com 8% de DOX e utilizadas nos estudos de permeação e citotoxicidade. O tamanho médio da NLS-N foi de 175 nm (PdI 0,278) e da NLS-P 278 nm (PdI 0,357). A eficiência de encapsulação foi de 90 e 61% para as NLS-N e NLS-P, respectivamente. Estudos de localização celular foram realizados e observou-se que as NLS-N permitiram a penetração da DOX tanto no citoplasma quanto no núcleo das células, assim como as NLS-P que também permitiram a penetração da DOX em um maior número de células tumorais. Estudos de estabilidade mostraram que a DOX encapsulada nas NLS foi estável a 4º C por até 48 h, sendo que as NLS liofilizadas foram estáveis por pelo menos 30 dias. Nos estudos de liberação da DOX das NLS observou-se que estas sustentaram a liberação da DOX. Porém, as NLS-P liberaram a DOX mais rapidamente do que as NLS-N, 40 e 25% em 72 horas, respectivamente. Nos estudos de permeação cutânea, observou-se que as NLS aumentaram significativamente a quantidade de DOX na solução receptora e na epiderme viável quando comparada com soluções de DOX. As NLS parecem penetrar/fundir na pele carregando o fármaco para camadas profundas da pele, diminuindo sua interação com o estrato córneo. A aplicação da corrente elétrica na dispersão de NLS aumentou a penetração das partículas na pele e, conseqüentemente, a penetração da DOX. As cargas superficiais das NLS positivas e negativas não influenciaram na sua penetração por iontoforese. Estudos de determinação do fluxo eletrosmótico com paracetamol mostraram que o principal mecanismo para a entrada das partículas na pele é o eletrosmótico e não o eletrorrepulsivo (proveniente das cargas). As NLS-P diminuíram o fluxo eletrosmótico significativamente, neutralizando as cargas negativas da pele e evidenciando a penetração das partículas neste tecido. Foram realizados estudos de citotoxicidade da DOX em diferentes formulações, em células B16F10 e em A431, e foi observado que a DOX encapsulada nas NLS-N é significativamente mais citotóxica do que as outras formulações, atingindo uma citotoxicidade de 100% quando em contato com as células de melanoma após apenas 6 h de incubação em concentrações superiores a 20 ng/mL. A aplicação de corrente elétrica em cultura de células aumentou também a penetração do fármaco nas células tumorais e, conseqüentemente, sua citotoxicidade. A indução dos tumores in vivo não se mostrou viável para o modelo de camundongos sem pêlo utilizado, porém o tratamento iontoforético demonstrou-se viável. / Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most used antineoplastic drug to treat solid tumors, such as skin cancer. Its low penetration into the skin and its instability in biological tissues, however, difficult topical and localized application. Within this context, the aim of this work was to increase DOX penetration into the skin, and to protect the drug against possible skin degradation, through the development of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and the application of iontophoresis. The standardization and validation of two methodologies for the DOX quantification was performed: one of them using an UV/Vis spectrophotometer and the other using the HPLC. Both methods showed suitable linearity, sensibility, selectively, precision and accuracy, according to the in vigor specifications. SLN was obtained by microemulsion (ME) method spilling them into an excess of water with vigorously shaking. SLN were obtained with negative surface charge (SLN-N) and SLN with positive surface charge (SLN-P). SLN-N contained stearic acid, soy lecithin, sodium taurodeoxicolate, water and SLN-P containing compritol and / or stearic acid, poloxamer, sodium chloride, water. Particle size, polydispersity and zeta potential suitable for studies of skin permeation and cell were defined from a complete factorial design (32). The average size of the SLN-N was 175 nm (PdI 0.278) and the SLN-P 278 nm (PdI 0.357). The encapsulation efficiency was 90, and 61% for SLN-N and SLN -P, respectively. Studies of cellular location were made and showed that the SLN -N allowed the penetration of DOX in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells, as well as SLN -P that also allowed the penetration of DOX in a larger number of tumor cells. Encapsulated DOX in the SLN was stable at 4° C for 48 hours, and freeze-dried SLN are stable for at least 30 days. In release studies with DOX-SLN was observed that they control DOX release. However, SLN-P DOX release more quickly than SLN-N, 40 and 25% in 72 hours, respectively. In skin permeation studies, it is observed that SLN significantly increase the amount of DOX in the receiver compartment and in the epidermis. It seems that SLN penetrate / merge the skin carrying the drug to the deep skin layers, reducing its interaction with the stratum corneum. The application of an electrical current increased DOX permeation into the skin, and consequently, DOX penetration. SLN superficial charges do not influence DOX permeatation with iontophoresis. Electrosmotic flow studies showed DOX permeates into the skin mostly for eletrosmose mechanism. Cytotoxicity studies were performed with DOX in different formulations in B16F10 and A431 cells, and it was observed that DOX encapsulated in the SLN-N is significantly more cytotoxic than the other formulations, achieving 100% of cytotoxicity when in contact with the melanoma cells after 6 hours of incubation at concentrations above 20 ng/mL. The application of an electrical current in cell culture also increased the penetration of the drug in tumor cells and, consequently, its cytotoxicity. The induction of tumors in vivo was not feasible for hairless mice, but the iontophoretic treatment demonstrated to be feasible.

