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This thesis examines the complex intersections between Derek Walcott’s Omeros and modernist versions of the epic. Critics generally acknowledge the pervasive presence of modernist allusions in Walcott’s early work, but see the relevance of modernism diminishing as Walcott develops his “mature” poetic strategies of mimicry and hybridity. I challenge this reading of Walcott, arguing that the modernist practices of Ezra Pound in The Cantos, T.S. Eliot in The Waste Land, and Hart Crane in The Bridge are crucial to illuminating the central theme of cultural healing in Walcott’s most ambitious work, Omeros. These four authors share the goal of creating an epic poem that encapsulates the experiences of modernity (the modern epic). Walcott adopts and transforms elements from The Cantos, The Waste Land and The Bridge in order to articulate the complex relations among self, tradition, land, and language that can allow the postcolonial subject to overcome the traumatic legacy of imperialism in the Caribbean. I define the relation between Omeros and its modernist intertexts according to this pattern of imitation and divergence (which Joseph Farrell calls the pattern of imitatio and aemulatio in the epic tradition). I organize my dissertation into four chapters, each focused on a particular issue: the process of redefining the epic, the construction of indigenous status by means of myth and imperialism, the search for alternative modes of understanding the past that would resist the hegemony of chronological history, and the mystical process of cultural healing that synthesizes the human, the divine, and the natural world. This study demonstrates the tremendous utility and ideological ambiguities generated by the specific practices of ii literary modernism when Walcott deploys them to articulate his cultural vision. My approach to Omeros provides a corrective to the critical tendency to view modernism in the postcolonial milieu as either the postcolonial artist’s response to the conditions of modernity or as a tradition whose form and meaning is radically transformed by a postcolonial vision. Walcott’s relation to modernism suggests that this postcolonial cultural vision is itself shaped by modernist poetics in ways that both empower and constrain. / Thesis (Ph.D, English) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-27 11:56:30.559

T.S. Eliot's Four Quartets is full of beautiful and resounding imagery, yet the art of unfolding these images, discovering the movement and drama taking place in and between them, often remains elusive. In this thesis, I approach this problem by offering a detailed reading of Eliot's four poems, tracing the repetition and subtle movements of these patterns of images and the connections between them. I show how in each poem, Eliot develops a set of images that uniquely depicts the entrance of the timeless into time; these images offer ways of framing the problem of responding to revelations of deeper reality, which I take to be the poem's central drama. At the same time, across the whole of the four poems, this reoccurring drama—the issue of the intersection of the timeless with time and the poet's response to this intersection—continues to develop, becoming more complex and layered in each of the poems. Unfolding the different but parallel movements that are enacted across the four poems gives us a better understanding of the way the poems work together as a whole, harmonizing with one another to expand and deepen the individual images and momentary expressions of emotion each poem conveys. / Master of Arts

Thesis advisor: Mary Crane / “Motions of the Soul” explores and analyzes moments in the development of what I call an early modern poetics of religious desire, i.e. desire that has God as its referent. This poetics of religious desire builds upon but also departs from and transforms early modern Petrarchan and Ovidian poetics of secular erotic desire. I examine the poetics of religious desire in sixteenth-century and early seventeenth-century metrical psalms, which are verse paraphrases of the lyric prayers that constitute the biblical book of Psalms. While much critical attention has been paid to seventeenth-century religious lyric poetry and its engagement with and response to contemporary secular love lyric traditions, much less attention has been paid to literary metrical psalms, which were the predominant form of religious poetry in the sixteenth century and, some have argued, the parent to the religious lyric poetry that flowered in the seventeenth century. This dissertation analyzes metrical psalms by Sir Thomas Wyatt, Anne Locke, Sir Philip Sidney, and George Herbert, exploring and demonstrating how these poets bring together the poetics of secular love poetry with the biblical poetics of the Psalms and contemporary theological and philosophical discourses on desire in order to develop a poetics of religious desire that illustrates and addresses early modern English culture’s interests and concerns in relation to desiring God. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English.

