Orientadores: Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes, Maria Teresa de Alvarenga Freire / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T23:01:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dutra_CamilaBraga_D.pdf: 1974104 bytes, checksum: 7a0aae96f3654e27fb7d553ee756e522 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T23:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_RenatoGarcia_D.pdf: 1331591 bytes, checksum: dd871bdf16f75c9e9198ba86cdd4a2c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Considerando que os artigos de pesquisa desta tese já estão em inglês e na forma para serem enviados aos periódicos internacionais, nos quais os resumos estão restritos a 100 ou 200 palavras, nesta seção, os resumos estão apresentados com maiores detalhes para uma apreciação melhor dos trabalhos e dos seus resultados. Devido à grande abrangência dos trabalhos, e para facilitar a leitura, os resumos estão apresentados em parágrafos separados, em vez de um único parágrafo. Os chás verde e preto (Camellia sinensis) são bebidas muito consumidas mundialmente. Na última década, estas bebidas têm sido alvo de investigação intensa devido a seus possíveis efeitos benéficos à saúde, atribuídos aos compostos fenólicos. Catequinas e teaflavinas são os fenólicos mais importantes em chá verde e chá preto, respectivamente. Têm sido também atribuídas a infusões de chá mate (Ilex paraguariensis), bebidas bastante consumidas no Brasil, atividades biológicas promotoras da saúde, possivelmente devido aos compostos derivados cafeoilquínicos e outros fenólicos. Portanto, o Capítulo 1 é um artigo de revisão que discute os avanços na instrumentação e metodologia analítica aplicadas aos compostos fenólicos em chás. Técnicas analíticas modernas, como cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, espectrometria de massas e eletroforese capilar têm fornecido dados importantes sobre a composição destes compostos nas bebidas mencionadas. Compostos fenólicos ocorrem abundantemente em vinhos e têm sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas científicas nos últimos anos devido aos supostos benefícios à saúde. Ácidos orgânicos exercem influência direta na qualidade e propriedades sensoriais de vinhos, bem como na sua estabilidade e controle microbiológico. A determinação de ambos compostos é, portanto, de extrema importância. Uma revisão da literatura (Capítulo 2) mostra que a eletroforese capilar vem substituindo gradativamente a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com vantagens de baixo custo operacional, baixo consumo de solventes, rapidez, simplificação no preparo das amostras, etc. Com fenólicos, a eletroforese capilar tem sido utilizada com sucesso para a determinação de isômeros do resveratrol, ácidos fenólicos e flavonóides. Em ácidos orgânicos, sua utilização se dá nos modos de detecção direta e indireta. ¿Chimarrão¿ e ¿tererê¿ são infusões de erva mate (Ilex paraguariensis) largamente consumidas na América do Sul. O artigo do Capítulo 3 descreve a aplicação de HPLCDAD- ESI/MS na identificação e quantificação de ácidos cafeoilquínicos (CQA), glicosídeos de flavonóis e purina alcalóides nestas bebidas. Infusões foram preparadas de amostras comerciais de Ilex paraguarienses do Sul do Brasil. Os ácidos cafeoilquínicos, 4,5-diCQA, 3-CQA, 5-CQA e 4-CQA foram os principais compostos, 238-289, 153-242, 183-263 e 123-188 µg/mL, respectivamente, em chimarrão, e 206-265, 122-218, 164-209, 103-169 µg/mL, respectivamente, em tererê. Cafeína também foi encontrada em altas quantidades. Os glicosídeos de quercetina e kaempferol estavam presentes em níveis baixos. A atividade antioxidante individual foi determinada por um sistema ¿on-line¿ que mede a habilidade da substância sequestrar o radical ABTS.+, revelando que a capacidade antioxidante não foi proporcional às concentrações dos compostos fenólicos. 3-O-CQA, quercetina-3-O-ramnosilglucosídeo e quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo tiveram maior contribuição para a capacidade antioxidante, embora os glicosídeos de quercetina estavam em teores mais de 10 vezes menores que o 3-O-CQA. O Capítulo 4 teve dois objetivos: (1) comparar a quantificação de flavonóis nas formas glicosidicas e agliconas, e (2) comparar a composição de fenólicos e metilxantinas de mates retiradas em dois pontos da produção e entre as infusões chimarrão e tererê. O método quantitativo utilizado para as agliconas obtidas por hidrólise e aquele usado para glicosídeos, outros fenólicos e metilxantinas tiveram bom desempenho, medido em termos de linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, recuperação e repetitividade. Para as 13 amostras analisadas, nas duas infusões, resultados equivalentes foram obtidos para quercetina e kaempferol, nas formas glicosídicas e agliconas. Os teores dos analitos foram todos maiores no chimarrão em comparação ao tererê. Em ambas infuses, os níveis de fenólicos e metilxantinas foram significativamente maiores nos mates obtidos diretamente dos produtores que nas amostras comerciais, indicando que perdas ocorreram nas etapas adicionais do processamento e durante a estocagem das amostras obtidas diretamente dos produtores. Um método rápido por RF-MEKC modificado com ß-ciclodextrina sulfatada foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação de cinco catequinas em chá verde (Capítulo 5). O eletrólito otimizado consistiu de 0.2% trietilamina, 50 mmol/L SDS e 0.8% s-ß-CD (pH=2,9). Os padrões e as amostras foram injetados em 0,6 psi por 5 segundos sob voltagem constante de -30 kV. O preparo da amostra envolveu a extração de 2g de chá com 200mL de água a 95oC sob agitação constante por 5 min. O método demonstrou excelente desempenho com limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,02 a 0,1 µg/L e 0.1 a 0,5 µg/mL, respectivamente, e recuperação de 94 a 101%. O