O parasita Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) é o causador da doença de Chagas e continua sendo um grave problema de saúde pública, principalmente nas regiões mais pobres da América Latina. Na busca por novas drogas terapêuticas contra T. cruzi, nós avaliamos a atividade do composto 5-hidroxi-3-metil-5-fenil-pirazolina-1-(S-benzilditiocarbazato) (H2bdtc) tanto in vitro quanto in vivo. Esta espécie foi caracterizada por análise elementar, espectroscopia UV-visível, infravermelho, RMN e espectrometria de massas. Nos experimentos biológicos, o composto H2bdtc em suspensão e/ou encapsulado em nanopartícula lipídica sólida (NLS) foi comparado com um dos medicamentos empregados atualmente, o benzonidazol (BZN). Utilizando-se o composto H2bdtc encapsulado em NLS observou-se: (a) redução de forma eficaz da parasitemia em camundongos, em concentração 100 vezes mais baixa do que aquela normalmente empregada para Benzonidazol (clinicamente aplicada a uma concentração de 400 ?mol kg-1 dia-1); (b) diminuição da inflamação e das lesões de fígado e do coração e (c) resultou em 100,0% de sobrevivência dos camundongos infectados com T. cruzi após 60 dias. Para fins de elucidação do possível mecanismo de ação do composto H2bdtc, estudo de interação com o DNA e com a albumina do soro Humano (HSA) foram realizados. Baseado nos dados relacionados à atividade tripanocida in vitro e in vivo do composto H2bdtc, este pode ser tomado como potente agente tripanocida e o estudo desenvolvido neste projeto pode concorrer ao uso de H2bdtc como possível nova droga a ser utilizada contra Doença de Chagas. / The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, which remains a serious public health concern and continues to victimize thousands of people, primarily in the poorest regions of Latin America. In the search for new therapeutic drugs against T. cruzi, here we have evaluated both the in vitro and the in vivo activity of 5-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-phenyl-pyrazoline-1-(S-benzyldithiocarbazate) (H2bdtc). This compound was characterized by elemental analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared, NMR and mass spectrometry. Biological experiments were conducted with H2bdtc as a free compound or encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles; we compared the results with those achieved by using the currently employed drug, benznidazole. H2bdtc encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (a) effectively reduced parasitemia in mice at concentrations 100 times lower than that normally employed for benznidazole (clinically applied at a concentration of 400 ?mol kg-1 day-1); (b) diminished inflammation and lesions of the liver and heart; and (c) resulted in 100,0% survival of mice infected with T. cruzi. Biological mechanism elucidation of H2bdtc compound was analyzed based on the interaction with DNA and Human Serum Albumin (HSA). Based on the data related to the in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of H2bdtc it was taken as potent trypanocidal agent. Studies developed on this project allow concluding that H2bdtc is a possible new drug to be used against Chagas Disease.

O câncer de pele é uma doença com grande incidência mundial. O tratamento tópico do câncer de pele é uma estratégia desejada uma vez que pode diminuir os efeitos adversos graves causados pelo tratamento cirúrgico e quimioterapia sistêmica. No entanto, os tratamentos tópicos atuais são limitados pela baixa efetividade das formulações em carrear o fármaco até as camadas mais profundas da pele. Desta forma, o ultrassom de baixa frequência (LFU) apresenta-se como um método atrativo, mas ainda pouco estudado, para aumentar a permeabilidade da pele. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar modificações na composição dos meios de acoplamento do LFU visando aumentar as regiões de transporte localizadas (LTRs) da pele e a permeabilidade do quimioterápico doxorrubicina (DOX) para o tratamento tópico do câncer de pele. Para isso, um hidrogel de Poloxamer (nanogel) enriquecido com nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) contendo DOX foi preparado e caracterizado; diferentes meios de acoplamento, dentre eles os tradicionais, contendo tensoativo, e os inovadores, contendo as NLS ou hidrogéis com diferentes potenciais zeta e viscosidades semelhantes, foram avaliados associados ao LFU para verificar sua influência na formação das LTRs e penetração cutânea de dois fármacos, calceína e DOX; a penetração cutânea da DOX livre e encapsulada em NLS foi quantificada nas diferentes camadas da pele pré-tratada com LFU; e, finalmente, o pré-tratamento mais promissor, LFU associado ao nanogel, seguido da aplicação passiva da DOX incorporada no nanogel foi avaliada in vivo em tumores cutâneos induzidos em camundongos imunossuprimidos. As NLS apresentaram tamanho e PdI de aproximadamente 200 nm e 0,3 respectivamente, com alto potencial zeta catiônico e pH de 3. A incorporação das NLS no nanogel não alterou o tamanho e PdI, no entanto, diminuiu