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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
571

Élaboration et caractérisation de matériaux hybrides "nanoparticules Zn0 - cristaux liquides" pour applications aux cellules photovoltaïques / Elaboration and characterization of hybrid materials "nanoparticles ZnO - Liquid crystals" for photovoltaic cells applications

Halaby Macary, Mikhael 09 January 2019 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans l'essor important que connaît actuellement le domaine des énergies renouvelables en terme de recherche et de nouvelles technologies de l'énergie. Il est consacré à l'étude de nouveaux matériaux hybrides "nanoparticules ZnO - cristaux liquides" en vue d'applications aux cellules solaires de type hétérojonctions en volume. La motivation est d'utiliser les propriétés d'auto-organisation et de transport de charges des cristaux liquides et d'augmenter les interfaces donneur-accepteur afin d'améliorer leurs performances. Pour la mesures des mobilités des porteurs de charge, un banc de mesure "temps de vol" entièrement automatisé a été développé. Deux cristaux liquides calamitiques ont été caractérisés (DSC, microscopie optique polarisée, UV et "temps de vol"). Deux types de transports de charge, l'un ionique, l'autre électronique sont mis en évidence pour des charges positives et négatives avec des mobilités indépendantes du champ électrique et des comportements différents en fonction de la température. Un procédé d'élaboration des matériaux hybrides a été mis au point. Les caractérisations de ces matériaux montrent l'influence de la concentration en nanoparticules (0,05 à 38% en volume). La taille des domaines dans les phases cristal liquide augmente avec la concentration alors que la température de transition isotrope-SmA diminue fortement. Un résultat important est que les phénomènes de transport sont conservés pour des concentrations importantes (jusque 12% en volume). Le transport électronique est même amélioré. Les propriétés des matériaux élaborés apparaissent intéressantes pour des applications aux cellules photovoltaïques. / This thesis work is a part of the significant growth that is currently taking place in the field of the renewable energy in terms of research and new energy technologies. It is dedicated to the study of new hybrid material "zno particles - liquid crystals" for the applications in "bulk heterojunction" solar cells. The motivation is to increase the donor-acceptor interfaces in hybrid material and to combine the self-organizing and charge transport properties of liquid crystals, in order to improve their performance. A completely automated "time of flight" measuring set-up is developed, for the measurement of the charge carriers mobility in the aforementioned hybrid material. Using the dsc, polarized optical microscopy, uv-visible spectroscopy and "time of flight", we have characterized two calamitic liquid crystals. Two types of charge transport, one ionic, and the other electronic, are highlighted for positive and negative charges with electric field independent mobility and different behaviors with temperature. A process for the elaboration of hybrid materials is developed. The characterization of these materials show the influence of nanoparticles concentrations (0,05 to 38% by volume). The size of the domains in the liquid crystal phases increases with the concentration whereas the isotropic-sma phase transition temperature decreases monotically. Under controlled dispersion of zno nanoparticles in host liquid crystal up to 12% by volume, we have conserved the transport phenomena in hybrid material and study has shown that electronic transport is improved. The characterized hybrid materials have shown their potential application in organic photovoltaic.
572

Lignin fibres prepared by coagulation : a promising precursor for carbon fibres / Fibres de lignine préparées par coagulation : un précurseur prometteur pour fibres de carbone

