O propósito deste trabalho é lançar um olhar sobre os caminhos estéticos traçados pelo poeta Manoel de Barros em seu livro Tratado geral das grandezas do ínfimo, procurando demonstrar como se articulam as duas macro-relações que regem os poemas: (a) a dialética entre o ínfimo e o grandioso, e (b) a dialética entre o passado e o presente sendo a figura humana o elemento de ligação entre todas estas vertentes, num movimento cósmico que liga céu e terra, a infância e o momento atual, e os reinos animal, vegetal e mineral, como manifestações do devir da vida humana por meio da palavra. Feitas estas considerações, desenvolvidas as análises, comprovadas as hipóteses, talvez se possa chegar a um patamar interpretativo a respeito dos fundamentos que nortearam o autor na elaboração desta obra-tratado, no que diz respeito às tendências poéticas que trilhou, em consonância com algumas tendências vigentes neste começo de século XXI, sem perder de vista o diálogo aberto pelo artista, avivando relações entre cultura, arte e sociedade. / study aims at looking at the aesthetic paths traced by the poet Manoel de Barros in his book Tratado geral das grandezas do ínfimo, in order to demonstrate the relationship between both macro-relations governing the poems: (a) the dialectic between the negligible and the great, and (b) the dialectic between past and present being the human presence the key link among all these aspects in a cosmic movement connecting Heaven and Earth, childhood and present time, and the kingdoms of animal, plant and mineral, as manifestations of the becoming of human life through word. That being said, and after the development of the analysis and the confirmation of the hypotheses, we may reach a level of interpretation about the fundamentals that guided the author in the creation of his work-treaty, considering poetic trends he chose in consonance with some of the poetic trends from the early twenty-first century, also pondering over the dialogue started by the artist reviving the relationship among culture, art and society.

La problématique essentielle qui sous-tend l’existence du poète Karl Wolfskehl (1869-1948) est celle d’un sentiment de double appartenance car il est Juif et Allemand. Sa vocation poétique connaît deux moments décisifs : la rencontre en 1897 avec Stefan George, le chef de file du symbolisme allemand dont il devient l’ami fidèle et le fervent disciple, lui permet de travailler ses poèmes comme un matériau précieux, la langue des poèmes n’étant asservie à d’autre fin qu’elle-même. Puis le triomphe du nazisme en Allemagne en 1933 contraint Wolfskehl à partir d’abord en Italie puis en Nouvelle-Zélande, où il demeure jusqu’à sa mort en 1948. Cet exil suscite chez Wolfskehl une crise existentielle sans précédent et un renouveau dans l’écriture : à la quête de perfection formelle succède une poésie religieuse ancrée dans le judaïsme et que Wolfskehl place sous le signe de Job.L’ensemble de l’œuvre de Karl Wolfskehl se distingue de par sa tonalité mystique. L’objet de notre recherche est de prendre en compte les rapports entre poésie et religion pour tenter de caractériser l’art poétique de l’auteur. Nous nous concentrons sur les évolutions de la notion de prophétie dans l’œuvre de Wolfskehl pour aborder tout autant l’héritage hölderlinien du poeta vates que celui des prophètes bibliques (nebiim). En articulant notre réflexion autour du principe dialogique (Buber) et en interprétant la manière dont l’œuvre littéraire transforme les symboles de la kabbale (Scholem), nous montrons que les poèmes sont le théâtre d’un affrontement dialectique entre l’humain et le divin où se révèle une herméneutique de la souffrance. On peut alors déterminer les enjeux philosophiques et historiques de l’autofiction du poète en Job, la poésie de Wolfskehl se proposant à la fois de penser « l’excès du Mal » (Nemo) et d’interpréter le destin du peuple juif (Susman). / The existence of the poet Karl Wolfskehl is characterised by the feeling of a double identity, for he is both Jewish and German. The two decisive moments of his poetic vocation are his meeting in 1897 with Stefan George, one of the leaders of German symbolism; he became his faithful friend and devoted disciple. This encounter allowed him to consider his poems as precious material, with no other goal than language per se. The second point is that, due to the outcome of Nazism in Germany in 1933, he had to exile himself to Italy then to New-Zealand, where he stayed until his death in 1948. This exile is at the root of