o potencial zeta da formulação e elevou o pH para 5,5. Verificou-se por difração de raios X a baixo ângulo que as NLS continham fases cristalinas lamelares, enquanto o nanogel, fases cristalinas cúbicas, que foram mantidas quando as formulações foram associadas. O uso das NLS e dos hidrogéis, incluindo o nanogel, como meio de acoplamento do LFU modificou consideravelmente a distribuição e número de LTRs na pele em relação aos meios tradicionais. Tanto o número de LTRs quanto a sua distribuição parecem estar relacionados à tensão interfacial e a viscosidade do meio hidrofílico, sendo que a maior viscosidade dos géis gerou maior área de LTRs. O uso do nanogel originou LTRs em 50% da área da pele tratada, área esta 24 vezes maior do que a área de LTRs formada quando o meio de acoplamento convencional, com lauril sulfato de sódio, foi utilizado. Observou-se que a influência das LTRs na penetração de fármacos aniônicos (calceína) e catiônicos (DOX) depende do potencial zeta do hidrogel usado como meio de acoplamento e da dissociação do fármaco. Desta forma, a permeação cutânea da calceína foi menor quando gel aniônico foi utilizado como meio de acoplamento e o inverso ocorreu para a DOX. A penetração da DOX através do estrato córneo da pele pré-tratada com LFU/nanogel aumentou mais de 4 vezes, mas a encapsulação da DOX nas NLS dificultou a passagem da DOX para as camadas mais profundas da pele após o pré-tratamento da mesma com LFU, sugerindo um recuperação da pele desestruturada pelas partículas lipídicas administradas após o pré-tratamento. Nos estudos in vivo, o pré-tratamento da pele com LFU/nanogel seguido da aplicação diárias do nanogel contendo DOX resultou em diminuição de 6 vezes do volume do tumor após 21 dias de tratamento e apenas 5 aplicações do LFU/nanogel. No entanto, a diminuição do volume do tumor só ocorreu quando a sonda do LFU foi posicionada a 10 mm da superfície do tumor. O posicionamento da sonda a uma distância mais próxima do tumor (5 mm) não diminuiu o tamanho do tumor. Conclui-se que a aplicação de LFU com hidrogéis como meio de acoplamento é uma alternativa simples e efetiva para aumentar a penetração de fármacos na pele. Esta penetração pode ser modulada em função do potencial zeta do meio de acoplamento e da posição da sonda do ultrassom em relação à superfície do tumor. Desta forma, o tratamento tópico do câncer de pele usando LFU/nanogel como pré-tratamento é uma estratégia promissora para o tratamento tópico do câncer de pele. / Skin cancer is a disease with high worldwide incidence. Topical treatment of skin cancer is a desired strategy since it can reduce the serious adverse effects caused by surgery and systemic chemotherapy. However, current topical treatments are limited by low effectiveness of the formulations delivery drug to the deeper layers of the skin. Thus, the low frequency ultrasound (LFU) presents itself as an attractive method, but still little studied, to increase skin permeability. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study changes in the LFU coupling medium composition to increase the transport localized region (LTRs) in the skin and the permeability of chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) for the topical skin cancer treatment. For this, a Poloxamer hydrogel (nanogel) supplemented with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing DOX was prepared and characterized; different coupling medium, including traditional, containing surfactant, and innovative, containing the NLS or hydrogels with different viscosities and zeta potential similar, were evaluated associated with the LFU to verify its influence in LTRs formation and skin penetration of two drugs, calcein and DOX; skin penetration of free and encapsulated DOX was quantified in the different layers of the LFU pretreated skin; and finally, the most promising pretreatment, LFU associated with nanogel, followed by the passive application of DOX incorporated into the nanogel was evaluated in vivo, in skin tumors induced in immunosuppressed mice. The NLS showed size and PDI of approximately 200 nm and 0.3, respectively, with high cationic zeta potential and pH 3 value. The incorporation of the NLS into the nanogel did not change the size and PDI, however, decreased the zeta potential of the formulation and increased pH value to 5.5. It was found by low angle X-ray diffraction that NLS-containing lamellar crystalline phase while the nanogel, cubic crystalline phases, which were maintained when the formulations were associated. The use of NLS and hydrogels, including nanogel, as coupling medium of LFU substantially modify the distribution and number of the LTRs in the skin compared to traditional medium. Both, LTRs number and distribution may be related to the interfacial tension and viscosity of the hydrophilic medium, hydrogel with higher viscosity produced greater LTRs area. The use of nanogel as coupling medium resulted in LTRs formation in 50% of treated skin area, this area is 24 times larger than the LTR area LTRs formed when