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O presente mestrado é constituído por um estudo introdutório e uma antologia de 12 crônicas de Raul Pompeia (1863-1895), publicadas na primeira página do jornal O Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1891 a 1892. O objetivo do estudo introdutório é o de analisar as crônicas selecionadas a partir de dois temas, o da panfletagem contra a imigração e o da morte. Para o primeiro tema foram escolhidas nove crônicas, as quais por meio de um discurso eloquente, procuraram convencer o leitor de que a imigração era um inimigo a ser combatido, posicionando-se contra a tendência da época. Esses textos foram elaborados para o jovem leitor paulista, já que Pompeia acreditava no seu poder de mobilização e no espírito de combate. Em relação ao segundo tema, foram contempladas três crônicas relacionadas a notícias de crimes e de acidentes, cujos aspectos oscilam entre o realismo e o impressionismo, mostrando que o gênero crônica permite certo hibridismo. / This master consists of an introductory study and an anthology of 12 Raul Pompeias chronicles (1863-1895), published on the front page of the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, in the period from 1891 to 1892. The purpose of the introductory study is to analyze the chronicles selected from the two themes, the leafleting against immigration and the death. For the first theme, nine chronicles were chosen, which by means of an eloquent speech, tried to convince the reader that immigration was an enemy to be fought, positioning itself against the trend of the time. These texts were written for the young readers from São Paulo, since Pompeia believed in their power to mobilize and fighting spirit. On the second theme, three chronicles, related to news of crimes and accidents, whose aspects oscillate between realism and impressionism, have been contemplated, showing that the chronicle genre allows certain hybridity.

The report revolves around two Japanese biographies of Lu Xun produced during the Greater East Asian War: Takeuchi Yoshimi’s scholarly biography Lu Xun (Rojin, 1944) and Dazai Osamu’s fictional biography A Regretful Farewell (Sekibetsu, 1945). It explores a dual structure of resistance in the two works that they not only represent the resistance of literature against political interference, but also exemplify a different positioning of literary imaginations—turn to China, which constitutes an oppositional alternative to the contemporaneous mainstream discourse of “overcoming modernity”—the search for the essence of Japanese civilization and the invention of Japanese traditions that is paradoxically promoted by intellectuals with Western-style mentality. Historicizing the production of the two works onto the very site of the violent collision between literature and politics, I examine their respective creative deployment of the aesthetic resources of Lu Xun: Takeuchi Yoshimi explicates a political understanding of literature as a force of opposition from the life and works of Lu Xun, Dazai Osamu reconstructs the origin myth of literature by rewriting the critical conversion of the “Lantern Slides Incident” in Lu Xun’s literary career. / text

My thesis is concerned with Theodor Adorno (1903-1969), the Frankfurt School theorist, and the implications of his philosophy for literary studies. I show that Adorno's thought may offer a valid contribution to the analysis of literary texts, even texts with which he is not historically associated. More specifically, I link Adorno with texts that emerge out of situations of political extremity but are not necessarily understood as "political" protest literature. Drawing on a variety of Adorno's texts, I assert that key concepts within Adorno's thought - truth content, immanence, the non-identical - allow us a way of understanding literary texts that appear apolitical, but in fact are speaking to the social and material relations of their specific (political) context. Adorno's exposition on the interface between the artwork and history usefully engages authors that problematise or dismantle our traditional conception of what constitutes the "political" - overt manifest content that aligns itself with a particular ideological position. I have chosen three twentieth-century authors (J.M. Coetzee; Margarita Karapanou; Michael Ondaatje) whose literature bear the burden of political extremity (respectively, South African apartheid, the 1970s Greek military junta, and the Sri Lankan civil war), and is at loggerheads with the literature of political commitment emerging from each of those situations. Each of these authors asserts his or her aesthetic autonomy over prescriptive understandings of literature as a vehicle actively espousing a particular nationalist, political, ideological or even aesthetically formalist position. The work of these authors, I argue, embodies an alternative Adornian version of engaged literature. In short, my thesis operates as a two way conversation asking: "What can Adorno's concepts give to certain literary texts?", and reciprocally, "What can those texts give to our traditional understanding of Adorno and his applicability?" This thesis is an act of rethinking the literary in Adornian terms, and rethinking Adorno through the literary.