método foi utilizado para analisar infusões de chás verdes comercializados no Brasil. Epigalocatequina galato (23,4-112,4 µg/mL) foi o principal componente, seguido por Epigalocatequina (18,4-78,9 µg/mL), Epicatequina galato (5,6-29,6 µg/mL), Epicatequina (4,6-14,5 µg/mL) e Catequina (3,2-8,2 µg/mL). Foi desenvolvido e avaliado um método para determinação simultânea da estilbeno resveratrol, quatro ácidos fenólicos e cinco flavonóides em vinhos por eletroforese capilar (CE) (Capítulo 6). A composição do eletrólito e as condições instrumentais foram otimizadas, usando um planejamento fatorial 27-3 e análise de superfície de resposta, mostrando TBS (tetraborato de sódio) / metanol como a variável mais influente. As condições eletroforéticas ótimas, minimizando os valores de CRS, consistiram de 17 mmol/L TBS com 20% MeOH como eletrólito, voltagem constante de 25 kV, injeção hidrodinâmica a 50 mBar por 3 segundos e temperatura de 25oC. Os valores de R2 para linearidade foram igual ou maior que 0,99. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram de 0,01 a 0,03 e de 0,04 a 0,08 mg/L, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação para os tempos de migração e áreas dos picos, obtidos por 10 injeções consecutivas, foram menores de 2%. A recuperação variou de 97 a 102%. O método foi aplicado a 23 diferentes tipos e marcas de vinhos brasileiros. Um método por eletroforese capilar para os ácidos orgânicos mais importantes em vinho foi desenvolvido e validado (Capítulo 7). O eletrólito otimizado consistiu de 10 mmol/L de ácido 3,5-dinitrobenzóico (DNB) a pH 3,6, com 0,2 mmol/L de brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio para inversão de fluxo. O DNB foi escolhido porque tem mobilidade efetiva semelhante aos analitos, boa capacidade tamponante a pH 3,6 e características cromofóricas para detecção indireta. O preparo da amostra envolveu apenas diluição e filtração. O método demonstrou bom desempenho: linearidade (R2 > 0,99) na faixa de concentração avaliada (6 a 285 mg/L); limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,64 a 1,55 mg/L e de 2,12 a 5,15 mg/L, respectivamente; tempo de análise de 5,5 minutos. Os coeficientes de variação, em relação aos tempos de migração e as áreas dos picos, foram abaixo de 5%. As porcentagens de recuperação variaram de 95 a 102%. O método foi aplicado a 23 tipos e marcas de vinhos brasileiros, confirmando a boa repetibilidade e demostrando a grande variação nas concentrações dos ácidos orgânicos / Abstract: Green and black teas (Camellia sinensis) are widely consumed beverages in the entire world. In the last decade, these beverages have been the subject of intense investigations in relation to their possible beneficial effects on health. Catechins and theaflavins are the most important phenolics in green and black tea, respectively. Health promoting have also been attributed to the infusions of mate, beverages widely consumed in Brazil, probably due to caffeoylquinic derivatives and other phenolics. Chapter 1 reviews advances in instrumentation and analytical methodology applied to phenolic compounds in teas. Modern analytical techniques, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS) and capillary electrophoreses (CE), have provided important data about the composition of these compounds in the above mentioned beverages. Phenolic compounds occur in abundance in wine and have been the object of intense research in recent years because of their potential benefits to health. Organic acids have a direct influence on the quality and sensory properties of wine, as well as in their stability and microbial control. The determination of phenolic compounds and organic acids of wine is, therefore, of paramount importance. A review of the literature (Chapter 2) shows that capillary electrophoresis is gradually substituting high performance liquid chromatography, with the advantages of low operational cost, low solvent consumption, short analysis time, minimal sample preparation, etc. With phenolics, CE has been successfully used for the determination of resveratrol isomers, phenolic acids and flavonoids. With organic acids, this technique has been employed in the direct and indirect mode. ¿Chimarrão¿ and ¿tererê¿ are mate (Ilex paraguariensis) infusions widely consumed in South America. This paper (Chapter 3) describes the application of HPLC-DADESI/ MS in the identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids (CQA), flavonol glycosides and purine alkaloids in these beverages. Infusions were prepared from commercial samples of Ilex paraguarienses from Southern Brazil. The cafeoylquinic acids, 4,5-diCQA, 3-CQA, 5-CQA, and 4-CQA were the major compounds, having 238-289, 153- 242, 183-263, and 123-188 µg/mL, respectively, in chimarrão and 206-265, 122-218, 164- 209, 103-169 µg/mL, respectively in tererê. Caffeine also had high amounts while glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol were found at much lower levels. The individual antioxidant activity was determined by an on-line system that measured their ABTS.+ radical scavenging activity, showing that the antioxidant capacity was not proportional to the concentrations of the phenolic compounds. 