conventional coupling medium sodium lauryl sulfate was used. It was observed that the influence of the LTRs in the penetration of anionic drugs (calcein) and cationic (DOX) depends on the zeta potential of the hydrogel used as coupling medium and drug. Thus, the permeation of calcein was lower when anionic gel was used as the coupling medium and the opposite occurred for DOX. DOX penetration through the stratum corneum of the skin pretreated with LFU / nanogel increased more than 4 times but the encapsulation of DOX in the NLS difficult the passage of DOX to the deeper layers of the skin after pre-treatment with LFU, suggesting the recovery of the skin by lipid particles administered after pretreatment. In the in vivo study, pretreatment of the skin with LFU / nanogel followed by the daily application of nanogel containing DOX resulted in a 6-fold decrease in tumor volume after 21 days of treatment with only 5 applications LFU / nanogel. However, the reduction of tumor volume occurred only when the LFU probe was positioned 10 mm from the tumor surface. The positioning of the probe at distance closer tumor (5 mm) has not decreased tumor size. It is concluded that the application of coupling medium hydrogels with LFU is a simple and effective alternative to enhance drug penetration into the skin. This penetration can be adjusted depending on the zeta potential of the coupling means and ultrasound probe position on the tumor surface. Therefore, topical treatment of skin cancer using LFU / nanogel as pre-treatment is a promising strategy for the topical treatment of skin cancer.

O câncer de pele é uma doença com grande incidência mundial. O tratamento tópico do câncer de pele é uma estratégia desejada uma vez que pode diminuir os efeitos adversos graves causados pelo tratamento cirúrgico e quimioterapia sistêmica. No entanto, os tratamentos tópicos atuais são limitados pela baixa efetividade das formulações em carrear o fármaco até as camadas mais profundas da pele. Desta forma, o ultrassom de baixa frequência (LFU) apresenta-se como um método atrativo, mas ainda pouco estudado, para aumentar a permeabilidade da pele. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar modificações na composição dos meios de acoplamento do LFU visando aumentar as regiões de transporte localizadas (LTRs) da pele e a permeabilidade do quimioterápico doxorrubicina (DOX) para o tratamento tópico do câncer de pele. Para isso, um hidrogel de Poloxamer (nanogel) enriquecido com nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) contendo DOX foi preparado e caracterizado; diferentes meios de acoplamento, dentre eles os tradicionais, contendo tensoativo, e os inovadores, contendo as NLS ou hidrogéis com diferentes potenciais zeta e viscosidades semelhantes, foram avaliados associados ao LFU para verificar sua influência na formação das LTRs e penetração cutânea de dois fármacos, calceína e DOX; a penetração cutânea da DOX livre e encapsulada em NLS foi quantificada nas diferentes camadas da pele pré-tratada com LFU; e, finalmente, o pré-tratamento mais promissor, LFU associado ao nanogel, seguido da aplicação passiva da DOX incorporada no nanogel foi avaliada in vivo em tumores cutâneos induzidos em camundongos imunossuprimidos. As NLS apresentaram tamanho e PdI de aproximadamente 200 nm e 0,3 respectivamente, com alto potencial zeta catiônico e pH de 3. A incorporação das NLS no nanogel não alterou o tamanho e PdI, no entanto, diminuiu o potencial zeta da formulação e elevou o pH para 5,5. Verificou-se por difração de raios X a baixo ângulo que as NLS continham fases cristalinas lamelares, enquanto o nanogel, fases cristalinas cúbicas, que foram mantidas quando as formulações foram associadas. O uso das NLS e dos hidrogéis, incluindo o nanogel, como meio de acoplamento do LFU modificou consideravelmente a distribuição e número de LTRs na pele em relação aos meios tradicionais. Tanto o número de LTRs quanto a sua distribuição parecem estar relacionados à tensão interfacial e a viscosidade do meio hidrofílico, sendo que a maior viscosidade dos géis gerou maior área de LTRs. O uso do nanogel originou LTRs em 50% da área da pele tratada, área esta 24 vezes maior do que a área de LTRs formada quando o meio de acoplamento convencional, com lauril sulfato de sódio, foi utilizado. Observou-se que a influência das LTRs na penetração de fármacos aniônicos (calceína) e catiônicos (DOX) depende do potencial zeta do hidrogel usado como meio de acoplamento e da dissociação do fármaco. Desta forma, a permeação cutânea da calceína foi menor quando gel aniônico foi utilizado como meio de acoplamento e o inverso ocorreu para a DOX. A penetração da DOX através do estrato córneo da pele pré-tratada com LFU/nanogel aumentou mais de 4 vezes, mas a encapsulação da DOX nas NLS dificultou a passagem da DOX para as camadas mais profundas da pele após o pré-tratamento da mesma com LFU, sugerindo um recuperação da pele desestruturada pelas partículas lipídicas administradas após o pré-tratamento. Nos estudos in vivo, o