Föllmer, Marie 15 November 2018 (has links)
Les fibres de carbone sont actuellement utilisées dans les matériaux composites pour les secteurs de l'aérospatiale, l’aéronautique et les sports de compétition. Leur application sur les marchés de grande consommation est toutefois entravée par le coût élevé des matières premières et le procédé de carbonisation, notamment l’étape de stabilisation. Par conséquent,les matériaux précurseurs alternatifs et peu coûteux sont très demandés. La lignine, une ressource naturelle très abondante contenant de grandes quantités de carbone, est considérée comme un bon candidat. Jusqu'à présent, les fibres de lignine ont été principalement préparées par filage en voie fondue et en mélange avec des polymères thermoplastiques pour améliorer leur aptitude au filage et leurs propriétés mécaniques, mais en réduisant fortement leurs rendements de carbonisation et en augmentant leur prix. Nous proposons dans cette thèse des fibres précurseur à base de lignine obtenues par un procédé de filage en continu par coagulation. En combinaison avec de petites proportions d'alcool polyvinylique, on obtient des fibres composites hautement flexibles et infusibles, contenant jusqu'à 70-90 % de lignine industrielle. Notre développement nous permet de fabriquer des fibres de carbone avec des rendements de l’ordre de 30 % qui présentent des propriétés prometteuses. Jusqu'à présent, les fibres de carbone à base de lignine mentionnées dans la littérature n'atteignent pas les propriétés mécaniques requises pour des applications à hautes performances en raison de leur structure de carbone amorphe. Cependant, en incorporant des cristaux liquides de feuillets d'oxyde de graphène ou des nanocristaux de cellulose dans nos fibres précurseurs de lignine, nous pouvons améliorer l'orientation des plans de carbone obtenus après la carbonisation. Nos systèmes de fibres à base de lignine avec une structuration améliorée représentent donc une étape importante vers la mise en oeuvre industrielle de la lignine en tant que matériau précurseur «vert» pour les fibres de carbone à faible coût et à haute résistance. / Carbon fibres are currently used in composite materials for the aerospace, transportation and energy sectors. Their application in mass markets however is hindered by the high cost of the fibre raw materials. Therefore, alternative and inexpensive precursor materials are in high demand. Especially lignin, a widely abundant natural resource containing high quantities of carbon, is considered as an important candidate. So far, lignin fibres have mostly been prepared by melt-spinning and by blending with thermoplastic polymers to enhance their spinnability and mechanical properties, but strongly lowering their carbonization yields and raising their price. We propose lignin-based precursor fibres obtained through a continuous wet-spinning process. In combination with only small ratios of polyvinyl alcohol, highly flexible and infusible composite fibres, containing up to 70-90 % of industrial lignin, can be obtained.Our development enables us to manufacture carbon fibres in high yields which exhibit promising properties. Until now, lignin-based carbon fibres reported in literature do not reach the mechanical properties required for high-performance applications due to their amorphous carbon structure. However, by incorporation of liquid crystalline graphene oxide flakes or cellulose nanocrystals into our lignin precursor fibres, we are able to improve the orientation of the carbon planes obtained after carbonization. Our lignin-based fibre systems with enhanced structuration thus represent an important step towards the industrial implementation of lignin as “green” precursor material for low-cost and high-strength carbon fibres.
573

Estudo estrutural e eletro-óptico da fase B2 de materiais com moléculas de banana / Structural and electro-optical studies of the B2 phase of materials with banana molecules

Pedreira, Aline Moojen 25 August 2006 (has links)
Com base em resultados de DSC, análise estrutural por difração de raios X e observações de textura, analisamos os efeitos da mistura do solvente apolar hexadecano com cristais líquidos formados pelas moléculas banana 1,3-fenilenobis[4-(4-tetradecilfeniliminometil)benzoato] (MB14) e 4-cloro-1,3-fenilenobis[4-(4-tetradecilfeniliminometil) benzoato] (MB14Cl). Propusemos um modelo estrutural para explicar as modificações causadas no arranjo molecular da fase B2 pelo acréscimo gradual do solvente. Observamos a diminuição da temperatura de transição entre esta fase e a fase isotrópica, porém a transição entre a fase B2 e a fase a temperaturas mais baixas não sofre alteração significativa. Para concentrações em massa de hexadecano de 45 % no MB14 e de 55 % no MB14Cl, a fase B2 já não é mais observada. Para o MB14Cl, resultados de difração de raios X revelaram que as moléculas de hexadecano penetram entre as camadas esméticas, aumentando a distância intercamada em torno de 3 Å. Acima de 5 % de concentração do solvente, o aumento da distância intercamada satura e ocorre segregação de fases em escala nanométrica. O comportamento da fase B2 sob a ação de um campo elétrico variável também foi analisado para o MB14 puro. Apresentamos um modelo para a linha de base do sinal de corrente de polarização, que leva em conta a não linearidade da condutividade para valores altos de campo aplicado, devido à movimentação iônica na amostra. Para o cálculo da viscosidade, consideramos a não linearidade da constante dielétrica com o campo aplicado, e adaptamos outro modelo, inicialmente utilizado para cristais líquidos ferroelétricos sob a ação de um campo quadrado, para o caso de um cristal líquido antiferroelétrico sob um campo triangular. Quanto aos dois tipos de arranjo molecular da fase B2, o arranjo homoquiral se mostrou bem mais estável que o racêmico, mesmo sob aplicação de campo triangular, quando este último é inicialmente favorecido. O arranjo racêmico se apresentou mais viscoso que o arranjo homoquiral, contrariando nossas previsões. / Based on DSC results, structural analysis by X-ray diffraction and texture observations, we observed the effects of mixing the nonpolar solvent hexadecane with the banana molecules liquid crystals ,3-phenilenebis[4-(4-tetradecilpheniliminometil)benzoate] (MB14) and 4-chloro-1,3-phenilenebis[4-(4-tetradecilpheniliminometil) benzoate] (MB14Cl). We propose a structural model to explain the changes in the molecular ordering of the B2 phase caused by the gradual increase of the solvent. We observed a decreasing of the transition temperature between B2 and isotropic phases, however the transition between B2 and lower temperature phases did not change significantly. For hexadecane concentrations above 45 wt% in MB14 and 55 wt% in MB14Cl, the B2 phase is no longer present. In MB14Cl, X-ray diffraction results showed that the hexadecane molecules penetrate between the smectic layers, increasing the interlayer spacing by about 3 Å. Above 5 wt% of solvent concentration, the increasing of the interlayer spacing saturates, and a phase segregation in nanometric scale occurs. The behavior of the B2 phase under variable electric field was also analysed for the pure MB14. We present a model for the baseline of the polarization current signal, which considers the non-linearity of the conductivity for high values of applied field, due to the presence of ions in the sample. In order to calculate the viscosity, we considered the non-linearity of the dielectric constant with the applied field, and adapted another model, initially used in ferroelectric liquid crystals under rectangular field, for the case of an antiferroelectric liquid crystal under triangular field. Concerning the two kind of molecular ordering in the B2 phase, the homoquiral ordering proved to be far more stable than the racemic, even under triangular field, when the latest is favored. Our measurements resulted in a racemic ordering more viscous than the homoquiral, going against our predictions.
574