O presente mestrado é constituído por um estudo introdutório e uma antologia de 12 crônicas de Raul Pompeia (1863-1895), publicadas na primeira página do jornal O Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1891 a 1892. O objetivo do estudo introdutório é o de analisar as crônicas selecionadas a partir de dois temas, o da panfletagem contra a imigração e o da morte. Para o primeiro tema foram escolhidas nove crônicas, as quais por meio de um discurso eloquente, procuraram convencer o leitor de que a imigração era um inimigo a ser combatido, posicionando-se contra a tendência da época. Esses textos foram elaborados para o jovem leitor paulista, já que Pompeia acreditava no seu poder de mobilização e no espírito de combate. Em relação ao segundo tema, foram contempladas três crônicas relacionadas a notícias de crimes e de acidentes, cujos aspectos oscilam entre o realismo e o impressionismo, mostrando que o gênero crônica permite certo hibridismo. / This master consists of an introductory study and an anthology of 12 Raul Pompeias chronicles (1863-1895), published on the front page of the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, in the period from 1891 to 1892. The purpose of the introductory study is to analyze the chronicles selected from the two themes, the leafleting against immigration and the death. For the first theme, nine chronicles were chosen, which by means of an eloquent speech, tried to convince the reader that immigration was an enemy to be fought, positioning itself against the trend of the time. These texts were written for the young readers from São Paulo, since Pompeia believed in their power to mobilize and fighting spirit. On the second theme, three chronicles, related to news of crimes and accidents, whose aspects oscillate between realism and impressionism, have been contemplated, showing that the chronicle genre allows certain hybridity.

O estudo tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente o processo de formação identitária das personagens Padre Nando e Aníbal, respectivamente protagonistas dos romances Quarup, publicado em 1967, pelo escritor Antônio Callado e A Geração da Utopia, publicado em 1992 por Pepetela. Ambos os romances abordam de forma marcante como se configuraram aspectos do processo da luta armada de sentido libertário, no Brasil e em Angola. No entrecruzamento de ficção e História, os escritores, através das marcas de seus autores implícitos, em nível dos sujeitos da enunciação (narradores) ou do enunciado (personagens) apresentam dois protagonistas engajados política e socialmente que vivem profundas transformações em seus caracteres psicossociais. O estudo dessas caracterizações constitui um rico material para problematizar os sentidos da identidade e das problemáticas que envolvem os processos da luta libertária e compreender como as transformações das personagens centrais de cada narrativa têm a ver com seus horizontes utópicos. / The purpose of this study is to analyze comparatively the process of formation of the identity of two characters Father Nando and Aníbal respectively protagonists of the novels Quarup, written in 1967 by Antônio Callado, and A Geração da Utopia, written by Pepetela in 1991. Both novels approach markedly how the aspects of the process of armed struggle in a libertarian sense are configured in Brazil and Angola. In the intersection of fiction and History, the writers, through the marks of their implied authors by being subjects of enunciation (narrators) or of subjects of the statement (characters) present two leading figures politically and socially engaged who live deep transformations in their psychosocial characters. The study of these characterizations provides a rich material to problematize the senses of identity and the issues involving the processes of libertarian struggle and understand the transformations of the main characters of each narrative and their roles in utopian horizons.

This thesis explores the relationship between literature and politics through a study of novels published by Diamela Eltit (1949-) and Alberto Fuguet (1964-) in the Chilean post-transition to democracy period (i.e.: after the year 2000). It attempts to demonstrate that Chilean post-transition to democracy literature foregrounds the socio-cultural legacies inherited from the dictatorship (1973-1990), which have been to a great extent endorsed by the Chilean neoliberal transition to democracy. This thesis considers the more recent narrative fiction published by these authors as representative of Chilean post-transition to democracy literature, that is, a literature that shares a politico-historical legacy inherited from the Chilean dictatorship, and highlights a social imaginary permeated by the contemporary neoliberal politico-cultural project imposed by the military and to a great extent endorsed by the transition to democracy. In doing so, this work focuses on questions related to the portrayal of contemporary Chilean society and the political status of women. Commitment in literature does not necessarily come from the author's subjectivity or intention, but from his or her study of society and the way in which s/he presents it. Literary commitment, whether overt or not, remains fundamental in the case of contemporary Chilean writers, who have inherited a neoliberal socio-cultural context imposed by a dictatorship, and who may deploy strategies to either disseminate, perpetuate or resist such a cultural model, creating new ones. Therefore, the values to which literature commits can be traced in the case of both the overtly politically committed author and the apparently apolitical one. This methodology allows us to reveal the way in which Eltit and FuguetÊ1⁄4s writing projects represent different but implicitly related views of Chilean society as well as two semi-canonical standpoints which are prominently representative of the twenty-first century Chilean literary sphere.