pré-tratamento da pele com LFU/nanogel seguido da aplicação diárias do nanogel contendo DOX resultou em diminuição de 6 vezes do volume do tumor após 21 dias de tratamento e apenas 5 aplicações do LFU/nanogel. No entanto, a diminuição do volume do tumor só ocorreu quando a sonda do LFU foi posicionada a 10 mm da superfície do tumor. O posicionamento da sonda a uma distância mais próxima do tumor (5 mm) não diminuiu o tamanho do tumor. Conclui-se que a aplicação de LFU com hidrogéis como meio de acoplamento é uma alternativa simples e efetiva para aumentar a penetração de fármacos na pele. Esta penetração pode ser modulada em função do potencial zeta do meio de acoplamento e da posição da sonda do ultrassom em relação à superfície do tumor. Desta forma, o tratamento tópico do câncer de pele usando LFU/nanogel como pré-tratamento é uma estratégia promissora para o tratamento tópico do câncer de pele. / Skin cancer is a disease with high worldwide incidence. Topical treatment of skin cancer is a desired strategy since it can reduce the serious adverse effects caused by surgery and systemic chemotherapy. However, current topical treatments are limited by low effectiveness of the formulations delivery drug to the deeper layers of the skin. Thus, the low frequency ultrasound (LFU) presents itself as an attractive method, but still little studied, to increase skin permeability. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study changes in the LFU coupling medium composition to increase the transport localized region (LTRs) in the skin and the permeability of chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) for the topical skin cancer treatment. For this, a Poloxamer hydrogel (nanogel) supplemented with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing DOX was prepared and characterized; different coupling medium, including traditional, containing surfactant, and innovative, containing the NLS or hydrogels with different viscosities and zeta potential similar, were evaluated associated with the LFU to verify its influence in LTRs formation and skin penetration of two drugs, calcein and DOX; skin penetration of free and encapsulated DOX was quantified in the different layers of the LFU pretreated skin; and finally, the most promising pretreatment, LFU associated with nanogel, followed by the passive application of DOX incorporated into the nanogel was evaluated in vivo, in skin tumors induced in immunosuppressed mice. The NLS showed size and PDI of approximately 200 nm and 0.3, respectively, with high cationic zeta potential and pH 3 value. The incorporation of the NLS into the nanogel did not change the size and PDI, however, decreased the zeta potential of the formulation and increased pH value to 5.5. It was found by low angle X-ray diffraction that NLS-containing lamellar crystalline phase while the nanogel, cubic crystalline phases, which were maintained when the formulations were associated. The use of NLS and hydrogels, including nanogel, as coupling medium of LFU substantially modify the distribution and number of the LTRs in the skin compared to traditional medium. Both, LTRs number and distribution may be related to the interfacial tension and viscosity of the hydrophilic medium, hydrogel with higher viscosity produced greater LTRs area. The use of nanogel as coupling medium resulted in LTRs formation in 50% of treated skin area, this area is 24 times larger than the LTR area LTRs formed when conventional coupling medium sodium lauryl sulfate was used. It was observed that the influence of the LTRs in the penetration of anionic drugs (calcein) and cationic (DOX) depends on the zeta potential of the hydrogel used as coupling medium and drug. Thus, the permeation of calcein was lower when anionic gel was used as the coupling medium and the opposite occurred for DOX. DOX penetration through the stratum corneum of the skin pretreated with LFU / nanogel increased more than 4 times but the encapsulation of DOX in the NLS difficult the passage of DOX to the deeper layers of the skin after pre-treatment with LFU, suggesting the recovery of the skin by lipid particles administered after pretreatment. In the in vivo study, pretreatment of the skin with LFU / nanogel followed by the daily application of nanogel containing DOX resulted in a 6-fold decrease in tumor volume after 21 days of treatment with only 5 applications LFU / nanogel. However, the reduction of tumor volume occurred only when the LFU probe was positioned 10 mm from the tumor surface. The positioning of the probe at distance closer tumor (5 mm) has not decreased tumor size. It is concluded that the application of coupling medium hydrogels with LFU is a simple and effective alternative to enhance drug penetration into the skin. This penetration can be adjusted depending on the zeta potential of the coupling means and ultrasound probe position on the tumor surface. Therefore, topical treatment of skin cancer using LFU / nanogel as pre-treatment is a promising strategy for the topical treatment of skin cancer.

