There is no common understanding on what constitutes good sick-listing, a frequent and problematic task for many physicians, especially general practitioners (GPs) and orthopaedic surgeons. Aiming to achieve a deeper understanding of sick-listing practices, 19 GPs (I, III) and 18 orthopaedic surgeons (II) in four counties were interviewed, and data analysed qualitatively for views on good sickness certification and barriers to desired practice. Data from a survey of all 7665 physicians in two counties on emotionally straining problems in sickness certification (IV) was analysed quantitatively. Some GPs exposed narrow views of sick-listing, where their responsibility was limited to issuing a certificate, while GPs with the most inclusive view had a perspective of the patient’s total life-situation and aimed to help patients shoulder their own responsibility (I). The orthopaedic surgeons´ perceptions of good sick-listing were mainly related to their views on their role in the health-care system. Some perceived their responsibility as confined to the orthopaedic clinic only, while others had the ultimate goal of helping the patient to become well functioning in life with regained work capacity – by means of surgery and proper management of sick-listing (II). Difficulty handling conflicting opinions was a barrier to good sickness certification for GPs (III), and problematic for about 50% of all physicians and about 80% of GPs (IV). Orthopaedic surgeons’ handling of such situations varied from being directed by the patient, via compromising, to being directed by professional judgement (II). Other barriers included poor stakeholder collaboration (III). GPs with a workplace-policy on sickness certification reported fewer conflicts and less worry of getting reported to the disciplinary board in relation to sick-listing (IV). Understanding physicians’ underlying views on and barriers to practicing “good sick-listing” can inform efforts to change physician practice. Communications skills training in handling sick-listing situations with conflicting opinions is recommended.

If enterprise is human, capital just like blood. No matter what healthy or falling ill, blood may not stop flowing. Each enterprise may face financial question. If enterprise want to get enough money. To handle the loan with the bank is the most common way. Enterprise must accord its own actual situation to choose financial way. There¡¦s no rule can follow, only depends on shareholder rights and interests, or financial efficiency. In general, the company has the good future or in debt ratio quite low condition, almost will choose direct loan to bank. In contrary, business is in highdebt ratio , or its operation faces transformation, choose equity financing must be the easy way. In other way, economic indicators is also important parameter in getting financial support. If interest rates will get higher in the next few months or next year, issue bonds must be the smart way. In addition to, stock exchange-listed or OTC, is also feasible way. After stock exchange-listing , stock can be traded freely. Therefore, Companies can obtain financing at reasonable prices, also can Improve financial transparency and company credit rating In future, after China and Taiwan signed a cross-strait financial supervision Memorandum ¡]MOU¡^and ECFA¡ACompanies have more choice to issue stock in mainland China, Taiwan or Hong-Kong. According to the study, select different markets Listed, have different benefit. Stock in China, company can get higher PE ratio, also can raise funds in hard currency. The most important is, can establish enterprise brand and domestic access in mainland China. Stock in Taiwan, the greatest advantage is familiar with the market. Application must be efficiency. Stock in Hong Kong, the greatest advantage is the internationalization of securities markets. Each stock market has its own advantage, also have its own weakness. How to choose, only depends on the purpose of stocking and their own conditions.