Amigo próximo de Manuel Bandeira, Aníbal Machado, Heitor Villa-Lobos e outros artistas eminentes do Modernismo brasileiro, Dante Milano (1899-1991) publicou seus poemas em livro apenas tardiamente, em 1948, sob o título de Poesias. Apesar do reconhecimento crítico imediato, sua obra permaneceu sempre, como ainda hoje, sendo lida por um público diminuto fato normalmente atribuído antes de tudo ao temperamento muito discreto do poeta. Mais do que repetir a constatação da injusta impopularidade de uma grande poesia, cabe a tarefa de qualificar a sua grandeza, sugerindo com isso certa singularidade da voz poética. Um aspecto forte de tal singularidade será certamente o feitio clássico predominante nos versos de Dante, a impressão de um equilíbrio harmônico a despeito da facilmente notável abundância de pares antitéticos nos poemas, como a treva e a luz, o concreto e o abstrato, o novo e o antigo. A atenuação dos contrastes particulariza na linguagem algo que se mostra fundamental para o próprio pensamento do poeta, a simultaneidade da atenção ao mundo material e da absorção em si mesmo que tende a interiorizar e a transfigurar os seres e as coisas. A resposta da poesia de Dante Milano à realidade do deslocamento do homem moderno parece compor-se nesse espaço intervalar cavado pela intimidade a qual, sem se evadir por completo da vida objetiva, não deixa de reconhecer em relação a ela um radical distanciamento, nomeado em certos poemas como o exílio. Manifesta-se a natureza íntima desse exílio poético na voz baixa, na serenidade de tom própria do poeta capaz de relativizar a dor e evitar a expressão do desespero por confiar na profundidade da instância subjetiva em que o canto se instaura e, discretamente, perdura. / A close friend of Manuel Bandeira, Aníbal Machado, Heitor Villa-Lobos and some other prominent artists from brazilian Modernism, Dante Milano (1899-1991) has published his poems in a book just lately, in 1948, with the title Poesias. Even though there was immediate critical acknowledgment, his work has always remained, as it currently is, being read by a small public a fact that is usually imputed above all to the very discrete temper of the poet. Rather than repeating the general finding of the unfair unfamiliarity of a great poetry, a proper task would be to specify its greatness, so suggesting some singularity of this poetic voice. An important aspect of such singularity would certainly be the classical feature that predominates in Dantes verses, a harmonic equilibrium impression notwithstanding the remarkable abundance of antithetical pairs in the poems, as darkness and light, concrete and abstract, new and antique. The mitigation of contrasts particularizes in the language something that seems to be crucial for the poets thought, the simultaneity of attention to the material world and of absorption of mind that tends to interiorize and to transfigure beings and things. The response of Dante Milanos poetry to modern man truth of displacement seems to be composed at this intervallic space built by his intimacy an intimacy that, without completely deceiving objective life, nevertheless recognizes a deep detachment from it, named in certain poems as the exile. The intimate nature of this poetic exile is expressed in the low voice, in the serene tone, characteristic of a poet who is capable to ease the pain and to avoid the expression of despair for trusting in the deepness of the subjective sphere in wich his poetry establishes itself and, discretely, remains.

A presente tese é sobre gnosticismo, doutrina religiosa da Antiguidade tardia, em sua relação com a poesia. Procura circunscrever seu âmbito, definir suas características e localizar seus principais temas: entre outros, o dualismo, os mito do demiurgo, das duas almas, do andrógino primordial, sua noção do tempo e sua relação com hermetismo, astrologia e alquimia. Mostra como mitos e temas gnósticos e até um estilo, um modo gnóstico de escrever, reaparecem ou são retomados por poetas românticos, simbolistas e modernistas, inclusive aqueles de língua portuguesa. Entre outros, examina William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso e Hilda Hilst. Sustenta que, sendo arcaico e anacrônico em seu dualismo e sua complexa cosmovisão e teologia, ao mesmo tempo o gnosticismo pode ser associado a uma mentalidade moderna e, como parte dela, a criações literárias, algumas inovadoras, pelo caráter sincrético e por formular uma crítica total, cósmica, na era da crítica. Também mostra como poetas não apenas absorveram ou reproduziram aquela doutrina, mas o fizeram de modo pessoal e original, transformando-a e reinventando-a. E, principalmente, como, utilizando suas categorias e temas, tentaram promover uma subversão do senso comum, da percepção instituída do mundo, justificando paralelos do gnosticismo como misticismo rebelde com a rebelião romântica e seus continuadores. / The present thesis is about Gnosticism, the religious doctrine of Late Antiquity, in its relationship to poetry. The focus is to establish the realm of Gnosticism, to define its characteristics, and to locate its main themes. Dualism, the myth of the demiurge, the two souls, the primordial androgynous, its notion of time, and relations of Gnosticism with Hermetism, Astrology and Alchemy are, amongst others, some of the subjects and themes. The thesis shows how Gnostic myths and subjects and even a Gnostic style of writing reappear or is resumed by romantic poets, symbolists and modernists, including those of Portuguese language. Among others, examines William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso and Hilda Hilst. Holds that Gnosticism, being archaic and anachronic in its dualism, complex weltanschauung and theology, can be associated at the same time with a modern mentality and, as part of it, with literary creations, some innovative, for its syncretism and its formulation of a total and cosmic review in the era of the criticism. Finally, also shows how poets didn\'t just absorb or reproduce that doctrine, but that they did it in a personal and original way, transforming and reinventing Gnosticism. And, most outstandingly, how, using its categories and themes, poets encouraged subversion of the common sense, and the formal perception of the world, therefore justifying parallels of Gnosticism as a rebellious mysticism with the Romantic rebellion and its followers.

