O objetivo deste dissertação é apresentar análise da indústria lítica de superfície do Sítio Corredor de Chumbo, da bacia do Rio Preto, situada na região de Unaí, Noroeste de Minas Gerais. Partindo das informações disponibilizadas pelas pesquisas do IAB (Instituto de Arqueologia Brasileira na década de 1970 e 1980 por meio do PRONAPA (Programa Nacional de Pesquisa Arqueológica) e PROPEVALE (Programa de Pesquisas Arqueológicas do Vale do São Paulo), a pesquisa procurou responder a questões relativas aos sítios líticos de superfície, que ainda não eram bem conhecidos na região. O trabalho incluiu ainda as relações entre o meio físico, a paisagem e os aspectos arqueológicos relativos ao sítio estudado. A metodologia utilizada procurou dialogar entre tipologia e tecnologia dos instrumentos, além de formalizar uma Cadeia Operatória para a indústria lítica analisada. Os resultados indicam que o sítio se constitui em uma mina a céu aberto (Pellegrin, 1995), sendo identificado parte de seu tratamento in situ. Contudo, as partes mais avançadas da Cadeia Operatória estão presentes dentre os vestígios analisados, demonstrando que um sítio dado como de extração e tratamento, também foi utilizado para a finalização de uma gama de instrumentos. Os tipos mais observados, que se destacam pela quantidade e pela excelência são os artefatos Plano-Convexos, os Raspadores sobre lascas (Façonnage e debitagem) e os Artefatos de Ocasião - este último, indicando um alto nível de reaproveitamento de matérias primas marginais, enquanto as mesmas abundavam no sítio e suas imediações. / This dissertation objective is to present an analysis on the lithic industry in Corredor de Chumbo site, in Rio Preto basin, located in the Northwest part of Minas Gerais state. From IAB researches information. In the decade of 70 and 80 by means of PRONAPA and PROPEVALE, this research aimed to answer to the questions related to the surfaces lithic sites that had not been contemplated in a systematic way (Dias Jr & Carvalho, 1982). The work still included relations between the archaeological environment, landscape and Archaeological aspects relating to the studied site. The used methodology purposed to converse between the instruments typology and technology, besides formalizing an Operational Chain for the analyzed lithic industry. The results indicate that the site is composed of an open-air mine (Pellegrin, 1995), being identified as a part of its treatment in situ. However, the Operating Chain most advanced parts are presented amongst the analyzed vestiges, demonstrating that a site considered as an extraction and treatment one also was used for a gamut of instruments finalization. The most observed types, that are outstanding for its quantity excellency are the Convex-Flat devices, the Scrapes (on flakes) and the Expedit Tools - this last one, indicating a considerable level of reuse of despised raw material unused, while those ones appeared in great quantity in the site and its immediacy.