Alguns decênios atrás, o advento da nanotecnologia abriu perspectivas inovadoras permitindo alcançar novos alvos. Na área farmacêutica, as nanopartículas abriram alternativas ineditas de acesso para tratar órgãos e tecidos. Dentre as diversas nanopartículas existentes, este trabalho assentou sobre as nanopartículas lípidicas sólidas porque elas permitem a utilização de substâncias naturais, que representam um interesse cada vez maior devido às suas potencialidades diversificadas e comprovadas. Assim, foram escolhidos o óleo de copaíba e a alantoína devido às suas propriedades farmacológicas. Da mesma maneira que existem vários tipos de nanopartículas, existem várias técnicas para produzi-las. Neste estudo, o método por homogeneização à alta pressão foi selecionado devido às diversas vantagens. Para validar essas opções tecnológicas e caracterizar as nanopartículas, análises morfológicas, físico-químicas e térmicas foram realizadas. O segundo propósito desta pesquisa foi a avaliação do potencial antifúngico das nanopartículas contra fungos leveduriformes e filamentosos multirresistentes, devido às diversas propriedades microbiológicas do óleo de copaíba. Consequentemente, diversos ensaios micológicos foram feitos a fim de determinar onde e como essas nanopartículas agiram sobre esses fungos. Os resultados mostraram que a produção de nanopartículas lípidicas sólidas homogêneas e estáveis físico-quimicamente foi possível. Além disso, essas nanopartículas, compostas por substâncias naturais, demonstraram atividade antifúngica contra fungos multiresistentes, fato que não ocorreu com as matérias-primas isoladas. A nanotecnologia foi fundamental e levou a desenvolver suspensões antifúngicas. / Some decades ago, the advent of nanotechnology has opened new perspectives allowing reaching new targets. In the pharmaceutical area, nanoparticles have opened new ways for treating organs and tissues. Among the various existing nanoparticles, this work was based on solid lipid nanoparticles because they permitted the use of natural substances which represent a growing interest due to their diverse and proven strengths. So, copaiba oil and allantoin were chosen. Just as there are several types of nanoparticles, there are several techniques to produce them. In this study, the method of high pressure homogenization was selected because of several advantages. To validate these technological options and characterize nanoparticles, morphological, physico-chemical and thermal analysis were performed. The second purpose of this research was to evaluate the antifungal potential of nanoparticles against multiresistant yeasts and filamentous fungi due to various microbiological properties of copaiba oil. Consequently, many mycological tests were performed to determine where and how these nanoparticles acted on these fungi. The results showed the production of homogeneous and physico-chemically stable solid lipid nanoparticles is possible and, moreover, these nanoparticles produced with natural substances demonstrated their antifungal activity against multiresistant fungi, which did not happen with isolated raw materials. The nanotechnology was fundamental and led to develop antifungal suspensions.

O parasita Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) é o causador da doença de Chagas e continua sendo um grave problema de saúde pública, principalmente nas regiões mais pobres da América Latina. Na busca por novas drogas terapêuticas contra T. cruzi, nós avaliamos a atividade do composto 5-hidroxi-3-metil-5-fenil-pirazolina-1-(S-benzilditiocarbazato) (H2bdtc) tanto in vitro quanto in vivo. Esta espécie foi caracterizada por análise elementar, espectroscopia UV-visível, infravermelho, RMN e espectrometria de massas. Nos experimentos biológicos, o composto H2bdtc em suspensão e/ou encapsulado em nanopartícula lipídica sólida (NLS) foi comparado com um dos medicamentos empregados atualmente, o benzonidazol (BZN). Utilizando-se o composto H2bdtc encapsulado em NLS observou-se: (a) redução de forma eficaz da parasitemia em camundongos, em concentração 100 vezes mais baixa do que aquela normalmente empregada para Benzonidazol (clinicamente aplicada a uma concentração de 400 ?mol kg-1 dia-1); (b) diminuição da inflamação e das lesões de fígado e do coração e (c) resultou em 100,0% de sobrevivência dos camundongos infectados com T. cruzi após 60 dias. Para fins de elucidação do possível mecanismo de ação do composto H2bdtc, estudo de interação com o DNA e com a albumina do soro Humano (HSA) foram realizados. Baseado nos dados relacionados à atividade tripanocida in vitro e in vivo do composto H2bdtc, este pode ser tomado como potente agente tripanocida e o estudo desenvolvido neste projeto pode concorrer ao uso de H2bdtc como possível nova droga a ser utilizada contra Doença de Chagas. / The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, which remains a serious public health concern and continues to victimize thousands of people, primarily in the poorest regions of Latin America. In the search for new therapeutic drugs against T. cruzi, here we have evaluated both the in vitro and the in vivo activity of 5-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-phenyl-pyrazoline-1-(S-benzyldithiocarbazate) (H2bdtc). This compound was characterized by elemental analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared, NMR and mass spectrometry. Biological experiments were conducted with H2bdtc as a free compound or encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles; we compared the results with those achieved by using the currently employed drug, benznidazole. H2bdtc encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (a) effectively reduced parasitemia in mice at concentrations 100 times lower than that normally employed for benznidazole (clinically applied at a concentration of 400 ?mol kg-1 day-1); (b) diminished inflammation and lesions of the liver and heart; and (c) resulted in 100,0% survival of mice infected with T. cruzi. Biological mechanism elucidation of H2bdtc compound was analyzed based on the interaction with DNA and Human Serum Albumin (HSA). Based on the data related to the in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of H2bdtc it was taken as potent trypanocidal agent. Studies developed on this project allow concluding that H2bdtc is a possible new drug to be used against Chagas Disease.