3-O-CQA, quercetina-3-Oramnosylglucoside, and quercetina-3-O-glucoside were the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity, although the quercetin glycosides had concentrations less than 10 times that of 3-O-CQA. Chapter 4 had a two-fold objective: (1) compare quantification of flavonols in the glycosidic and aglycone forms, and (2) compare the phenolic and purine alkaloid composition of mate samples taken from two stages of industrial production and of hot and cold infusions. The HPLC quantitative method used for the quantification of the flavonol aglycones obtained by hydrolysis and that used for quantifying the glycosides, other phenolics and the purine alkaloids performed well. Both methods showed good linearity, limits of detection and quantification, recovery and repeatability. For all thirteen samples, analyzed as hot or cold infusion, equivalent results were obtained for quercetin and kaempherol, thus these flavonols are amenable to quantification either in the glycoside or aglycone form. The levels of all the analytes in all the samples were lower in the cold infusion. In both infusions the phenolic and purine alkaloid concentrations were significantly higher in the samples obtained from the producers than in the commercial samples, indicating that losses occurred in the additional processing step and during storage of the later samples. A fast RF-MEKC method modified by sulfated-ß-cyclodextrin was developed and validated for the determination of catechins in green tea (Chapter 5). The optimal electrolyte consisted of 0.2% triethylamine, 50 mmol/L SDS and 0.8% s-ß-CD (pH=2.9). The samples and standards were injected at 0.6 psi for 5 s under constant voltage of -30 kV. Sample preparation involved extraction of 2 g of tea with 200 mL water at 95oC under constant stirring for 5 min. The method demonstrated excellent performance, with LOD and LOQ of 0.02 to 0.1 and 0.1 to 0.5 µg/mL, respectively, and recovery percentages of 94 to 101%. The method was applied to six samples of Brazilian green tea infusions. Epigallocatechin gallate (23.4-112.4 µg/mL) was the major component, followed by epigallocatechin (18.4-78.9 µg/mL), epicatechin gallate (5.6-29.6 µg/mL), epicatechin (4.6- 14.5 µg/mL) and catechin (3.2-8.2 µg/mL). In Chapter 6, a method for simultaneously determining the stilbene resveratrol, four phenolic acids and five flavonoids in wine by capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed and evaluated. The CE electrolyte composition and instrumental conditions were optimized using 27-3 factorial design and response surface analysis, showing TBS (tetraborate)/MeOH as the most influential variables. The optimal electrophoretic conditions, minimizing the chromatographic resolution statistic (CRS) values, consisted of 17 mmol/L TBS with 20% methanol as electrolyte, constant voltage of 25 kV, hydrodynamic injection at 50 mbar for 3s and temperature of 25oC. The R2 values for linearity were equal to or higher than 0.99; limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 to 0.03 and 0.04 to 0.08, respectively. Coefficients of variation for migration time and peak area obtained from ten consecutive injections were less than 2% and recoveries varied from 97 to 102%. The method was applied to 23 different samples of Brazilian wines. A capillary electrophoresis method for six organic acids in wine was developed and validated (Chapter 7). The optimal electrolyte consisted of 10 mmol/L 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNB) at pH 3.6 with 0.2 mmol/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as flow reverser. DNB was chosen because it had effective mobility similar to the organic acids, good buffering capacity at pH 3.6 and good chromophoric characteristics for indirect detection. Sample preparation involved dilution and filtration. The method showed good performance characteristics: linearity at 6 to 285 mg/L (r> 0.99); detection and quantification limits of 0.64 to 1.55 and 2.12 to 5.15 mg/L, respectively; separation time of less than 5.5 min. Coefficients of variation for ten injections was less than 5% and recoveries varied from 95 to 102%. Application to 23 samples of Brazilian wine confirmed good repeatability and demonstrated wide variation in the organic acid concentrations / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

<p>  </p> <p>Atmospheric aerosols formed through primary emissions, secondary gas-particle formations, and multi-phase chemical processes are composed of solid, semi-solid, or liquid-like particles suspended in the air that have direct implications towards the global radiative balance and human health as air pollutants.  Direct emissions of primary organic aerosols (POA; e.g. soot, BrC) and multi-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from the oxidation of biogenic monoterpene isomers represent two important sources/classes of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Multi-phase chemical processes driving the atmospheric and environmental aging through the photochemistry of iron(III), FeIII in organic aerosol particles and aqueous media drives the multiphase chemistry leading to systematic aging of their chemical composition and modifications to resulting light-absorption properties. The molecular composition, organic structures, physical properties, and sources of emissions are complex requiring development of powerful multi-modal analytical metrology, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) hyphenated with liquid chromatography (LC), photodiode array optical detection, drift tube ion mobility (IM) spectrometry, and desorption and ambient ionization of multi-components mixtures in atmospheric particles using temperature programmed desorption Direct analysis in real time (TPD-DART). Disseminating the molecular-specific composition, chemical and physical properties of complex mixtures in atmospheric organic particles and mixed inorganic/organic systems will help improve our understanding of their formation mechanisms, transformative chemical ageing processes, as well as improved detection of individual components in complex mixtures. </p> <p>     </p> <p>Chapter 1 and 2 of dissertation introduces complexity of atmospheric organic, carbonaceous aerosols, and complex environmental mixtures and discusses analytical metrology, experiments, and data analysis procedures used for detailed molecular-level characterization of mixtures. Chapter 3 the development of a robust analytical method for untargeted screening and determination of the physical and chemical properties (e.g. vapor pressures, enthalpies of sublimation, and saturation mass concentrations) of single components out of complex SOA particles using temperature programmed desorption Direct analysis in real time ionization – high resolution mass spectrometry (TPD-DART-HRMS).  