Desenvolvimento de sistemas precursores de fase cristalina para administração intrabolsa periodontal / Development of precursors crystalline phase for intra pocket periodontal administration.

Nunes, Kariane Mendes 21 December 2012 (has links)
A doença periodontal é uma patogenia que afeta as estruturas de suporte dos dentes com formação da bolsa periodontal, e caso não tratada, em estágios mais avançados o periodonto é destruído, ocasionando perda do dente. O tratamento concerne em duas etapas, à remoção mecânica do biofilme e cálculo dentário por raspagem e alisamento radicular e utilização de antimicrobianos. Ainda é comum a utilização de antimicrobiano de ação sistêmica, embora, tenha eficácia reduzida e frequentes efeitos adversos. Em face disto, justifica-se o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação sustentada de fármaco intrabolsa periodontal a fim de sanar os inconvenientes da terapia sistêmica. Contudo, aspectos como espaço anatomofisiológico e fluído gengival crevicular intrínsecos à bolsa, são limitações pertinentes durante o desenvolvimento. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver sistemas e formulações precursoras de fase líquido cristalina baseados em monolinoleato de glicerila (MLG) e cremophor (CREM) com gelificação in situ em fase líquido cristalina. Por meio de planejamento fatorial 32 foram obtidos 9 sistemas sem adição de fármaco e 9 formulações contendo metronidazol com diferentes razões de MLG/CREM e %H2O. Quando caracterizados por microscopia de luz polarizada e espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo, os sistemas e formulações com menor razão MLG/CREM e conteúdos de água de 5, 10 e 15% apresentaram organização micelar isotrópica. Eles também apresentaram rápida erosão no ensaio de captação de água, inviabilizando sua transição para mesofase. Os sistemas e formulações com média e alta razão MLG/CREM e conteúdos de água de 5, 10 e 15% apresentaram coexistência de fases em transição líquido cristalina. Apresentaram rápida captação de água com transição para fase cúbica. Contudo, com exceção do sistema e formulação com alta razão MGL/CREM e 15% de água, os demais sistemas e formulações, apresentaram propriedades de fluxo ideais para fácil aplicação por seringa acoplada a agulha, e comportamento viscoelástico adequado para promover espalhabilidade e retenção no interior da bolsa. Os sistemas e formulações com média e alta razão de MLG/CREM apresentaram melhor mucoadesão. Dentre as formulações, apenas a com média razão de GML/CREM e 5% de água, apresentou perfil bi-modal de liberação mantendo concentrações de metronidazol acima do MIC por 6 dias, característica desejável para sistemas de liberação intrabolsa periodontal. Portanto, todos os resultados advogam a favor desta formulação como potencial candidata ao emprego clínico como sistema de liberação de fármaco intrabolsa periodontal. / Periodontal disease is a chronic infection that affects the structural supports of the tooth with periodontal pocket formation. If untreated, the periodontium may be destroyed, which can cause the tooth loss in the latest stages of the disease. The treatment for this infection comprises two stages, the mechanical removal of plaque and calculus by scaling and root planing and the use of antimicrobials. It is still common to use systemic antimicrobials, even though it has a reduced efficacy and frequent adverse effects. For the reason, justified the development of systems for sustained release of drug intra-pocket periodontal in order to solve the drawbacks of systemic therapy. The main limitations for the development of these systems are the anatomical and physiological aspects of the periodontal pocket, which includes the limited size and the depth area and the natural irrigate flow of the gingival crevice fluid (GCF). So, this study aimed to develop precursor liquid crystalline systems and formulations based on glyceryl monolinoleate (GML) and cremophor (CREM), with in situ gelation to liquid crystalline phases. Through a 32 factorial design 9 systems without drug and 9 formulations containing metronidazole were obtained. Different ratios of GML / CREM and water percentage were evaluated. When characterized by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Polarized Light Microscopy, lower ratio GML / CREM with 5, 10 and 15% H2O produce isotropic micellar organization. They also showed high erosion during water uptake, thus, precluding in situ crystalline transition. Medium and high ratio GML / CREM with 5, 10 and 15% H2O indicated the coexistence of regions in transition to the crystalline phase. They showed characteristic peaks of cubic phases, rapid water uptake, higher viscosity and increased mucoadhesion. Moreover, with the exception of the formulation containing high ratio and high water content, other systems and formulations with medium ratio GML / CREM and 5, 10, 15% of water and high ratio and 5 and 10% of water had flow properties ideal for easy application through needle fitted syringes, viscoelastic behavior appropriate to promote spreadability and might favor retention within the periodontal pocket. However, only the formulation with higher ratio and the lowest water content presented a bimodal release profile of metronidazole, maintaining concentrations above the MIC for 5 days, with the release of 100% of the drug added to the formulation. These are desirable features for delivery systems designed for periodontal pockets. Therefore, all results advocate in favor of the formulation with high ratio of GML / CREM and 5% of water as a potential candidate for clinical use as drug delivery system for the periodontal pocket.
575