Our goal was to develop a mucoadhesive, oral vaccination delivery platform designed to target Peyer’s patches at ileum. In order to achieve this, we prepared poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles of various sizes using W/O/W emulsification solvent evaporation and surface polymerization methods. We then coated and employed mucoadhesive polymers into the carrier system to enhance the residence time in the targeted site. Also we developed our own in vitro mucoadhesion testing ramp as an evaluation tool. Finally, nano- and micro-structured particles were manufactured as two different oral vaccine delivery systems (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, SLNs; and Protein Coated Microcrystals, PCMC). After the model antigen, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was loaded into the SLNs or PCMC; mucoadhesive polymers were then incorporated and formulated the mixture into pellets. The pellets were then layered with an enteric coating, which was composed of a mixture of Eudragit® FS 30 D/Eudragit® L 30 D-55 for ileum targeted delivery. The in vitro mucoadhesion test ramp was capable of investigating the mucoadhesive properties of tablets and pellets, providing a rank order for study. Most important of all, it was anticipated that this might reduce the burden of testing animals for future proposed mucoadhesive studies. Microcapsules/beads of specific size were manufactured reproducibly by solvent evaporation and surface polymerization. Although we could not specify the cut-off size at the pyloric sphincter in mice, we concluded that the cut-off size at the pyloric sphincter in rats was approximately 2.5-3 mm, which was supported by both the biodistribution data and the direct image results from scintigraphy scanning. Moreover, we found that the particle size significantly alters the gastric emptying time in both rodent models. The small microcapsules/beads were hindered in the folds of the stomach (size 50-100μm for mice and size 0.5-1 mm for rats) and emptied the slowest, followed by the large particles, then the medium particles. Finally, PCMC and SLNs we manufactured were suitable carriers for protein API, such as BSA. These particles were of fitting size for M cell uptake, which would possibly induce mucosal immune responses. Therefore, an antigen containing PCMC and SLNs might be suitable platforms for oral vaccination. / text

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) and lipid-drug conjugates (LDCs) are two promising lipid nanoparticle (LNP) based drug delivery systems; this thesis explores new synthetic lipids that may circumvent the limitations of currently available components for LNPs with particular focus on the stability of LNP formulations. Neutral polyethylene glycol lipids (PEG-lipids) have been designed, synthesized, and characterized with ESI-MS, for stabilizing SLNPs containing dsDNA oligomer. 1st and 2nd generation PEG-lipids investigated the effects of serinol and iminodiacetic acid backbone structures, respectively, and aliphatic chain sequences within the lipid anchors on the stability of SLNPs. Assays were developed to analyze LNP stability in both PBS buffer and PBS buffer with 10 % serum at different incubation temperatures. The results indicate that the hydrocarbon branching sequence offer additional SLNP stability over straight chain isomers. LDC monomers were designed and synthesized to allow for the formulation of LDC nanocarriers for the thiopurine drugs. These hydrophobic LDC monomers were made by linking the polar thiopurine drug to a synthetic lipid. These synthetic lipids investigated branched and straight chain derivatives – the branched isomers once again demonstrated advantages in the stability of the LDCs. / Graduate

Pre-clinical and clinical trials suggest that pre-treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) may facilitate enhanced uptake of subsequently administered chemotherapeutic agents. To reduce the side effects associated with systemic administration of Dex, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing dexamethasone palmitate (Dex-P) were prepared as a means of achieving tumor-targeted drug delivery. These studies were aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties and both the physiological and storage stability of the SLNs. SLNs were prepared using nanotemplate engineering technology. Stearyl alcohol (SA) was used as the lipid phase with Brij® 78 and Polysorbate 60 as surfactants and PEG6000 monostearate as a long-chain PEGylating agent. Both formulations exhibited a small particle size, ellipsoidal shape, and low polydispersity. 1H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed that SLNs have the expected solid core and PEGylated surface. Analysis of the bulk materials indicated that a number of complex interactions are present among the SLN components, including a eutectic between SA and Brij® 78. Dex-P could be incorporated in SLNs at 10-30% w/w SA with encapsulation efficiencies >85%. A preferential interaction with the SA-Brij® 78 eutectic was identified, indicating a possible interfacial localization. For comparison, SLNs were also prepared with ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and curcumin. Higher drug loads were achieved with both palmitate-containing prodrugs than curcumin, though all appeared to align differently within the SLNs. SLNs undergo a concentration-dependent particle size growth when incubated at physiological temperature. However, they appear to remain intact with over 85% of the added Dex-P retained at 24 h in conditions mimicking human plasma. In the presence of carboxylesterase, SLNs became turbid and showed a reduction in particle size as compared to controls. This instability was shown to be a result of the hydrolysis of PEG6000 monostearate and Polysorbate 60. To enhance storage stability, a lyophilization protocol designed to minimize changes in the physicochemical properties of SLNs was developed. During a 3 month period, lyophilized SLNs stored at 4°C demonstrated the greatest stability, showing a consistent particle size and an encapsulation efficiency >80%. Overall, these results indicate that Dex-P loaded SLNs possess the physicochemical properties and stability desirable for development as a tumor-targeted drug delivery system.