an unprecedented existential crisis and of a renewal in his writing: from a quest of formal perfection he reaches a religious poetry anchored in Judaism assimilated to the persona of Job. The whole work is infused with a mystical tone. Our research aims to try to account for the relationship between poetry and religion in order to characterize the poetic art of the author. We focus on the evolutions of the notion of prophecy in the work of Wolfskehl, so as to deal with both the holderlinian heritage of poeta vates and that of the biblical prophets (Nebiim). By concentrating on the dialogical principle (Buber) and by interpreting the way the literary work transforms the symbols of the Kabbala (Scholem), we will show that the poems are the scene of a dialectic confrontation between the human and the divine, which reveals a hermeneutic of suffering. From a philosophical and historical point of view, we question the identification of the poet with Job in so far as Wolfskehl’s poetry reflects the excess of evil (Nemo) while allowing to interpret the destiny of the Jewish people (Susman).

This dissertation seeks to abolish the inherited cliché that the Modernist writers and artists rejected earlier art and literature, particularly that of the classical tradition. In fact, both literature and art of the early 20th century made widespread use of the inherited Greco-Roman tradition in a myriad of ways. Moreover, beginning after the First World War and maturing in the 1920s, a demonstrative Neoclassical “movement” appeared across different types of art and different nations. A neoclassical or classicizing style or form is inherently malleable, an empty signifier that can, through an artist or writer’s emphasis, point towards any number of meanings. This allowed a classical style to become widespread along with its seeming resiliency as the ordered, traditional bedrock of the West. In the 1930s, however, the fascist parties of Germany, France, and Italy began to appropriate the neoclassical as a state- or party-style because of the ease with which politics could be incorporated into a relatively vacant form. Their systematic use of the classical tradition in large part “tainted” classical subjects and styles, which allowed for the post-World War II institutionalization of the avant garde. I argue that texts which used the classical tradition could do so in four distinct manners—four types of classicism. Symbolic Classicism controls its classical material by using it only at the level of hollow icon which pregnantly gestures towards antiquity. Traditional Classicism, like an adaptation of a classical narrative particularly in drama, becomes completely dependent on its borrowings. Formal Classicism borrows an inherited, vacant form which can then be injected with Modernity. Finally, Synthetic Classicism necessitates a careful balancing of the classical material, not reducing it to symbolic meaning, but producing a novel narrative or mirroring-effect, that controls its various elements designed into a modern theme or objective. / text

The largest impediment to appreciating Hart Crane as a symbolist modern American poet derives from the fragmentary critical attention paid to his borrowings from and familiarity with French Symbolists like Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stéphane Mallarmé. Almost equally important, the early career of T. S. Eliot exerted a profound impact on Crane's poetic development and indeed served as the primary introduction to many nineteenth-century French poets for Crane and many other American poets of his generation. This dissertation initially examines contemporary critical definitions of the symbolist method and explores the extent to which Hart Crane's familiarity with the French language helped shape his exposure to writers such as Baudelaire, Rimbaud, and Mallarmé. A reading of Crane's "Black Tambourine," a self-professed "Baudelairesque thing," indicates the dissertation's general approach by showing how Crane's poems evolve as "mingling incantations," as artistic blendings interfused by the aesthetics of the major French Symbolist poets. After presenting a historical overview and critique of the critical reception given to Crane as a symbolist, the rest of the dissertation interrogates the relationship of Crane to Eliot and their views on literary influence; examines the connections between Crane, Baudelaire, and Rimbaud; and finally explores the theoretical affinities between Mallarmé and Crane's formulation of a neo-symbolist poetics.