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de creme para as mãos contendo cristais líquidos para auxílio no tratamento de doenças ocupacionais / Development and characterization of hand cream containing liquid crystals to aid in the treatment of occupational diseases.

Oliveira, Erika Cristina Vargas de 10 December 2010 (has links)
Atualmente doenças ocupacionais manifestadas nas mãos, como hiperqueratinização, escamação, desidratação e fissuras profundas são frequentemente relatadas por profissionais como médicos, enfermeiros, dentistas, mecânicos e donas de casa. O uso frequente de luvas e o contato constante com substâncias químicas como detergentes e sabões são as principais causas. O tratamento é feito pelo uso de corticóides tópicos, o que a longo prazo pode causar aumento das infecções no local de aplicação, devido ao efeito colateral de inibição do sistema imune destes fármacos. Isto exposto, fica evidenciada a importância da profilaxia e boa hidratação como alternativas de tratamento. O emprego de matérias-primas vegetais em formulações cosméticas atende ao apelo de sustentabilidade e biocompatibilidade tão buscado pelas empresas do setor. Óleos como o de andiroba e copaíba são tradicionalmente empregados pois podem apresentar potencial antibiótico e antiinflamatório. As manteigas de cacau e cupuaçu possuem alto teor de ácidos graxos, o que lhes confere potencial poder hidratante. Óleos e manteigas vegetais apresentam ainda potencial na formação de estruturas lamelares, as quais melhoram a estabilidade e aumentam o poder hidratante da formulação onde estão presentes. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um creme à base de matérias primas vegetais, destinado à profissionais acometidos de doenças ocupacionais nas mãos. Foram manipuladas formulações com os óleos de copaíba e andiroba, aditivadas de manteigas de cacau e cupuaçu. Diversos pares de tensoativo foram pesquisados a fim empregar aquele que produzisse melhor estabilidade e permitisse a formação de estruturas lamelares. Quando empregados os tensoativos PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate / Steareth-2 em emulsões com valores de EHL final 7 e 9, foi obtida boa estabilidade preliminar e observada presença de estruturas lamelares. Foi avaliado o comportamento destas frente à evaporação da água e foi observado que mesmo em pequenas concentrações ou após evaporação da água livre do sistema, as estruturas lamelares se mantêm presentes, sugerindo armazenamento de água entre as lamelas. A caracterização por difração de raios-X em alto ângulo (WAXS) permitiu observar que as cadeias carbônicas que compõem a bicamada ao redor dos glóbulos internos da emulsão estão dispostas em um estado ordenado denominado fase gel. A análise por difração de raio-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS) confirmou que os tensoativos estão organizados em multicamadas lamelares intercaladas por camadas de água que se mantiveram estáveis mesmo após três meses de envelhecimento em temperatura ambiente. A avaliação reológica mostrou comportamento pseudo-plástico com tixotropia e ligeiro aumento da viscosidade com o tempo, porém, não confirmou boa estabilidade. Por meio dos testes in vivo observou-se que as formulações desenvolvidas promoveram aumento da hidratação a qual foi prolongada em relação à formulação de mercado. / Currently occupational diseases manifested in the hands, as hyperkeratinazation, scaling, dehydration and deep fissures are frequently reported by professionals such as doctors, nurses, dentists, mechanics and housewives. The frequent use of gloves and constant contact with chemical such as detergents and soaps are the main cause. The treatment is done by the use of topical steroids, which in the long term may cause increased infections in the application site, due to side effect of inhibiting the immune system of these drugs. This exposed, the importance of proper hydration as prophylaxis and treatment alternatives is evidenced. The use of vegetable raw materials in cosmetic formulations attends the sustainability and biocompatibility appeal so sought by the cosmetics business sector. Oils such as Andiroba and Copaiba are traditionally used for their antibiotic and anti-inflammatory potential. Cocoa and Cupuassu butters have high levels of fatty acids, giving them potential moisturizing power. Vegetable oils and butters have yet a potential in formation of lamellar structures, which improve stability and increase the moisturizing power of the formulations where they are present. This research aimed to develop a cream based on vegetable raw materials destined to professionals suffering from occupational disease in the hands. Formulations were manipulated with Copaiba and Andiroba oils added with Cocoa and Cupassu butter. Several pairs of surfactant were investigated to employ one that produces better stability and allow the formation of anisotropic lamellar structures. When employed the following pair of surfactants PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate / Steareth-2 in emulsions with required HLB of 7 and 9, good preliminary stability was obtained and lamellar structures were observed. We evaluated their behavior against water evaporation and we observed that even in small concentrations or after free water evaporation, lamellar structures are still present, suggesting water storage between the lamellae. Characterization by X-ray diffraction at wide angle (WAXS) elucidated that he carbon chains composing the bilayer around the emulsions internal globules are disposed in an ordered state called gel phase. The analysis by small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) confirmed that the surfactants are arranged in multilayered lamellae intercalated by layers of water that remained stable even after three months aging at room temperature. The rheological evaluation showed pseudo-plastic behavior with thixotropy and slight increase in viscosity with time, however, not confirmed good stability. The in vivo tests showed that the formulations caused an increase in hydration which was prolonged in relation to the formulation from the market.
576