Chapter 4 introduces the use of ion mobility - mass spectrometry (IM-MS) separation and multidimensional characterization of structural isomers in complex SOA mixtures. The chapter discusses the advanced usage of IM-MS to investigate the molecular and structural properties of isomers of alpha-pinene and limonene derived SOA, use of advanced data analysis procedures to resolved complex conformational and structural isomers, and investigate single-molecule structural changes from atmospheric-like ageing in SOA particles using IM-MS.  Chapter 5 discusses the chemical characterization and analysis of individual brown carbon (BrC) chromophores out of mixture of colorless organic carbon constituents and insoluble soot particles generated from controlled flame combustion of ethane fuel, a surrogate system representing gasoline combustion of motor vehicles. The chapter focuses on the quantitative method development and use of state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array followed by dopant assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization and HRMS (LC-PDA-HRMS) analysis, followed by conversion to quantitative optical information for comparisons with retrieved literature reports. Chapter 6 examines the complex multiphase photochemical cycling of Fe(III)-citrate, a relevant proxy for [FeIII-carboxylate]2+ complexes in atmospheric water using complementary analytical metrology of optical spectroscopy, LC-PDA-HRMS, oil immersion flow microscopy. Multi-modal datasets from these complementary techniques provide a unique experimental description of various stages of FeIII-citrate photochemistry, elucidate individual components of this reacting system, determine mechanistic insights, and quantify environmental parameters affecting the photochemistry. </p>

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El sector agroalimentario constituye una de las industrias con mayor relevancia. Durante la producción de aceite de oliva, se generan grandes volúmenes de subproductos, destacando el alperujo, que contiene todos los restos de la aceituna que permanecen una vez que se ha extraído el aceite. Se trata de un subproducto con una elevada carga orgánica, lo que puede suponer un riesgo ambiental si no se gestiona adecuadamente. Por otro lado, el alperujo es rico en compuestos fenólicos, los cuales tienen un elevado interés industrial, debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes. Esto representa una oportunidad excelente para valorizar el alperujo, recuperando compuestos de interés y reduciendo la carga contaminante del residuo. En esta Tesis Doctoral, se ha abordado este reto, en el marco de la Tecnología de Membranas. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo la optimización de un proceso de extracción sólido-líquido asistida por ultrasonidos, para extraer los compuestos fenólicos presentes en el alperujo. Se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios tanto con mezclas de etanol/agua como con agua pura. Además, se llevó a cabo una caracterización detallada de los metabolitos presentes en los extractos derivados del alperujo, de forma que se determinaron más de 50 compuestos. En las siguientes etapas, se emplearon tanto los extractos obtenidos con etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v) como los acuosos. En cuanto a estos últimos, se trataron mediante ultrafiltración, seleccionando las membranas UP005 y UH030, debido a su adecuada productividad y eficacia en términos de rechazo a la demanda química de oxígeno. Los compuestos fenólicos fueron recuperados con mayor pureza en el permeado de este proceso. A continuación, esta corriente de permeado fue sometida a un proceso de nanofiltración, empleando la membrana NF270 (DuPont), para llevar a cabo la concentración de los compuestos fenólicos previamente purificados. Además, se demostró la viabilidad de esta membrana, NF270, para separar compuestos fenólicos de bajo peso molecular y azúcares, empleando disoluciones modelo con una composición basada en las aguas residuales de la industria oleícola. Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de alperujo también fueron tratados mediante procesos de membrana. Previamente, se llevó a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica relacionada con la ultrafiltración en medio orgánico. A continuación, se evaluó un proceso de ultrafiltración para purificar los extractos de alperujo preparados con etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v), obteniendo resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a la estabilidad de las membranas (empleando las membranas UF010104 y UF010801v3, de la casa comercial SolSep BV, y UP005, de Microdyn Nadir) y la recuperación de compuestos fenólicos en el permeado. Para aumentar la pureza de estos compuestos fenólicos y abordar su fraccionamiento, se estudió un proceso de nanofiltración con disolventes orgánicos, empleando una disolución simulada, cuyo disolvente fue etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v), y con una composición basada en el permeado del proceso de ultrafiltración (con la membrana UP005) en medio orgánico. La membrana NF270 fue la más destacada, debido a su notable densidad de flujo de permeado. Además, esta membrana rechazó adecuadamente los compuestos no deseados, como azúcares y ácidos, lo que facilitó la recuperación satisfactoria de los compuestos fenólicos en el permeado. Considerando los resultados obtenidos, se propuso un proceso integrado basado en la extracción de estos compuestos con etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v), la ultrafiltración de este extracto, con la membrana UP005, para llevar a cabo su purificación, la nanofiltración, con la membrana NF270, de la corriente de permeado obtenida previamente, para aumentar la pureza y fraccionar los compuestos fenólicos y, finalmente, la concentración de la corriente de permeado obtenida durante la nanofiltración, mediante un proceso de ósmosis reversa, empleando la membrana NF90 (DuPont) que rechazó apropiadamente los compuestos fenólicos. / [CA] El sector agroalimentari constitueix una de les indústries amb major rellevància. Durant la producció d'oli d'oliva, es generen grans volums de subproductes, entre els quals destaca l'alperujo, que conté totes les restes de l'oliva que romanen una vegada que s'ha extret l'oli. Es tracta d'un subproducte amb una elevada càrrega orgànica, la qual cosa pot suposar un gran risc ambiental. D'altra banda, l'alperujo és ric en compostos fenòlics, els quals tenen un elevat interés industrial, degut a les seues propietats antioxidants. Aquest contingut en compostos bioactius representa una oportunitat excel·lent per a valorar l'alperujo, recuperant compostos d'interés i reduint la càrrega contaminant del residu. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral, s'ha abordat aquest repte, en el marc de la Tecnologia de Membranes. En primer lloc, es va dur a terme l'optimització d'un procés d'extracció sòlid-líquid assistida per ultrasons, per a extraure els compostos fenòlics presents a l'alperujo. Es van obtindre resultats satisfactoris tant amb mescles d'etanol/aigua com amb aigua pura. A més, es va dur a terme una caracterització detallada dels metabòlits presents en els extractes derivats de l'alperujo, de manera que es van determinar més de 50 compostos. En les següents etapes del procés, es van emprar tant els extractes obtinguts amb etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v) com els extractes aquosos. Quant a aquests últims, es van tractar mitjançant ultrafiltració, estudiant les membranes, seleccionant les membranes UP005 i UH030, a causa de la seua adequada productivitat i eficàcia en termes de rebuig a la demanda química d'oxigen. Els compostos fenòlics van ser recuperats amb major puresa al permeat d'aquest procés. A continuació, el corrent de permeat obtinguda durant l'etapa d'ultrafiltració va ser sotmesa a un procés de nanofiltració, emprant la membrana NF270 (DuPont), per a dur a terme la concentració dels compostos fenòlics prèviament purificats. A més, es va demostrar la viabilitat d'aquesta membrana, NF270, per a separar compostos fenòlics de baix pes molecular i sucres, emprant dissolucions model. Els extractes hidroalcohòlics d'alperujo també van ser tractats mitjançant processos de membrana. Prèviament, es va dur a terme una revisió exhaustiva de la literatura científica relacionada amb la ultrafiltració al mig orgànic. A continuació, es va avaluar un procés d'ultrafiltració per a purificar els extractes d'alperujo preparats amb etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v), obtenint resultats satisfactoris quant a l'estabilitat de les membranes (emprant les membranes UF010104 i UF010801v3, de la casa comercial SolSep BV, i UP005, de Microdyn Nadir) i la recuperació de compostos fenòlics, els quals es van obtindre en el corrent de permeat. Per augmentar la puresa d'aquests compostos fenòlics i abordar el seu fraccionament, es va estudiar un procés de nanofiltració amb dissolvents orgànics, utilitzant una dissolució simulada, que el seu dissolvent va ser etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v), i amb una composició basada en el permeat del procés d'ultrafiltració al mig orgànic. D'entre totes les membranes, la membrana NF270 va ser la més destacada, a causa de la seua notable densitat de flux de permeat. A més, aquesta membrana va rebutjar adequadament els compostos no desitjats, com a sucres i àcids, la qual va facilitar la recuperació satisfactòria dels compostos fenòlics en el permeat. Considerant els resultats obtinguts, es va proposar un procés integrat basat en l'extracció d'aquests compostos amb etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v), la ultrafiltració d'aquest extracte, amb la membrana UP005, per a dur a terme la seua purificació, la nanofiltració, amb la membrana NF270, del corrent de permeat obtinguda prèviament, per augmentar la puresa i fraccionar els compostos fenòlics i, finalment, la concentració del corrent de permeat obtinguda durant la nanofiltració, mitjançant un procés d'osmosi reversa, emprant la membrana NF90 (DuPont) que va rebutjar apropiadament els compostos fenòlics. / [EN] The agri-food sector is one of the industries with higher international relevance. During olive oil production, large volumes of by-products are generated. Among them, the wet olive pomace stands out. It contains all the olive components remaining after the olive oil extraction. This by-product has a high organic load, which may represent an environmental risk if it is not properly disposed. On the other side, the wet olive pomace is rich in phenolic compounds, which have high industrial interest due to their antioxidant properties. This content in bioactive compounds represents an excellent opportunity to valorize the wet olive pomace, recovering compounds of interest and reducing the contaminant load of the residue. In this Doctoral Thesis, this challenge has been addressed, in the framework of Membrane Technology. First, an ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction was optimized to extract the phenolic compounds from wet olive pomace. Satisfactory results were obtained, both with mixtures of ethanol/water and with pure water. Furthermore, a detailed characterization of the metabolites present in the extracts derived from wet olive pomace was conducted. More