En Méditerranée occidentale, l’obsidienne a été dès le début du Néolithique une matière première recherchée en raison de sa grande aptitude à la taille. Originaire d’îles de la zone tyrrhénienne (Sardaigne, Pantelleria, Lipari et Palmarola) elle a circulé dans cette région et elle est considérée comme un important marqueur culturel de diverses formes de communication et d'échanges entre les différentes communautés de la Préhistoire récente. En ce qui concerne la Sardaigne, nous disposons aujourd'hui d'une cartographie des dépôts primaires et secondaires de quatre types d’obsidienne du Monte Arci et il est donc possible de mieux comprendre les systèmes d'approvisionnement de cette matière première dans l'Île et dans le secteur nord-tyrrhénien de la Méditerranée occidentale, zone de diffusion majeure de l'obsidienne sarde. En raison de ses propriétés physiques, l'obsidienne est une roche très apte à la taille et qui enregistre de manière optimale les stigmates de taille. L’objectif de la thèse a consisté essentiellement en l’'analyse d'un référentiel expérimental en obsidienne réalisé par différents tailleurs avec différentes techniques (percussion directe, indirecte et pression). Cette étude a permis de reconnaitre les caractères morphométriques et les stigmates techniques, essentiels pour la discrimination des techniques de débitage, surtout quand elles donnent de pièces ambigües, compatibles avec plusieurs techniques. Elle a aussi permis de comprendre les différences avec le débitage sur silex, à partir de données connues dans la littérature. Sur cette base nous avons fait un premier essai de diagnose technique sur une série en obsidienne (sarde) d'un site du Néolithique sarde ayant livré un mobilier très abondant, avec plusieurs chaînes opératoires et techniques mises en œuvre. / In the western Mediterranean, obsidian is a demanded raw-material since the earliest phases of the Neolithic due to its good knappability. Its main sources are located in the tyrrhenian islands (Sardinia, Pantelleria, Lipari, and Palmarola); obsidian goods have been circulating in the region and they are considered a significant cultural marker of different forms of exchange and interaction networks between prehistoric groups. For what concerns Sardinia, nowadays four different types of both primary and secondary obsidian deposits from Monte Arci are known. It is therefore possible to better understand the exploitation system of this raw-material in Sardinia and in the north-tyrrhenian sector of the western Mediterranean, which roughly corresponds to its main area of diffusion. Due to its physical characteristics, obsidian is extremely suitable for knapping and it bears a detailed record of the knapping stigmata. b The heart of this thesis consists of the analysis of an obsidian reference collection made by different knappers with different techniques(direct, indirect percussion, and pressure). As result, it has been possible to identify the morphometric characters and the technical stigmata associated with each one of the considered techniques. This represents an essential information in order to recognize the different techniques of obsidian débitage used in Prehistory, especially because resulting blanks are often characterize by ambiguous traits, compatible with different techniques. In addition, this study has allowed to understand the differences between obsidian and chert knapping, thanks to the integration of the data available from literature. On these basis, a first technological analysis of an archaeological obsidian collection from Sardinia has been carried out, choosing a Neolithic site (Coddu is Abionis, Terralba, Or) characterized by an abundant assemblage and a diversity of chaînes opératoires and techniques.

This dissertation presents new data on early Paleoindian stone technologies in the Southern Plains periphery. Analyses of lithic artifact assemblages show that significant technological changes occurred between the transitions from pre-Clovis to Clovis and from Clovis to Folsom/Midland. After an initial introduction to the problems in chapter one, a detailed technological description of the pre-Clovis assemblage from the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas is presented. Site-scale and general technological comparisons to Clovis reveal similarities and differences. I conclude that the pre-Clovis assemblage at Friedkin cannot be considered Clovis, but could represent an ancestral technological assemblage. The third chapter presents the analysis of Clovis bifaces from the Hogeye site, Texas. I identify patterns in the biface reduction process and suggest that these patterns could be use to distinguish between regional Clovis cultural signatures and the idiosyncrasies of individual Clovis flintknappers. The fourth chapter compares Clovis and Folsom/Midland technologies and site-use at a single site, the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas. I show that while late-stage biface reduction and point production were the focus of both occupations, Folsom/Midland groups also reduced some early- or middle- stage bifacial cores. More broadly, the Friedkin site shows that Clovis and Folsom/Midland settlement along Buttermilk Creek varied. Ultimately, this dissertation provides new evidence of possible Clovis origins, documents Clovis biface reduction signatures, and identifies site-use and technological similarities and differences between Clovis and Folsom/Midland. Defining and comparing early Paleoindian adaptations and technologies is key to understanding how humans dispersed into North America and how they adapted to new and changing environments during the last Ice Age.