La Deuxième Guerre mondiale fut au Japon l’occasion d’une production massive de récits de guerre, aujourd’hui largement oubliée. Ces textes sont pris entre l’injonction faite aux écrivains de participer à l’effort national, et l’idée reçue selon laquelle ceux-ci ne peuvent saisir la réalité de la guerre. Cette thèse s’attache à démontrer que c’est dans la négociation au sein des textes de ce paradoxe que le monde littéraire japonais conçut et reconnut sa littérature de guerre. Le plan distingue trois moments successifs, afin de refléter à la fois les modalités changeantes de l’engagement des écrivains dans la guerre, et les différentes écritures qui en rendirent compte. La première partie traite de la première année du conflit, durant laquelle les médias japonais employèrent les écrivains comme envoyés spéciaux sur le front chinois ; leurs reportages montrent la quête d’une valeur propre de l’expérience des écrivains. La deuxième partie (1938-1941) se concentre sur le succès phénoménal de la figure du « soldat-écrivain », et ses conséquences sur l’écriture de la guerre. La publication du journal du caporal d’infanterie et lauréat du prix Akutagawa Hino Ashihei parut offrir un modèle de purification de la littérature par le combat qui disqualifiait de fait les écrivains institutionnalisés. La troisième et dernière partie aborde la « réquisition des lettrés », au cours de laquelle l’armée contraignit près d’une centaine d’écrivains à partir dans les nouvelles colonies japonaises du Pacifique. Les grands succès critiques issus de ce dispositif inédit de coercition sont marqués par une volonté ostensible de faire littérature à travers la guerre. / The Second World War saw in Japan a massive production of war stories, today widely forgotten. These texts are caught between the injunction made to writers to participate in the national effort, and the general notion that they cannot grasp the reality of war. This thesis aims to demonstrate that it is in the negotiation of this paradox within the texts that the Japanese literary world conceived and recognised its war literature. The plan distinguishes three successive moments, in order to reflect both the changing modalities of writers' engagement in the war, and the different writings that accounted for them.The first part deals with the first year of the conflict, during which the Japanese media employed the writers as special correspondents on the Chinese front; their reports show the quest for a specific value of writers' experience. The second part (1938-1941) focuses on the phenomenal success of the ‘soldier-writer’ figure, and its consequences on the writing of the war. The publication of infantry corporal and Akutagawa Prize laureate Hino Ashihei’s diary seemed to offer a model of purification of literature by combat that disqualified the institutionalised writers. The third and last part deals with the ‘requisition of scholars’, during which the army forced close to a hundred writers to leave for the new Japanese colonies in the Pacific. Critical successes that emerged from this unprecedented coercion system are marked by an ostensible will to produce genuine literature through the war.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1998. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-198).

O estudo tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente o processo de formação identitária das personagens Padre Nando e Aníbal, respectivamente protagonistas dos romances Quarup, publicado em 1967, pelo escritor Antônio Callado e A Geração da Utopia, publicado em 1992 por Pepetela. Ambos os romances abordam de forma marcante como se configuraram aspectos do processo da luta armada de sentido libertário, no Brasil e em Angola. No entrecruzamento de ficção e História, os escritores, através das marcas de seus autores implícitos, em nível dos sujeitos da enunciação (narradores) ou do enunciado (personagens) apresentam dois protagonistas engajados política e socialmente que vivem profundas transformações em seus caracteres psicossociais. O estudo dessas caracterizações constitui um rico material para problematizar os sentidos da identidade e das problemáticas que envolvem os processos da luta libertária e compreender como as transformações das personagens centrais de cada narrativa têm a ver com seus horizontes utópicos. / The purpose of this study is to analyze comparatively the process of formation of the identity of two characters Father Nando and Aníbal respectively protagonists of the novels Quarup, written in 1967 by Antônio Callado, and A Geração da Utopia, written by Pepetela in 1991. Both novels approach markedly how the aspects of the process of armed struggle in a libertarian sense are configured in Brazil and Angola. In the intersection of fiction and History, the writers, through the marks of their implied authors by being subjects of enunciation (narrators) or of subjects of the statement (characters) present two leading figures politically and socially engaged who live deep transformations in their psychosocial characters. The study of these characterizations provides a rich material to problematize the senses of identity and the issues involving the processes of libertarian struggle and understand the transformations of the main characters of each narrative and their roles in utopian horizons.