than 50 compounds were determined. During the following stages, both the extracts obtained with ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v) and the aqueous extracts were considered. The aqueous extracts were treated by ultrafiltration, selecting the UP005 and UH030 membranes, due to their suitable productivity and efficacy, in terms of the rejection of the chemical oxygen demand. The phenolic compounds were recovered at a higher purity in the permeate. Afterwards, the ultrafiltration permeate was treated by nanofiltration, employing the NF270 membrane (DuPont), in order to concentrate the previously purified phenolic compounds. Moreover, the feasibility of the NF270 membrane to separate low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds from sugars was demonstrated. To that end, simulated solutions, with a composition based on olive mill wastewaters, were employed. The hydroalcoholic extracts of wet olive pomace were also treated by membrane processes. Previously, an exhaustive review of the scientific literature related to organic-solvent ultrafiltration was addressed. Later, it was evaluated an ultrafiltration process to purify the wet olive pomace extracts prepared with ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v). Satisfactory results were obtained, regarding the membranes stability (UF010104 and UF010801v3, from the manufacturer SolSep BV, and UP005, from Microdyn Nadir) and the recovery of phenolic compounds. These molecules were obtained in the permeate stream. To increase the purity of the phenolic compounds and address their fractionation, an organic-solvent nanofiltration process was studied. A simulated solution, whose solvent was ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v), was employed. The composition of this solution was based on the UP005 permeate obtained in organic media. Among all the evaluated membranes, the NF270 membrane stood out due to the high permeate flux. Furthermore, this membrane properly rejected the unwanted compounds, such as sugars and acids. This allowed the satisfactory recovery of phenolic compounds in the permeate stream, after their purification and fractionation. Considering these results, an integrated process was proposed. It was based on the extraction of the compounds of interest with ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v), and a further ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis process. The ultrafiltration of the extract was performed with the UP005 membrane to conduct its purification. Then, the UP005 permeate was nanofiltered, employing the NF270 membrane to enhance the purity of the phenolic compounds and fractionate them. Finally, the NF270 permeate was concentrated by means of a reverse osmosis process, employing the NF90 membrane (DuPont), which suitably rejected the phenolic compounds. / Sánchez Arévalo, CM. (2023). Implementación de tecnología de membranas para la valorización de los compuestos fenólicos presentes en las aguas residuales de la industria de producción de aceite de oliva [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198859 / Compendio

Antibiotics are biologically active and are globally used in humans and animal medicine for treatment and in sub-therapeutic amounts as growth promoters in animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. After excretion, inappropriate disposal and discharge from drug production facilities they enter into water bodies either as intact drugs, metabolites or transformed products. In water environments they promote development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. Measurement of antibiotics has been revolutionized with the usage of solid phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). On-line SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS has the advantages of high sample throughput, low sample preparation time and minimal solvent utilization.  Constructed wetlands (CWs) are potential alternatives to conventional treatment plants to remove organic pollutants. A study at Plönninge, Halmstad was performed to assess the impact of bacterial community pattern and development of resistance in spiked (n=4) and control (n=4). CWs were spiked with antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations continuously for 25 days. Shannon Index (H’) were used to determine the bacterial diversity and real-time PCR detected and quantified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, tetA, tetB, erm, dfrA1, qnrS and vanB and class 1 integrons intI1. No significant differences in bacterial compositions or in ARGs or integron concentrations could be discerned between exposed and control wetlands. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan showed that the antibiotic levels in most studied rivers were comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics were detected in the river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, e.g. 4600 ng L−1 sulfamethoxazole. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with measured levels up to 49000 ng L−1 of sulfamethoxazole for example. The highest levels of ARGs detected, sul1 and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. In the study in UK, sewage epidemiology surveillance is used to measure the oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), metabolite of oseltamivir (parent drug) in twenty four time proportional hourly influent samples from two WWTPs and then back-calculations were made to assess the compliance of drug.  Predicted users of oseltamivir, based on measured OC in waste water, ranged from 3-4 and 120-154 people for the two WWTP catchments, respectively, which are consistent with the projected use from national antiviral allocation statistics, 3-8 and 108-270, respectively. Scenario analysis suggests compliance was likely between 45-60% in the study regions.