This dissertation explores the effects disability had on the aesthetics of American modernist writers like Langston Hughes, William Faulkner, Amy Lowell, and Ezra Pound at a time when eugenics' insistence on a superior and uniform humanity dominated social thought and how their writings complicate generalized conclusions espousing ablist tendencies in modernist literature, demonstrating that such generalizations can be complicated with careful attention to a broad range of modernist texts. The introduction highlights important ideas and events in the development of disability studies and applies the theory to Emily Dickinson’s “Safe in their Alabaster Chambers” to demonstrate how scholars have largely overlooked even well-known authors’ engagement with disability. The first chapter interrogates Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury to demonstrate that, rather than reify disability, Faulkner questions the idea of norms that imply a stable identity by alluding to and investigating ideas relevant to important events and conceptions of the time such as Henry H. Goddard’s The Kallikak Family and the U.S. Supreme court case of Buck v. Bell. Chapter two’s analysis of Langston Hughes's Fine Clothes to the Jew identifies a tendency in the poetry to enact Tobin Sieber’s concept of disability masquerade to assume but play against the intellectually disabled identity forced on Blacks at the time, rather than attempting to distance himself from the label as disability theorists such as Douglas Baynton posit generally occurs when racialized groups are associated with disability. In the third chapter, Robert McRuer’s concept of compulsory able-bodiedness is identified as a source for Amy Lowell’s fall from popularity and she is considered alongside conceptions of the freak to identify a source for her creativity most evident in the "polyphonic prose" of Can Grande's Castle, her invention to free poets of the restrictions of traditional cadenced verse. The final chapter offers a reading of Pound's Drafts & Fragments that, while highlighting this often neglected collection's importance because of the social awareness brought to it through Pound's twelve and a half years in a mental institution, also explores the limitations of readings that assume that his disabled status guided this poetry. Concluding the dissertation is an analysis of Sherman Alexie's Pulitzer prize winning young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, that demonstrates disability’s continued applicability after eugenics’ fall from grace and highlights Alexie’s use of humor to get readers to stare as a part of considering the serious topics he writes into the novel, instigating what Rosemarie Garland-Thomson calls the "good stare" that welcomes identification between staree and starer. Together, these chapters attempt to further expand the inclusivity of discussions of modernism and complicate long-standing understandings of disability.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Considerando a extensa e intensa abordagem da temática erótica na poesia de Manuel Bandeira, a pesquisa visou à ampliação e ao aprofundamento do estudo desse aspecto de sua obra, com o intuito de complementar os estudos críticos que versam sobre o assunto. Nosso objetivo concentra-se na relevância do conceito de alumbramento, termo empregado em diferentes ocasiões pelo poeta. Essa palavra, que o autor emprega na sua autobiografia e em duas de suas composições, alude, simultaneamente, a uma espécie de revelação divina, capaz de proporcionar a inspiração para a criação do poema, e a uma iluminação resultante do estado de deslumbramento diante da visão da nudez feminina. Dessa forma, com base, sobretudo, nas ideias de Octavio Paz e Georges Bataille, bem como nos apontamentos específicos de Davi Arrigucci Jr. sobre o lirismo bandeiriano, buscamos comprovar, por meio da leitura analítica de poemas exemplares, a associação entre os êxtases erótico, poético e místico, como questão fundamental na obra do poeta pernambucano / Taking into account the extensive and intense presence of the erotic topic in Manuel Bandeiras poetry, this research aims to expand and deepen the study about this aspect of his literary work in order to complement the critical studies that approach this theme. Our objective focuses on the relevance of the concept of enlightenment, a term used by the poet in different contexts. This word, present in the autobiography of the author and in two of his poems, alludes, simultaneously, to a kind of divine revelation capable of providing the inspiration for writing and to an illumination, resultant of a state of dazzle at the vision of a womans nudity. Thus, based mainly on the ideas of Octavio Paz and Georges Bataille, as well as on David Arrigucci Jr.s specific comments about Bandeiras lyricism, we intend to show, by means of an analytical reading of representative poems, the link between the erotical, poetical and mystical ecstasies as a key topic of this authors literary production