This dissertation performs economic analysis of search advertising from a comprehensive picture of the competition facing advertisers---by incorporating the price competition to endogenously investigate advertisers' bidding incentive, and taking into account consumers' online search and the unique information structure associated with the search advertising format. It consists of three essays based on game-theoretic modeling. The first essay studies the oligopolistic price competition among advertisers placed in different advertising positions, considering distinctive features of consumers’ online search behaviors. We find an interesting local-competition pattern in which direct price competition occurs only between advertisers adjacent to each other. The second essay integrates the price competition into the bidding competition and investigates the endogenous bidding incentives of advertisers with different competitive strengths. Surprisingly, we find that an advertising position with a better exposure may not always be profitable for the advertisers with competitive advantage, even if it is cost free. We also show that the bidding outcome might not align with the relative competitive strength. The third essay further considers the effects of organic listing as a competing information source on the sponsored bidding competition and the outcome performances in search advertising. It provides answers to questions such as whether and why advertisers with sufficient exposure from the organic list may still be willing to bid for top sponsored positions, and how the existence of organic listing affects search engine’s revenue, consumer surplus, and social welfare. / text

The thesis investigates the link between internal and external funds in financing new investment when asymmetric information is important. In both chapter, the entrepreneur has private information about the value of a project and, if the quality of the project is high, she tries to signal this to outside investors. The first chapter explores the tradeoff between using internal funds and raising external funds by issuing shares or bonds to finance a project. The entrepreneur can delay the project to accumulate internal funds over time from existing operations. This allows an entrepreneur with a high quality project to reduce her reliance on expensive underpriced bond or share issues. However, accumulating funds is also costly because of discounting and the risk that the project disappears. The more valuable the good project, the less the entrepreneur will delay the project, risking its loss, and so the more she relies on external financing. When external financing is sought, the entrepreneur decides to issue bonds or shares. The greater the value of the good project, the more underpriced shares are relative to bonds. Thus an entrepreneur with a highly valuable good project chooses equity and one with a less valuable project chooses debt. Combining the two results shows that for a highly valuable good project, debt is used, and for a less valuable project, internal funds are used. External equity gets squeezed out. Aggregate data for the U.S. confirm that corporate bond issues are a more important source of funds than new share issued. Furthermore, most small firms rely on internal funds and debt, rather than external equity to finance their projects. The second chapter provides a new theory for the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). As in the first chapter, underpricing is used as a signal of quality. However, the entrepreneur is risk averse and only underprices when she cannot sell enough primary (new) shares to raise sufficient proceeds from the IPO to cover the cost of the project without diluting her position below that needed to signal a high project value. Underpricing allows the entrepreneur to maintain a high stake in the firm and still make a credible signal of quality. This allows more primary shares to be sold resulting in a net increase in proceeds. The model predicts that underpricing should be greatest among firms that don't sell secondary shares (shares held by insiders) at the IPO and that there should be a positive relationship between the firm's capital requirement and the initial return among this group of firms only. A switching regression framework is used. The probit model is first estimated where the probability of no secondary shares is explained by proxies for a firm's capital requirements. The initial return is then regressed on the same proxies, conditioning on whether the firm sells secondary shares or not and accounting for possible correlation between errors in the selection and regression equations. Strong support is found for the positive relationship between initial return and capital requirements for only firms without secondary share sales, as predicted.

Disertacijos objektas yra verčių formavimo procesai valstybinėje paveldosaugoje įpaveldinant kultūros palikimą. Jam atskleisti remiamasi palikimo vertinimo aspektu, kuris atsispindi senieną pripažįstant vertinga ir saugoma valstybės. Disertacijoje nagrinėjama kultūros paveldo apskaita sovietinėje ir posovietinėje Lietuvoje remiantis ne instituciniu, o vertybiniu modeliu. Atskleidžiami įpaveldinimo procesų metu vystančio verčių priskyrimo kultūros palikimo objektams metodai ir principai. Darbe konstatuojamas sovietmečiu paminklų apskaitoje vyravęs pragmatinis – parodomasis verčių formavimo principas savyje turintis ir sovietinės, ir lietuviškosios nacionalistinės ideologijos aspektų, parodomos jo sąsajos su Vakarų paminklosauga, atskleidžiami asociatyvinių/simbolinių, informacinių, estetinių bei ekonominių verčių formavimo ypatumai. Lietuvai atkūrus nepriklausomybę stebimas paveldo objektų „senėjimas“ atsisakant „neseno“ sovietmečio palikimo prioritetą teikiant kuo senesniam paveldui siekiant legitimuoti Lietuvos valstybingumą, taip pat amžių sankirtoje konstatuojama naujų – socialinių ir ekonominių – paveldo verčių aktualizavimo pradžia. / The object of the research is the process of patrimonialisation in the state heritage protection by converting cultural material remains into heritage. To reveal it, the aspect of assessing monuments of the past is referred to which is expressed when material remains are recognised as valuable and protected by the state. The present paper synthesizes the history of Soviet and post-Soviet heritage records referring more to the principle of values than institutional principle. The methods and principles of attributing values to the objects of cultural heritage during the processes of patrimolisation are described. As the result the pragmatic approach to the formation of monument lists possessing including both Soviet or Lithuanian nationalistic ideological approach features was stated, as well as links to the Western heritage protection theoretical thought were shown and formation principles of associative/symbolic, informational, esthetical and economic were described. After regaining of independence the bigger attention to older, pre-Soviet objects of heritage to ensure legitimation of statehood was traced, and the rise of new – social and economical – cultural heritage values is observed.