La pollution atmosphérique liée aux aérosols organiques secondaire (SOA) représente un des enjeux majeurs du XXIème siècle. La photochimie multiphasique des SOA constitue le coeur et l'originalité de cette thèse.Le réacteur photochimique permet de simuler en laboratoire, l'oxydation en phase aqueuse atmosphérique des composés organiques volatils biogéniques (BVOC), et notamment, la méthyl vinyl cétone (MVK), afin d'étudier la formation ces SOA.Nous étudions la réactivité de la MVK en présence de ●OH et sa capacité à oligomériser en fonction des concentrations initiales de MVK, d'oxygène, et de ●OH. Une large stratégie analytique basée sur la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (MS) permet d'identifier des produits de réaction, et d'établir un mécanisme réactionnel, expliquant la formation des oligomères, leurs rendements et leur vieillissement.Les données colligées servent d'entrées à un modèle de boîte multiphasique, afin d'explorer la sensibilité de l'oligomérisation aux conditions atmosphériques.Ensuite, nous comparons la réactivité de la MVK en présence de ●OH à celle induite par la photolyse de l'acide pyruvique; puis nous mesurons la tension de surface engendrée par ces deux systèmes d'oligomères. Enfin, la mobilité ionique couplée à la MS permet d'observer la co-oligomérisation d'une gamme étendue de BVOC en présence de ●OH.L'oligomérisation atmosphérique implique (i) une concentration minimale de précurseurs pouvant être atteinte dans les aérosols humides via la co-oligomérisation; (ii) une réactivité en compétition avec l'oxygène dissous dans la phase aqueuse, et dont la pertinence atmosphérique reste à explorer. / Air pollution caused by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is one of the major challenges of this century. We focus this thesis on SOA , through an innovative approach, i.e. multiphase photochemistry.The photochemical reactor allows to simulate in laboratory, the atmospheric aqueous phase oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) and in particular, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), and thus, to study SOA.We study the reactivity of MVK in the presence of ●OH and its ability to oligomerize under various initial concentrations of oxygen, MVK and ●OH. A wide analytical strategy based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to identify the reaction products, and establish a chemical mechanism. We focus on these oligomers systems, formation, yield and aging. Collected data are used as inputs to a multiphase box model to explore the sensitivity of oligomerization to the variations of physical and chemical atmospheric parameters. The photochemistry of pyruvic acid generates radical chemistry and initiates MVK oligomerization. We closely compare this reaction to MVK ●OH oxidation. Then, we measure the surface activity of both systems. The ability of oligomers to partition to the interface could affect the climate. Finally, we used ion mobility - mass spectrometry to observe ●OH co-oligomerization of a mixture of organic compounds most representative of the atmosphere.Atmospheric oligomerization implies (i) a minimal concentration of precursors that could be reached in wet aerosol via the co-oligomerization; (ii) a reactivity in competition with the addition of the dissolved oxygen, whose the atmospheric relevance remains to be explored.

<p>U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitane su i<br />poređene različite ekstrakcione tehnike korena<br />gaveza, lista crnog duda i peteljki tre&scaron;nje. Poređene<br />su konvencionalne i savremene ekstrakcione<br />tehnike i izvedena je optimizacija ekstrakcionih<br />postupaka s ciljem dobijanja ekstrakata ispitivanih<br />biljnih vrsta sa najvećom bioaktivno&scaron;ću. Za svaku<br />ekstrakcionu tehniku ispitan je uticaj najznačajnijih<br />parametara: maceracija (rastvarač i vreme<br />ekstrakcije), ubrzana ekstrakcija (temperatura i<br />rastvarač), supekritična ekstrakcija (pritisak i<br />koncentracija ko-rastvarača) i ekstrakcija<br />subkritičnom vodom (temperatura, pritisak, vreme<br />ekstrakcije i brzina me&scaron;anja). Ekstrakcija polifenola<br />korena gaveza, lista crnog duda i peteljki tre&scaron;nje je<br />bila najefikasnija ekstrakcijom subkritičnom<br />vodom. Primenjene su tehnika visokopritisne tečne<br />hromatografije spregnute sa masenom<br />spektrometrijom uz primenu različitih masenih<br />analizatora, masenog analizatora na bazi vremena<br />preleta jona i tandema kvadrupolnog i analizatora<br />na bazi vremena preleta jona. Za karakterizaciju<br />dobijenih ekstrakata instrumentalnom analizom su<br />određene kvalitativne i kvantitativne karakteristike dobijenih ekstrakata korena gaveza, lista crnog duda i peteljki tre&scaron;nje. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analizom ekstrakata identifikovano je vi&scaron;e od 27 novih jedinjenja različitih hemijskih klasa u svakom od ispitivanih biljnih matriksa.</p> / <p>Within the scope of this doctoral dissertation,<br />different extraction techniques of comfrey root,<br />black mulberry leaves and sweet cherry stems were<br />applied and compared. Conventional and novel<br />extraction techniques were optimized and<br />compared in order to obtain plant extracts with the<br />highest content of bioactive compounds. The<br />influence of the most important parameters was<br />investigated for each extraction technique:<br />maceration (solvent and extraction time),<br />accelerated solvent extraction (temperature and<br />solvent), supercritical fluid extraction (co-solvent<br />percentage and pressure) and subcritical water<br />extraction (temperature, pressure, extraction time<br />and agitation rate). Extraction of polyphenolic<br />compounds from comfrey root, black mulberry<br />leaves and sweet cherry stems was the most<br />effective using subcritical water. High-pressure<br />liquid chromatography coupled to mass<br />spectrometry techniques using time-of-flight and<br />quadrupole-time-of-flight mass analyzers have<br />been used to characterize bioactive compounds.<br />Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the<br />obtained comfrey root, black mulberry leaves and sweet cherry stem extracts were determined. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS revealed the presence of more than 27 compounds of different chemical classes that have been identified for the first time in&nbsp; the plant matrix.</p>