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_bcc_me_arafcl.pdf: 496783 bytes, checksum: a9afa98a9e5361cc9e127342b290231d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A obra de Jorge de Lima contém as principais diretrizes da poesia brasileira da primeira metade do século XX. Os procedimentos de composição adotados pelo poeta refletem sua consciência de leitura, através da qual é possível entrever as suas reflexões críticas da história e da cultura, conforme teoria de João Alexandre Barbosa. Dentre os diversos procedimentos e tendências da obra poética limiana, encontramos aspectos marcadamente simbolistas, tais como a musicalidade, o dualismo, a ironia e a analogia, os quais ainda não foram explorados sistematicamente. Nossa pesquisa propõe a investigação desses aspectos na poesia de Jorge de Lima, tendo em vista a importância do Simbolismo para a constituição da consciência e da criação literária modernas. Esse estudo comporta o exame da manifestação das duas tendências simbolistas citadas por Edmund Wilson em O Castelo de Axel: a coloquial-irônica e a sério-estética, encontradas respectivamente em Poemas, Poemas Novos, Poemas Negros, no Livro de Sonetos e em Invenção de Orfeu. Desse modo, a pesquisa busca contribuir para o resgate da historicidade da poesia limiana, de modo a fornecer elementos que ampliem o conhecimento sobre a obra de um de nossos maiores poetas e, além disso, complementar a leitura sobre o impacto da proposta simbolista e seus alcances na poesia moderna brasileira / The work of Jorge de Lima contains the main guidelines of Brazilian poetry in the first half of the twentieth century. The compositional procedures adopted by the poet reflects his awareness of reading, through which is possible see the critical reflections of history and culture as João Alexandre Barbosa’s theory. Among the many procedures and trends in Lima’s poetry, we found markedly symbolist aspects, such as musicality, dualism, irony and analogy, which have not yet been systematically explored. Our research proposes the investigation of these aspects in his poetry, in view of the importance of symbolism for the formation of consciousness and modern literary creation. This study involves the examination of two trends symbolists cited by Edmund Wilson in Axel's Castle: the “conversational-ironic” and “serious-aesthetic”, found respectively in Poemas, Novos poemas, Poemas Negros, e no Livro de Sonetos e Invenção de Orfeu. Thus, the research seeks to contribute to the rescue of the historicity of Lima’s poetry, to provide elements that increase the knowledge about the work of one of our greatest poets, and in addition, supplementary reading on the impact of the symbolist proposal and its achievements in Brazilian modern poetry

Orientador: Renata Soares Junqueira / Banca: Orna Messer Levin / Banca: Adalberto Luis Vicente / Resumo: Este trabalho pretende apontar e analisar elementos que confirmem o pioneirismo dos poetas portugueses Cesário Verde (1855-86) e Gomes Leal (1848- 1921) em relação à modernidade poética em Portugal, contribuindo para a ampliação da fortuna crítica dos dois autores e, sobretudo, da de Gomes Leal, poeta muito importante e ainda insuficientemente conhecido nos meios universitários brasileiros. A análise contemplará os principais temas da poesia moderna - a relação dúbia com o universo urbano-industrial, a femme fatale, a despersonalização e a identificação dos contrários - e a sua expressão formal na poesia de Cesário e de Gomes Leal. Ficarão mais evidentes, neste quadro, as relações que se estabelecem entre as duas poéticas. / Abstract: This project will focus on and analyse those elements which confirm the pioneering quality of the Portuguese poets Cesário Verde (1855-86) and Gomes Leal (1848-1921) in relation to poetic modernism in Portugal, contributing, in this way, to the development of the critical profile of these two authors and, above all, of Gomes Leal, a very important poet who is yet insufficiently known in Brazilian university circles. The analysis will turn on the principal themes of modern poetry - the dubious relationship with the urban-industrial complex, the personality of the femme fatale, the de-personalization of the poetic "I", and the identity of opposites - and its formal expression in the poetry of Cesário and Gomes Leal. Within this framework, the relationships which can be established between the two poetical oeuvres will become more evident. / Mestre