Atliekant įmonių ar fizinių asmenų finansinius patikrinimus, Valstybinės mokesčių inspekcijos darbuotojai duomenis analizuoja, atlieka atranką ir po to suplanuoja atlikti auditinius patikrinimus. Tam tikslui sudaromi patikrinimų planai. Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamas Šiaulių apskrities valstybinė mokesčių inspekcijos atrankos auditui skyriaus darbo specifika, aptariami sunkumai ir problemos nekompiuterizuotame auditinių planu sudaryme. Atlikus rinkoje esamų produktų palyginamąją analizę, buvo nuspręsta kurti naują sistemą. Sistema suprojektuota, realizuota, atliktas realizuotos sistemos testavimas bei jos kokybės vertinimas. Informacinė sistema palengvina patikrinimo planavimo procesą: duomenų suvedimą, ataskaitų formavimą bei duomenų paiešką. / Performing business or personal financial auditing, the State Tax Inspectorate's staff analyzes data, performs screening and afterwords plans auditing. Therefore, inspection plans are being made up. This paper analyzes the work particularity of the Auditing Screening Division of the Šiauliai County State Tax Inspectorate including challengers of the non-computerized formation of the auditing plans. Having done the comparative analysis of products existing on the market, it was decided to develop a new system. The system is designed, implemented, tested and the quality evaluation has been carried out. The information system facilitates the verification planning process: clearance of data, reporting and data searches.

No description available.

Chapter 2 undertakes a new investigation of the potential for options to mitigate short sale constraints, conducing two event studies which examine 1732 option introductions and the differential effect of the 2008 short sale ban on optioned and non-optioned stocks. I find option introduction mitigates 79% of the price adjustment efficiency disparity between short sale constrained and unconstrained stocks in relation to negative news. I also find evidence that negative information was incorporated more freely into optioned stocks during the short sale transaction ban of financial sector stocks. These results collectively suggest that in the presence of binding short sale constraints, options act as an effective substitute to short sales, significantly contributing to the informational efficiency of the market. In Chapter 3 we examine the determinants of success of foreign cross-listings in the U.S. using cumulative returns surrounding the cross-listing event and liquidity on the U.S. exchange as joint metrics of success. We find that the post-listing liquidity and valuation benefits of cross-listings are crucially dependent both on prior home-market success and on U.S. institutional holdings in the cross-listing quarter. Stocks with greater institutional ownership upon cross-listing see more liquid U.S. trading. Additionally, firms with a higher abnormal price run-up in the year prior to cross-listing and firms that see more liquid domestic trading enjoy greater post-listing liquidity in the U.S. Chapter 4 examines the asset allocation decisions of mutual fund investors, focusing on flight to quality considerations. Using the default spread, term spread and short term interest rate as proxies for economic conditions, we find that an expected improvement (deterioration) in Canadian economic conditions causes investors to direct flow away from (towards) fixed income-type funds and towards (out of) equity based funds. For example, a one standard deviation increase in the term spread (1.13%) results in an 84% increase and a 74% decrease in the percentage of flow directed at Canadian equity and money market funds respectively, relative to the previous month. / Finance