[ES] Debido a la naturaleza (poli)iónica de los conjugados polipéptido-fármaco (PDC), su traslado a clínica puede ser una tarea complicada y costosa, que requiere técnicas de polimerización reproducibles y escalables, la implementación de herramientas analíticas sofisticadas, pasos de caracterización exhaustivos y la recopilación de datos detallados de seguridad y eficacia. Algunas técnicas clásicas implementadas en el control de calidad de los PDC no se pueden utilizar para el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de productos de degradación y metabolitos. Como alternativa, la espectrometría de masas (MS) y el análisis de fraccionamiento de flujo de campo de flujo asimétrico (AF4) se han posicionado de forma relevante en dicha caracterización de polipéptidos y PDC. Mediante el uso de métodos de LC-MS, se puede realizar el análisis tanto de fármacos como de productos o metabolitos de degradación. Además, dado que la separación en AF4 no se basa en la interacción del analito con la columna, como ocurre en SEC, sino aplicando el flujo cruzado en un canal vacío; en AF4 es posible una separación de moléculas "a medida" según su tamaño y peso molecular dando lugar a la mejora selectiva de la separación. Teniendo en cuenta lo descrito anteriormente con respecto al diseño de PDC y su caracterización, la investigación incluida en esta tesis se centra en el desarrollo de nuevos procedimientos analíticos que ayuden a la selección de candidatos PDC con las características adecuadas que les permitirán avanzar a su evaluación preclínica. Implementaremos una herramienta de inteligencia artificial, diseño de experimentos, para desarrollar métodos analíticos adecuados y determinar las condiciones óptimas en la síntesis de nanoconjugados polipeptídicos. Además, exploraremos técnicas relativamente nuevas, como AF4 para desarrollar nuevos nanoconjugados polipeptídicos simples y de combinación y además, generaremos imágenes de espectrometría de masas, para entender su comportamiento en modelos preclínicos relevantes, lo que nos permitirá identificar terapias eficaces para una gran variedad de patologías (tumores sólidos avanzados incluyendo cáncer de mama triple negativo, cáncer de próstata y cáncer de páncreas, así como, lesión medular). / [CAT] A causa de la naturalesa (poli)iònica i, de vegades, proteica dels conjugats polipèptid-fàrmac (PDC), el seu trasllat a clínica pot ser una tasca complicada i costosa, que requereix tècniques de polimerització reproduïbles i escalables, la implementació d'eines analítiques sofisticades, passos de caracterització exhaustius i la recopilació de dades detallades de seguretat i eficàcia. Algunes tècniques clàssiques implementades en el control de qualitat dels PDC no es poden utilitzar per l'anàlisi qualitativa i quantitativa de productes de degradació i metabòlits. Com a alternativa, l'espectrometria de masses (MS) i l'anàlisi del fraccionament de flux de camp de flux asimètric (AF4) han trobat el seu camí en la caracterització de PDC. Mitjançant l'ús de mètodes LC-MS, es pot realitzar l'anàlisi tant de fàrmacs com de productes/metabòlits de degradació. A més, atès que la separació en AF4 no es basa en la interacció de l'analit amb la columna com en SEC sinó aplicant el flux creuat en un canal buit, una separació de molècules "a mesura" segons la seua grandària i pes molecular i la millora selectiva de la separació és possible en l'instrument AF4. Tenint en compte tot el descrit anteriorment respecte al disseny de PDC i la seua caracterització, la investigació inclosa en aquest projecte es centra en el desenvolupament de nous procediments analítics que ajuden a la selecció de candidats PDC per als seu estudi preclínic posterior. Implementarem una eina d'intel·ligència artificial, disseny d'experiments, per a desenvolupar mètodes analítics i la síntesi de nanoconjugats basats en polipèptids de manera adequada. A més, explorarem tècniques relativament noves, com AF4, i generarem imatges d'espectrometria de masses, per a desenvolupar nous conjugats a la recerca de teràpies eficaces per a tractar una varietat de malalties (càncer de mama triple negatiu, càncer de pròstata, càncer de pàncrees, així com en la lesió de medul·la espinal). / [EN] Due to the (poly)ionic and proteinic nature of polypeptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), their translation "from bench to bedside" represents a complex and expensive undertaking, requiring reproducible and scalable polymerization techniques, the implementation of sophisticated analytical tools, exhaustive characterization steps, and the collection of detailed safety and efficacy data. Classical techniques, such as liquid chromatography (LC) - UV/Vis and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) implemented in the quality control of PDCs during and after synthesis, cannot always support a qualitative and quantitative analysis of degradation products and metabolites. As an alternative, mass spectrometry (MS) and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) have grown in influence on polypeptide and PDC characterization. The analysis of drug and degradation products/metabolites can take advantage of LC when coupled to MS. Meanwhile, AF4-mediated separation does not suffer from problems related to the interaction of the analyte with the column like in SEC; instead, AF4 applies a cross flow in an empty channel, which supports the "tailor-made" separation of molecules according to size and molecular weight. The research included in this Ph.D. thesis focuses on developing new analytical procedures that will aid the selection of PDC candidates for further preclinical studies. We implemented an artificial intelligence tool (design of experiments) to develop analytical methods and optimize the synthesis of genipin-crosslinked PDCs. Moreover, we explored relatively new techniques, such as AF4 and mass spectrometry imaging, in developing novel single and combination PDCs and studying their biological fate in the search for efficient therapies for a range of diseases (advanced solid tumors, including triple negative breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer, as well as spinal cord injury). / Dordevic, S. (2023). Development of Analytical Procedures for the Characterization of Polypeptide-Based Nanoconjugates [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194554