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Considerando a extensa e intensa abordagem da temática erótica na poesia de Manuel Bandeira, a pesquisa visou à ampliação e ao aprofundamento do estudo desse aspecto de sua obra, com o intuito de complementar os estudos críticos que versam sobre o assunto. Nosso objetivo concentra-se na relevância do conceito de alumbramento, termo empregado em diferentes ocasiões pelo poeta. Essa palavra, que o autor emprega na sua autobiografia e em duas de suas composições, alude, simultaneamente, a uma espécie de revelação divina, capaz de proporcionar a inspiração para a criação do poema, e a uma iluminação resultante do estado de deslumbramento diante da visão da nudez feminina. Dessa forma, com base, sobretudo, nas ideias de Octavio Paz e Georges Bataille, bem como nos apontamentos específicos de Davi Arrigucci Jr. sobre o lirismo bandeiriano, buscamos comprovar, por meio da leitura analítica de poemas exemplares, a associação entre os êxtases erótico, poético e místico, como questão fundamental na obra do poeta pernambucano / Taking into account the extensive and intense presence of the erotic topic in Manuel Bandeiras poetry, this research aims to expand and deepen the study about this aspect of his literary work in order to complement the critical studies that approach this theme. Our objective focuses on the relevance of the concept of enlightenment, a term used by the poet in different contexts. This word, present in the autobiography of the author and in two of his poems, alludes, simultaneously, to a kind of divine revelation capable of providing the inspiration for writing and to an illumination, resultant of a state of dazzle at the vision of a womans nudity. Thus, based mainly on the ideas of Octavio Paz and Georges Bataille, as well as on David Arrigucci Jr.s specific comments about Bandeiras lyricism, we intend to show, by means of an analytical reading of representative poems, the link between the erotical, poetical and mystical ecstasies as a key topic of this authors literary production

O propósito deste trabalho é lançar um olhar sobre os caminhos estéticos traçados pelo poeta Manoel de Barros em seu livro Tratado geral das grandezas do ínfimo, procurando demonstrar como se articulam as duas macro-relações que regem os poemas: (a) a dialética entre o ínfimo e o grandioso, e (b) a dialética entre o passado e o presente sendo a figura humana o elemento de ligação entre todas estas vertentes, num movimento cósmico que liga céu e terra, a infância e o momento atual, e os reinos animal, vegetal e mineral, como manifestações do devir da vida humana por meio da palavra. Feitas estas considerações, desenvolvidas as análises, comprovadas as hipóteses, talvez se possa chegar a um patamar interpretativo a respeito dos fundamentos que nortearam o autor na elaboração desta obra-tratado, no que diz respeito às tendências poéticas que trilhou, em consonância com algumas tendências vigentes neste começo de século XXI, sem perder de vista o diálogo aberto pelo artista, avivando relações entre cultura, arte e sociedade. / study aims at looking at the aesthetic paths traced by the poet Manoel de Barros in his book Tratado geral das grandezas do ínfimo, in order to demonstrate the relationship between both macro-relations governing the poems: (a) the dialectic between the negligible and the great, and (b) the dialectic between past and present being the human presence the key link among all these aspects in a cosmic movement connecting Heaven and Earth, childhood and present time, and the kingdoms of animal, plant and mineral, as manifestations of the becoming of human life through word. That being said, and after the development of the analysis and the confirmation of the hypotheses, we may reach a level of interpretation about the fundamentals that guided the author in the creation of his work-treaty, considering poetic trends he chose in consonance with some of the poetic trends from the early twenty-first century, also pondering over the dialogue started by the artist reviving the relationship among culture, art and society.