隨著金融市場的全球化，自一九〇〇年代起各國進行跨國上市的企業逐年增長，而該現象也引起學者對於可能造成跨國上市之因與其中之利弊進行進一步的思考與研究，從而發展出許多假說與相關實證結果。過去的傳統假說以市場分割假說、流動性假說以及投資人認知假說等對跨國上市進行解釋，且多以各國至美國跨國上市作為實證，由於上述假說經實證仍留有無法解釋的部分，進而發展出綁定假說，但無論是傳統或是新興的理論，都留有空間讓我們透過全新的角度去賦予見解，因此本論文期以透過行為財務學的觀點，以投資人情緒來解讀公司進行跨國上市的決策制定。 不同於以往，我們以美國作為實證，檢視全球投資人情緒對於美國公司至全球進行跨國上市決策是否有所影響，樣本期間取自二〇〇三年至二〇一四年，完整樣本數共4,955家企業進行跨國上市，而透過參考文獻我們在考量了公司、交易所與國家三個層級的控制變數後進行相關實證。 實證結果顯示全球投資人情緒確實影響公司進行跨國上市的決策，當全球投資人情緒越高漲，公司進行跨國上市的可能性則提高，而反之亦然。本論文提供已經過長時間假說與實證的跨國上市領域一個新的思考方向，全球投資人情緒的波動將會是一個影響企業至海外進行權益融資的指標之一。 / With the globalization of financial markets, boundaries between countries are getting vague. Since the 〖20〗^(th) century, the amount of firms having their stocks cross-listed oversea is increasing each year, hypotheses and empirical test have long been formed and conducted to figure out the cause and effect of such phenomenon. As for the conventional wisdom, market segmentation, liquidity and investor recognition hypotheses are constructed but still left puzzle unexplained. Bonding theory then been brought up after. But no matter how the conventional wisdom or new research initiatives are trying to interpret, behavioral finance can always bring up a brand new aspect and a whole new explanation. Our paper use global sentiment as a determinant to demonstrate the cross-listing decision-making of a firm. Firms in the United States are using as our samples to test our hypothesis, which is expressed that the higher the global sentiment is, the more possible that a firm would have its stock cross-listed. Our sample period is from 2003 to 2014 and the amount of firms cross-listed in the sample period is 4,955. Familiar with the previous studies we have our control variables divided into three levels, firm, exchange and country. The empirical result indicates that while the sentiment of the globe is high, firms in the United States have the intention to have their stock cross-listed oversea, and vice versa. Our main contribution of this study is that though research in cross-listing has long been studied, we provide a new viewpoint that we confirm the connection between global sentiment and cross-listing decision of financing.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-14T14:30:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Gomes dos Santos.pdf: 2718867 bytes, checksum: 611e8b5282b4447d0c0709d9774b6193 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T14:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Gomes dos Santos.pdf: 2718867 bytes, checksum: 611e8b5282b4447d0c0709d9774b6193 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / The following master's thesis aims to historicize the cultural policy for the Pernambuco’s heritage, over the period 1979-2010, and thus identify which cultural goods legitimized by technical tools and legal officers in the state. Namely: Sistema Estadual de Tombamento de Pernambuco, Concurso Público do Registro do Patrimônio Vivo de Pernambuco, Registro de Patrimônio Imaterial de Pernambuco and Projetos de Lei Ordinária para Patrimônio Imaterial de Pernambuco. We also seek to understand how these instruments were led by individuals and institutions to mobilize, at different times, cultural values and symbolic meanings in the construction of state identity process. Our research is grounded in theoretical perspective that encompasses the cultural heritage as a field in dispute, in which different agents attend constructing a discourse that appropriates practices and objects and expropriates to elect certain values in society from diverse interests. For reference are used studies focused on analysis of social practices, proposed by Pierre Bourdieu (2012), in order to identify the details and nuances of conflicts in policy arenas in contention for the symbolic power to elect which goods will be included or not in the universe heritage of Pernambuco. Also we rely on research carried out by Benedict Anderson (2008), Dominique Poulot (2009), José Murilo de Carvalho (2012), Maria Cecilia London Fonseca (2009), Márcia Chuva (2012), Roger Chartier (1990) and other researchers were critical to the development of theoretical discussions present in this dissertation. Our documentary