Micro modulateur spatial de lumière transmissif pour modulation de phase et d’amplitude / Transmissive micro spatial light modulator for phase and amplitude modulation

Abelard, Clément 20 November 2018 (has links)
Le LETI possède un savoir-faire permettant de réaliser des micro modulateurs spatiaux de lumière (Spatial Light Modulators, SLMs) réalisés en technologie microélectronique sur silicium, ayant des très grandes résolutions et de très petits pas de pixels. Le LETI souhaite utiliser une technologie LCD particulière (la technologie IPS) dont d’une part les performances électro-optiques dans le domaine des micro-écrans ne sont pas connues mais d’autre part permet de garder des coûts réduits et de réduire le nombre d’étapes de fabrication. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer sur la base de simulations puis de réalisations techniques, les performances d’un micro-SLM IPS utilisé en modulation de phase et d’amplitude.Les recherches effectuées au cours de cette thèse portent sur 4 axes d’études. Le premier axe consiste à la recherche et à l’essai d’un logiciel spécifique (LCDMaster) permettant de simuler des cellules à cristaux liquides ainsi que des électrodes flottantes. Le second axe consiste à étudier en fonction du design du pixel et des différents modes d’alignements des cristaux liquides (Homogène, vertical et twisté) avec un pilotage de type IPS, les performances en modulation de phase. Les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus pour un alignement vertical fournissant un déphasage de 2 Pi. De plus, les performances d’un dispositif d’optique adaptative intégrant le SLM étudié ont été investiguées. Le troisième axe d’étude, consiste avec le même logiciel à investiguer sur les performances d’un SLM à cristaux liquide avec un pilotage de type IPS utilisant un alignement homogène en modulation d’amplitude (étude statique et dynamique). Cette étude permet également d’étudier les possibilités de diminution du temps de réponse de la cellule. Cette étude a aboutie à deux designs de SLM. Le premier design avec deux niveaux d’électrodes séparés par un isolant permettant de reproduire un effet type « cage de faraday ». La seconde a permis de diminuer de manière drastique le temps de réponse. Le quatrième axe de recherche consiste à tester des prototypes basés sur ces deux designs pour vérifier les performances obtenues en simulation grâce à un banc de caractérisation électro-optique. Des résultats concordants ont étés obtenus et de nouveaux types de SLM à pilotage IPS proposant un temps de rafraichissement rapides se rapprochant de l’état de l’art ont donc pu être désignés et caractérisés. / LETI possesses an expertise allowing to realize Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) made in microelectronic technology on silicon, having very high resolutions and very small pixel steps. LETI wishes to use a specific LCD technology (IPS technology), on the one hand the electro-optical performances in the field of micro-display had to be investigated but on the other hand allows to keep costs down and reduce the number of manufacturing steps. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate on the basis of simulations and technical achievements, the performance of a micro-SLM IPS used in phase modulation and amplitude.Our investigations have been carried out on four major areas of study. The first axis is the search and testing of a specific software (LCDMaster) to simulate liquid crystal cells and floating electrodes. The second axis according to different designs of pixel and the different liquid crystal alignment modes (Homogeneous, vertical and twisted) with an IPS type control, to investigate the performances in modulation phase. The best results were obtained for a vertical alignment providing a phase shift of 2π. In addition, the performance of an adaptive optics device integrating the studied SLM has been investigated. The third axis of study focused on the performance investigation of a liquid crystal SLM with an IPS-type control using a homogeneous alignment in amplitude modulation (static and dynamic study). This study also makes it possible to study the possibilities of reducing the response time of the cell. It resulted in two SLM designs. The first design with two levels of electrodes separated by an insulator to reproduce a Faraday type effect. The second has drastically reduced the response time. The fourth area of research consists in testing prototypes based on these two designs to validate the performances obtained in simulation. Concordant results have been obtained and new types of IPS-controlled SLMs with state-of-the-art refreshing times have thus been designated and characterized.
577

