Este estudio analiza la relación entre la ortografía de la excongresista Supa y las valoraciones expresadas por el diario Correo en torno a lo que se considera “la escritura” para legislar. Metodológicamente, se realizó un análisis ideológico del discurso periodístico. En el trabajo se identificaron dos representaciones acerca de la ortografía y la escritura en general. Considerando el modelo autónomo de la literacidad, se explica que Correo asume que la escritura crea y desarrolla habilidades cognitivas de nivel superior, y que conduce al progreso económico, por lo que cualquier persona no puede ser parlamentaria. Por otro lado, desde los nuevos estudios de la literacidad, se concluye que estas asunciones resultan ser creencias insostenibles, e incluso generadoras de racismo, porque la literacidad trasciende los aspectos técnicos y raciales. / This study analyzes the relationship between the spelling of former congresswoman Supa and the related assessments by the Correo newspaper of what is considered “writing” for legislation. The methodology applied is an ideological analysis of journalistic discourse. The paper identifies two representations of spelling and writing in general. Considering the autonomous model of literacy, it is explained that the newspaper assumes that writing creates and develops higher-level cognitive skills, and that it leads to economic progress, so that not everyone can be a member of Congress. On the other hand, from the new studies of literacy, it is concluded that these assumptions turn out to be unsustainable beliefs and even generate racism, because literacy goes beyond technical and racial aspects. / Revisón por pares

The carceral, as Monika Fludernik had first observed in 1999, pervades our world, not only in the form of material sites of incarceration, but also in the metaphors we deploy in everyday conversation and in various text forms, including fictional and non-fictional narrative representations in different media and genres. In Metaphors of Confinement: The Prison in Fact, Fiction, and Fantasy (2019), the culmination of twenty years of work on the subject, Fludernik reiterates her 2005 definition of two main types of carceral metaphors: “prison is x” – describing and making sense of the prison and experiences of imprisonment; and “x is prison” – conceiving of other aspects of the social world in terms of incarceration (2019: 46).

La infancia representó en el ideario del poeta moderno la avidez de conocimiento, el impulso lúdico-experimental y la conciencia material del arte. Estos rasgos pueden distinguirse en la obra de Luis Hernández, quien, revalorizando la infancia, planteó el ímpetu lúdico y la inocencia como claves de una producción artística original. Identificándose con la pureza de un niño, en un nivel temático, el poeta cuestionó la indolencia y el afán organizativo y alienante de todo autoritarismo. En cuanto al uso de los instrumentos técnico-formales, practicó con ellos tal y como un infante experimenta con sus objetos de juego, explotando sus posibilidades, despreocupado e irreverente. Dicho esto, nuestro objetivo es evidenciar cómo su reinterpretación de la infancia influyó en su cuestionamiento de los procesos de escritura, distribución y recepción de la literatura. / In the ideology of the modern poet, childhood represented the lust for knowledge, the playful-experimental impulse and the material conscience of art. These features can be distinguished in the work of Luis Hernandez, who, revaluing childhood, set out the playful impulse and innocence as keys to an original artistic production. Identifying himself with the purity of a child, on a thematic level, the poet questioned the indolence and the organizational and alienating eagerness of all authoritarianism. As for the use of technical-formal instruments, he practiced with them just like a child experiments with his play objects, exploiting his possibilities, carefree and irreverent. That said, our objective is to show how his reinterpretation of childhood influenced his questioning of the processes of writing, distribution and reception of literature. / Revisión por pares

This diploma thesis examines Sally Rooney's novels Conversations with Friends and Normal People from the viewpoint of Marxist literary criticism. Based on the author's own claim to incorporate "a Marxist framework" into her writing as a way of describing the surrounding world, the thesis, there- fore, aims to explore the aforementioned novels with regard to Marx's theory. The first part focuses on the theoretical background and principal thoughts of Marxism and Marxist literary criticism. Next, there is outlined the conception of social classes in Ireland and a brief introduction of Sally Rooney's views in order to provide context to the novels. The second part of the thesis then applies the theoret- ical background to an analysis of the novels themselves. This includes their stories, settings, charac- ters and conveyed ideas in relation to the issues of base and superstructure, power dynamics, class identity, social status and influences of economic as well as cultural and educational hegemony.

This thesis proposes a theory of literature's human relevance in literary terms, developing hints in the critical practice of twentieth century literary critic F.R. Leavis. It examines how literary texts can be humanly relevant in a manner that depends on their literary merit, and does so in three stages, interrogating: the way literary texts operate; the role literary language plays in thinking; and the interaction of literature and morality. The thesis has two, related, aims: to reconceptualise literature's relation to human living, and to offer a recharacterisation of Leavis's literary criticism, with the investigation of aspects of Leavis's practice forming part of the more fundamental enquiry regarding the nature of literature's human significance. In the first stage, the thesis argues that Leavis's critical practice in his works of the 1930s (his first major decade of critical output) provides fruitful ways for conceptualising the interaction between form and meaning in literature, with important consequences for present-day understandings of how literature functions and how it matters. It focuses on an untheorised (by him or others) achievement in Leavis's criticism, the introduction of the term 'attitude' into literary analysis and judgement, and argues that the term enables a different mode of attention to the question of how literature relates to the human world. The second stage first interrogates the role that language in general plays in understanding, constructing a hypothesis from arguments by philosophers R.G. Collingwood and Charles Taylor, and then turns to literary language, arguing that it enables a mode of relating to experience not otherwise possible, and forms a process of thinking, for reader and writer alike. The final stage focuses on arguments in aesthetics against literature's cognitive value, and in moral philosophy for its empathic and moral value. Building on earlier arguments about the operation of literary language and language's relation to thought, the thesis claims that literary language is humanly meaningful in a way that is both cognitively and morally significant. Throughout, the thesis argues for the inescapable link between well-written literature and the morally resonant, such that good literature forms what Taylor calls 'moral sources'. The crucial query is how literature functions, which will help us better to answer why it is humanly important. This thesis engages with literary criticism, philosophical aesthetics and moral philosophy, as well as offering close readings of literature itself.