sources are official files that are part of the institutionalization process of Pernambuco heritage as requirements for tipping, technical reports of the Fundação do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico de Pernambuco (Fundarpe), Tombo books of material heritage, meeting minutes of the Conselho Estadual de Cultura (CEC), notices of Concurso Público do Registro do Patrimônio Vivo, the official list of the living heritage inventory, Registration books of intangible heritage, ordinary bills of the Assembléia Legislativa de Pernambuco (ALEPE), as well as laws and other documents of interest for the development of research. In view of the need to write a cultural history on patrimonialization process of cultural goods of Pernambuco, our proposal aims to understand the heritage not as a cultural inheritance, but with a set of symbolic goods valued and reflected in the attempt to represent a supposed version the past, culture or memory, and thus legitimize Pernambuco identity that matters to certain agents and social groups. / A seguinte dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo historiar a política cultural para o patrimônio pernambucano durante o período de 1979 a 2010, e, assim, identificar quais bens culturais legitimados pelos instrumentos técnicos e jurídicos oficiais no estado. A saber: Sistema Estadual de Tombamento de Pernambuco, Concurso Público do Registro do Patrimônio Vivo de Pernambuco, Registro de Patrimônio Imaterial de Pernambuco e Projetos de Lei Ordinária para Patrimônio Imaterial de Pernambuco. Também procuramos compreender como esses instrumentos foram conduzidos por indivíduos e instituições para mobilizar, em diferentes momentos, valores culturais e significados simbólicos no processo de construção da identidade estadual. Nossa pesquisa se encontra alicerçada na perspectiva teórica que compreende o patrimônio cultural como um campo em disputa, no qual diferentes agentes comparecem construindo um discurso que se apropria de práticas e objetos e os expropria a fim de eleger determinados valores na sociedade a partir de interesses diversos. Como referência, são utilizados estudos voltados para análise das práticas sociais, proposto por Pierre Bourdieu (2012), com o intuito de identificar os detalhes e as nuances dos conflitos nas arenas políticas na disputa pelo poder simbólico de eleger quais bens irão figurar ou não no universo patrimonial pernambucano. Também nos baseamos nas pesquisas desenvolvidas por Benedict Anderson (2008), Dominique Poulot (2009), José Murilo de Carvalho (2012), Maria Cecília Londres Fonseca (2009), Márcia Chuva (2012), Roger Chartier (1990), entre outros pesquisadores que foram de suma importância para o desenvolvimento das discussões teóricas presentes nesta dissertação. Nossas fontes documentais são dossiês oficiais que fazem parte do processo de institucionalização do patrimônio pernambucano, como requerimentos para o tombamento, relatórios técnicos da Fundação do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico de Pernambuco (Fundarpe), livros de Tombo do patrimônio material, atas de Reuniões do Conselho Estadual de Cultura (CEC), editais do Concurso Público do Registro do Patrimônio Vivo, lista oficial do Inventário do Patrimônio Vivo, livros de Registro do patrimônio imaterial, projetos de lei ordinária da Assembleia Legislativa de Pernambuco (ALEPE), além de legislações e outros documentos de interesses para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Em vista da necessidade de escrever uma história cultural sobre o processo de patrimonialização dos bens culturais de Pernambuco, nossa proposta aponta para compreensão do patrimônio não como uma herança cultural, mas com um conjunto de bens simbólicos valorados e consagrados na tentativa de representar uma suposta versão do passado, cultura ou memória, e, assim, legitimar uma identidade pernambucana que interessa a determinados agentes e grupos sociais.