Estudo da mesofase liotrópica na fase Nc submetida a campo magnético: determinação de K3 e X\'alfa\' e geração de instabilidades hidrodinâmicas. / Study of lyotropic mesophase phase Nc subjected to magnetic field: determination of K3 and X and generation of hydrodynamic instabilities.

Palangana, Antonio Jose 28 June 1991 (has links)
No presente trabalho foram estudadas, inicialmente, distorções periódicas \"bend\" provocadas por campo magnético em amostra nemática calamítica da mistura: decilsulfato de sódio, decanol e água. Com base na teoria elástica continua, medidas do comprimento de onda das distorções periódicas permitiram obter a razão K IND. 9 / X IND. em função da temperatura, onde K IND. 9 é a constante elástica de \"bend\" e X IND. a anisotropia de susceptibilidade diamagnética. Em seguida, amostras nemáticas foram dopadas com ferrofluído em diferentes concentrações, o que possibilitou, através da comparação entre os resultados (com e sem o \"doping\"), determinar K IND. 9 e X IND. , respectivamente. Num segundo momento, a mesofase nemática calamítica obtida da mistura liotrópica de laurato de potássio, decanol e água, é submetida a gradiente térmico vertical em configuração planar. Uma nova instabilidade térmica foi observada envidenciando uma estrutura de rolos com os seus eixos perpendiculares à configuração inicial do diretor. O comprimento de onda da instabilidade tem valores em torno de 10 vezes menores que a espessura da amostra. A instabilidade, cujo processo de formação e relaxação é estudado, aparece com a diminuição do gradiente térmico próximo à transição de fase nemático-isotrópica. Considerando-se estes fatos, sugere-se um mecanismo em função da variação das dimensões dos objetos micelares com a temperatura. / In this work were primarily studied the periodic distortions \"bend\" provoked by magnetic field on calamitic nematic sample of the mixture: sodium decylsulfate, decanol and water. Based on the continuum elastic theory, measures of the wave lenght of periodic distortions permitted to obtain the ratio K9 /X in function of the temperature, where k9 is the elastic constant of \"bend\" and x the anisotropic of diamagnetic susceptibility. Afterwards, nematic samples were doped with ferrofluid in different concentrations, which made possible, through a comparison between the results (with and without the \"doping\"), to determine x and K9 respectively. In a second moment, the calamitic nematic mesophase obtained from the liotropic mixture of potassium laurate, decanol and water is submitted to a vertical thermic gradient in plane configuration. A new thermic instability was observed showing evidences of a roll structure with its perpendicular axis to the initial configuration of the director. The lenght of the instability wave has values around ten times smaller than the thickness of the sample. The instability, whose process of formation with the decrease of the thermic gradient next to the transition of isotropic-nematic phase. Considering these facts, we would suggest a mechanism related to the variation of the micelar objects dimensions in function of the temperature.
578

Aplicação do formalismo de dois modos de um condensado de Bose-Einstein em um sistema de ressonância magnética nuclear / Aplication of the two mode Bose-Einstein condensate formalism to a nuclear magnetic resonance system