This dissertation provides a critical assessment of Laura Terracina (1519-c.1577) and her works. It argues that she was a consummate product of her age, embodying the tensions which ruled the Italian peninsula. Terracina published eight books and left a ninth in manuscript at the time of her death, winning legions of admirers and making her sixteenth-century Italy's most commercially successful female author. Yet in spite of her enormous popularity amongst her contemporaries, scholarship has largely neglected Terracina. This dissertation will open up an overdue field of enquiry into her life and works, exploring the significance of her role as a sixteenth-century female poet through the lenses of gender and class. By mapping her place in the literary landscape, it is hoped that this thesis will encourage scholars to afford Terracina the attention she so richly deserves. The first chapter of the dissertation situates Terracina as a poet of Naples, seeing her as a product of her family's political standing within the city, her academician status, and her own construction of an urban coterie of supporters. The second chapter considers the mechanics of the journey into print, assessing Terracina's own input and her close collaboration with male editors and publishers. It proposes a greater attribution of agency to Terracina than has thus far been made, arguing that she is, in fact, an important figure in the process of her texts reaching the hands of readers. The third chapter considers how the poet used her printed books as social tools, employing them to gain social and literary capital. The second section of the dissertation looks at two thematic strands within Terracina's poetry. Chapter four considers her political poetry, including her attitude towards the harm done to civilian populations across Europe. Chapter five looks at the religious dimension to Terracina's work, the spiritual poetry written in her later years, and the relationship this bears to her secular lyric. Finally, the dissertation concludes with a chapter on the contemporary reception of Terracina's texts, providing preliminary thoughts on how she was read, before closing with a consideration of her literary afterlife in the centuries that followed.

O trabalho analisa a trilogia Os Peãs, do poeta cearense Gerardo Mello Mourão (1917-2007), explorando a relação entre a tradição épica e o projeto central da obra, o estabelecimento, pelo canto poético, de uma memória heroica comunal que funcione como fonte de exemplaridade. A trilogia é formada por três volumes: O País dos Mourões (1963), Peripécias de Gerardo (1972) e Rastro de Apolo (1977). Partindo de uma reflexão teórica sobre a morte e a sobrevida do gênero épico, o trabalho constata o uso da epopeia como referência ou \"moldura simbólica\" para experimentos poéticos modernos que lidam com as noções de tradição, memória e comunidade. Associando Os Peãs a essa tendência de reformulação da epopeia, realiza a análise detalhada de cada volume do tríptico. / The present work analyses Os Peãs, a poetic trilogy written by the Brazilian poet Gerardo Mello Mourão (1917- 2007). It explores the associations between the epic tradition and the central project of the trilogy - the articulation, through poetry, of a collective heroic memory that might stand as a source of exemplarity. The trilogy is composed of the following works: O País dos Mourões (1963), Peripécias de Gerardo (1972) e Rastro de Apolo (1977). Starting with a reflection on the death and survival of the epic genre, our argument goes on to associate Os Peãs with a tendency in modern poetry that uses the classical epic poem as a reference or a \"symbolic frame\" for modern poetic experiments dealing with the notions of tradition, memory and community. This is followed by a detailed study of each volume.

Submitted by Ana Paula Garcia null (anaapaula.garcia@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-03T16:21:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO 2.pdf: 902393 bytes, checksum: e073112cda0eb34b6dd1a082984a4e9c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-04T17:37:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_ap_me_ibilce.pdf: 902393 bytes, checksum: e073112cda0eb34b6dd1a082984a4e9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T17:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_ap_me_ibilce.pdf: 902393 bytes, checksum: e073112cda0eb34b6dd1a082984a4e9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem como proposta analisar as tensões entre as imagens do Eu e da modernidade, a partir das representações da cidade, da modernização e dos homens modernos, na poética de Álvaro de Campos, evidenciando o permanente sentimento de decadência presente em toda a obra desse heterônimo de Fernando Pessoa. Partindo do entendimento da modernidade como uma experiência iniciada com o processo de modernização e caracterizada, principalmente, por ser uma vivência que ―nos despeja a todos num turbilhão de permanente desintegração e mudança, de luta e contradição, de ambiguidade e angústia‖ (BERMAN, 2011, p. 24), olharemos para a figura de Álvaro de Campos como a representação de um sujeito moderno e reflexivo. Ao fazê-lo, levaremos em conta a instabilidade do homem nesse contexto, desprendendo-nos das organizações da obra do engenheiro, geralmente em fases, feitas pela crítica pessoana. Assim, o propósito é mostrar que as formas de expressão modificam-se a cada poema, mas permanece, por toda a poética, a representação do desencantamento do mundo e o sentimento decadente do homem diante dele. / This dissertation aims to analyze the tension between the images of the subject and modernity, based on the representations of the city, modernization, and modern men, in the poetics of Alvaro de Campos, highlighting the lingering feeling of decadence present in this Fernando Pessoa heteronym‘s oeuvre. Based on the understanding of modernity as an experience started with the modernization process and characterized mainly by being an experience that ―throws us all into a turmoil of permanent disintegration and change, struggle and contradiction, ambiguity and anguish‖ (BERMAN, 2011, p. 24), we will read the figure of Álvaro de Campos as representative of a modern and reflective subject. In doing so, we will consider the instability of man in that context, not taking into account the traditional organization of the engineer´s work made, usually in phases, by criticism on Pessoa. Thus, our purpose is to demonstrate that the ways of expression are modified on each poem, but what remains throughout this poetry is the representation of the disenchantment of the world and man‘s decadent feeling in face of this world.