Les vaccins représentent l’un des progrès majeurs de l’Histoire pour la santé publique, concrétisant notamment l’éradication de la variole en 1980. Les vaccins historiques, à base de pathogènes entiers atténués ou inactivés et donc très immunogènes ont été progressivement remplacés par des vaccins à sous-unités, beaucoup plus sûrs mais en contrepartie moins immunogènes. Des adjuvants tels que des vecteurs et des molécules immunostimulantes ont donc été incorporés dans les formulations vaccinales dans le but de générer des réponses immunitaires de grande amplitude. Cependant, les principaux adjuvants actuellement autorisés chez l’homme induisent exclusivement une réponse immunitaire humorale, à savoir la production d’anticorps permettant de neutraliser les pathogènes extracellulaires. Or, certains pathogènes comme le VIH requièrent une immunité cellulaire, indispensable à l’élimination du virus persistant dans les cellules infectées. Dans ce contexte, les adjuvants de vaccin sont en plein essor dans le but d’identifier de nouveaux candidats plus performants et sûrs. Nous décrivons ici la démarche suivie afin de proposer un vecteur lipidique nanoparticulaire (LNP), dont la stabilité, l’innocuité et la versatilité en font un outil idéal pour la délivrance d’antigènes. Nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé la preuve de concept sur la base de l’antigène modèle ovalbumine, dont la délivrance aux cellules immunitaires a permis d’augmenter significativement la réponse humorale in vivo chez la souris. D’autre part, l’induction d’une réponse cellulaire a été observée par la double délivrance de l’antigène et d’un immunostimulant. Plusieurs combinaisons et stratégies de vectorisations ont été évaluées, dans le but d’identifier la formulation la plus performante en vue d’une étude de protection anti-tumorale. Finalement, nous avons appliqué ces technologies au cas concret du VIH avec l’antigène de capside p24, ce qui s’est conclu par une étude d’immunogénicité chez le primate non-humain. L’ensemble de ces résultats met en lumière la versatilité des LNP et leur capacité à induire des réponses immunitaires de grande magnitude, à médiation humorale et cellulaire. / The development of vaccines was one of the major health advances of the last century, with the success of smallpox eradication in 1980. Historical vaccines, based on attenuated or killed pathogens thus strongly immunogenic were finally replaced by subunit candidates, much safer but also poorly immunogenic. Therefore, adjuvants such as vectors and immunostimulants were incorporated in vaccine formulations in order to generate immune responses of high magnitude. However, actual adjuvants authorized in human vaccines only trigger humoral immune responses, with the production of antibodies which neutralize extracellular pathogens. Yet, some pathogens such as HIV require the induction of a cell-mediated immunity, necessary to eliminate viral reservoirs in infected cells. In this context, new adjuvant systems are being developed in order to identify the most efficient and safe candidates. Here we describe the approach followed to prepare a stable, safe and versatile vector consisting in lipid nanoparticles (LNP), for the delivery of antigens. We first report the proof of concept of antigen delivery based on the model ovalbumin, leading to the significant enhancement of humoral responses in vivo in mice. Thereafter, we focused on the induction of cell-mediated immune responses through the vectorization of both antigens and immunostimulants. Several combinations and vectorization strategies were assessed in the aim to identify the best prototype for a study of protection against tumor challenge. Finally, we applied these systems to HIV and its capsid antigen p24, which allowed us to conduct an immunogenicity study on a non-human primate model. Altogether, these results highlight the versatility of LNP and their ability to induce potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.