Ferreira, Arthur Gustavo de Araujo 30 April 2014 (has links)
Neste trabalho exploramos propriedades físicas dos cristais líquidos liotrópicos na sua fase lamelar e dentro desse utilizamos um sistema de spins quadrupolares para a criação e manipulação de estados coerentes de spin nuclear com técnicas de RMN. Os spins nucleares utilizados eram provenientes do núcleo de césio-133, com spin 7/2, presentes em uma molécula de pentadecafluoroctanoato de césio com estrutura líquido-cristalina. Sobre esse núcleo, aplicamos um novo conceito de pulsos fortemente modulados suaves para gerar os estados pseudo-puros correspondentes aos estados coerentes de spin nuclear. Com esses estados pudemos realizar experimentos de compressão de estado coerente, um conceito quântico muito importante quando vinculado ao conceito de emaranhamento. Outro estudo foi a observação de dinâmica clássica e efeitos de bifurcação nesse sistema quântico. Em ambas aplicações se destaca o controle dos spins nucleares no desenvolvimento dos protocolos tanto na implementação do conceito de estado coerente em sistemas de spin nuclear, quanto nas leituras dos estados quânticos via tomografia de estado quântico. / In this work we use a quadrupolar spin system inside a lyotropic liquid crystal in the lamellar phase and explore its physical properties to create and manipulate nuclear spin coherent states with NMR techniques. The nuclear spins come from the cesium-133 nucleus, spin 7/2, contained in the cesium-pentadecafluoroctanoate with liquid crystalline structure. On this nucleus, we apply a new concept of smooth strongly modulating pulses to create the pseudo-pure states corresponding to nuclear spin coherent states. With these coherent states we were able to perform coherent state squeezing, an important concept closely related to entanglement. In another study we observed the classical dynamics and bifurcation on this quantum system. Both applications highlight the quantum control of the nuclear spins in developing the protocols for the creation of nuclear spin coherent states as well as for performing the readout using the quantum state tomography procedure.
579

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de sistemas de liberação tópico para veiculação de siRNA na terapia gênica da córnea: gel termorreversível e nanodispersões de cristal líquido / Development and characterization of topical siRNA drug delivery systems for corneal gene therapy: thermoreversible gel and liquid crystalline nanodispersions

Abelha, Thais Fedatto 10 October 2012 (has links)
O conhecimento do genoma humano e os avanços na biologia molecular levaram a descoberta de mecanismos celulares importantes. A terapia gênica surgiu com a proposta de interferir na fisiologia das células, que apresentam alguma disfunção causadora de uma doença, trazendo a possibilidade de tratamento para incontáveis enfermidades. Na tecnologia de RNA de interferência pequenos fragmentos de RNA de fita dupla (small interference RNA, siRNA) são utilizados para inibir a expressão de genes específicos. O olho tem sido um dos órgãos alvo para o uso desse tipo de tecnologia e, além disso, a córnea é uma membrana atrativa devido ao fácil acesso e a existência de diversas enfermidades que acometem a visão. Para aumentar a biodisponibilidade e viabilizar a administração de siRNA utilizando um polímero catiônico, uma formulação termorreversível com quitosana e outra composta de cristais líquidos funcionalizados com ácido hialurônico foram estudadas como possíveis sistemas de liberação ocular de siRNA, sendo que ambas são inéditas para aplicação tópica e oftálmica de siRNA. O gel termorreversível de poloxamer 407 foi associado a dois diferentes tipos de quitosana (LMW com 92,2% de desacetilação e MMW com 77,0% de desacetilação). Ambas as formulações apresentaram características desejáveis tanto como sistema de liberação de genes, tanto por apresentarem residual positivo e capacidade de complexar o siRNA, quanto como sistema compatível com via tópica ocular, devido ao comportamento reológico pseudoplástico. A quitosana LMW e a adição de NaCl à formulação alteraram a Tsol/gel do poloxamer; somente a associação com a quitosana MMW apresentou Tsol/gel adequada. Os sistemas contendo poloxamer em associação com os dois diferentes tipos de quitosana não promoveram a penetração do siRNA in vitro em córnea bovina nas condições experimentais utilizadas. O sistema líquido cristalino foi desenvolvido com monoleína (MO), polietilenimina (PEI), ácido hialurônico (HA) e fase aquosa. A formação de fases cristalinas foi avaliada por microscopia de luz polarizada e a estrutura das mesofases foi confirmada pela difração de raios X a baixo ângulo. O sistema líquido cristalino, composto de uma mistura de cristais de fase cúbica e hexagonal, foi disperso em nanopartículas de tamanho satisfatório, de aproximadamente 166 nm. Os sistemas apresentaram características desejáveis como sistema de liberação de genes, como potencial zeta adequado, capacidade de complexar sem degradar o siRNA e não foram citotóxicos em fibroblastos L929, além de serem compatíveis com a via ocular por serem isotônicos. A dispersão de cristais de MO/PEI foi capaz de transfectar as células L929, entretanto a incorporação do HA diminuiu a absorção celular, provavelmente devido ao elevado peso molecular do ácido hialurônico empregado. O presente estudo permite delinear o futuro desenvolvimento de formulações tópicas para administração de siRNA na córnea. / The understanding of human genome and the evolvement of molecular biology led to discovery of important cellular mechanisms. Gene therapy has emerged as an approach to interfere with cell physiology, whenever it has a dysfunction that causes a disease, bringing new possibility of treatment to countless illnesses. In RNA interference mechanism, small double-stranded RNAs (small interference RNA, siRNA) inhibit specific gene expression. The eye has been one of the targeted organs for the use of such technology and, moreover, the corneal membrane is an attractive tissue due to the easy access and the existence of several diseases that can impair vision. To enhance bioavailability and facilitate the delivery of siRNA using a cationic polymer, a thermoreversible formulation containing chitosan and a liquid crystalline formulation functionalized hyaluronic acid were studied as potential delivery systems for ocular delivery of siRNA and both this systems are inedited as topical and ocular delivery of siRNA. A poloxamer 407 thermoreversible gel of was associated with two different types of chitosan (LMW with 92.2% deacetylation and MMW with 77.0% deacetylation). Both formulations showed desirable characteristics not only as gene delivery systems due to positive residual charge and capacity for complexing the siRNA, but also as a compatible ocular delivery system, due to pseudoplastic rheological behavior. The LMW chitosan and addition of NaCl to the formulation influenced the Tsol/gel of poloxamer gel; only the association with MMW chitosan showed desirable Tsol/gel. The systems containing poloxamer in combination with two different types of chitosan did not promote in vitro penetration of siRNA using bovine cornea under the used experimental conditions. The liquid crystalline system was developed with monoolein (MO), polyethylenimine (PEI), hyaluronic acid (HA) and aqueous phase. The formation of crystalline phases was observed by polarized light microscopy and the mesophases structures were confirmed by small angle X-ray diffraction. The liquid crystalline system composed of a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases was dispersed into nanoparticles of suitable size, of approximately 166 nm. The formulations showed desirable characteristics as gene delivery systems, such as suitable zeta potential, ability to complex without degrading the siRNA and were not cytotoxic to fibroblasts L929, moreover, were compatible with the ocular administration due to isotonicity. The dispersion of crystals of MO/PEI was able to transfect L929 cells, however the incorporation of the HA decreased cellular uptake, probably due to high molecular weight hyaluronic acid employed. This study provides an outline for the future development of topical formulations to deliver siRNA to the cornea.
580

Autour des singularités d’applications vectorielles en physique de la matière condensée / Singularities of vector-valued maps in condensed matter physics

Lamy, Xavier 06 July 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse est consacrée principalement à l'analyse mathématique de modèles issus de la physique des cristaux liquides et de la supraconductivité. Ces modèles ont en commun de faire intervenir des systèmes elliptiques dont les solutions présentent des singularités : défauts optiques dans les cristaux liquides, défauts de vorticité en supraconductivité. Les cristaux liquides se composent de molécules allongées qui, tout en étant distribuées « au hasard » comme dans un liquide, tendent à s'aligner dans une direction commune : cet « ordre d'orientation » leur confère des propriétés optiques similaires à celles d'un cristal, à l'origine de leurs nombreuses applications industrielles. On démontre différents résultats liés à la symétrie locale de cet alignement autour des singularités. On présente aussi dans cette thèse différents résultats liés au modèle de Ginzburg-Landau pour les supraconducteurs de type II, et aux « défauts de vorticité » : points isolés autour desquels la supraconductivité est détruite. Une dernière partie de cette thèse traite de la caractérisation de la régularité d'une fonction f à travers la vitesse de convergence de f ∗ ρε pour un certain noyau ρ. Dans un travail commun avec Petru Mironescu, on s'intéresse à la question de la régularité des noyaux ρ qui permettent une telle caractérisation / The present thesis is devoted mainly to the mathematical analysis of models arising in the physics of liquid crystals and superconductivity. A common feature of these models is that one has to deal with elliptic systems whose solutions have singularities: optical defects in liquid crystals, vorticity defects in superconductivity. The rod-like molecules in a liquid crystals, while being (as in a liquid) “randomly” distributed, tend to align in a common direction: this “orientational order” enhances crystal-like optical properties, which are responsible for their many industrial applications. We demonstrate different results related to the local symmetry of this alignement near singularities. We also present some results related to the Ginzburg-Landau model for type II superconductivity, and to “vortices”: isolated points at which superconductivity is destroyed. The last part of this thesis addresses regularity characterization for a function f through the convergence rate of f ∗ ρε, for some kernel ρ. In a joint work with Petru Mironescu we study the minimal regularity of ρ that allows such characterization

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