This dissertation presents new data on Clovis site occupation, technological organization, and settlement in the American Southeast. Evidence suggests that traditionally-accepted, western-centric models do not fully explain Clovis technological characteristics and settlement patterns in the region. My second chapter presents the results of a 40 square meter block excavation on the Topper site (SC) hillside where a buried Clovis assemblage has been recovered. I review the site geomorphology and formation processes to evaluate the context of the Clovis component, characterize the Clovis assemblage and the horizontal distribution of artifacts to understand how the Clovis occupants used this portion of the site, and compare these excavation results to the rest of the archaeological record at Topper to discuss the general nature of the Clovis occupation there. My third chapter focuses on the 174 bifaces from Topper to understand biface production. I present the process of manufacture then measure the variation in production characteristics at the site in terms of our current knowledge of Clovis biface technology. I conclude that Topper flintknappers used reduction strategies typical of Clovis-but created a biface assemblage with greater flexibility in design than documented at most other Clovis sites. Clovis groups adapted to local resource conditions and adjusted the organization of their technology accordingly. My fourth chapter analyzes southeastern Clovis point data and biface assemblages from Carson-Conn-Short (TN), Topper, and Williamson (VA) to test the technological implications of Kelly and Todd’s (1988) high-technology-forager model and Anderson’s (1990) staging-area model. Significant subregional variation exists in Clovis biface systems, such as differences in point morphology and the tempo of biface reduction. This variation suggests the subregions represent distinct populations who distinctly altered aspects of their technology but maintained fundamental elements of the Clovis tradition. Ultimately, I demonstrate there was greater variability in Clovis behavior across America. Recognizing regional variation in the archaeological record is key to understanding the complexities of Clovis origins and dispersal.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 260 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The study of prehistoric trade and exchange networks in the Western Mediterranean is directly linked to the identification and location of commodities available to Neolithic communities in that region. One of these commodities is a volcanic glass commonly known as obsidian. This investigation focused on the procurement, processing, and distribution of obsidian from the island of Pantelleria, situated between the southwestern coast of Sicily in the Straits of Sicily and the northeastern coast of Africa near Cape Bon, Tunisia. Previous studies indicate that there are several chemically different source areas on the island. Research involved the identification of primary obsidian deposits and the collection of samples from primary and/or secondary sources. / ABSTRACT: The position of each collection point was recorded using GPS coordinates, photographs, and physical descriptions, including accessibility and geological matrix. Additional information regarding the size, frequency, and grade (i.e. quality for tool production) was also noted. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This study examines bifacial technology change at the Knob Creek site (12HR484) in Harrison County, Indiana, from the Late Archaic to Early Woodland periods. Through a statistical and attribute analysis of 2,620 lithic flakes it was possible to detect changes in the lithic reduction process over time. The analysis demonstrates that soft-hammer percussion becomes more prevalent during the Early Woodland component of the site. This is a significant change from the hard-hammer percussion industry of the Lower Late Archaic. The Terminal Archaic Riverton component in this study offers one of the few detailed flake-by-flake analyses for this poorly understood lithic tradition originally identified by Winters (1969) in the Wabash River Valley.

Microblades were a common feature of many lithic toolkits around the North Pacific during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs. On Haida Gwaii, on British Columbia's North Coast, the earliest known microblades have been recovered from the Richardson Island site and date to approximately 8750 BP. Deep, well-defined stratigraphy at the site has provided a unique opportunity to observe a major technological shift as, between 8750 BP and 8500 BP, microblades gradually replaced the earlier bifacial toolkit and came to be a definitive aspect of the subsequent Moresby tradition technological suite. Several hypotheses have been presented, including microblades as a response to increasing raw material scarcity as a result of sea-level change, microblades as a technology imported by incoming Athapaskan speaking peoples, and microblades as an in situ design response to new subsistence practices brought about by ecological changes following the end of the last glaciation: a more durable, more deadly weapon well adapted to high-risk hunting activities. In this thesis I examine the possible reasons behind that shift in lithic technology. My analysis employs multiple lines of evidence to consider the theories. I examine the microblade assemblage and consider aspects of tool manufacture, use, and discard to determine how the microblades may have been used, and how they may relate to other microblade traditions in the region; I consider the paleoecology of southern Haida Gwaii during the early Holocene; and I use a set of controlled experiments to compare bifaces and slotted points in terms of durability and wound channel creation. / Graduate

This paper presents the Archaeological Site of Pororó, located on the property of Mr. Lucas Somavilla (Pinhal Grande-RS), and researched through the Project for the Valorisation of Archaeological Heritage of the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration - RS" of the Federal University of Santa Maria, under the coordination of Professor Saul Eduardo Seiguer Milder. Through the interventions was possible to realize that this site is composed of a Cerrito, demonstrating its similarities with other existing sites in Prata, and a prominent position in area and altitude (518 m), unusual for these structures. This site has only lithic materials - 10026 units - of which 52.9% are taken as constructive materials of this structure (basalt and rhyolite) and the rest as tools and refuse (basalt, rhyolite, silicified sandstone, chert, chalcedony, hyaline quartz and quartzite). The materials were analyzed with emphasis on their production methods and lithological genesis, thereby instruments were identified from the façonnage e dèbitage, and sources of local raw materials that would not exceed 7 km distance to the Cerrito. The Archaeological Site of Pororó has calibrated C14 dates between 2341 B.P. and 2692 B.P., and another obtained by OSL of 4540 ± 390 B.P.. This paper is divided into three chapters, which have consecutively: the phenomenon of Cerrito do Prata and associated ethnohistorical groups; the Archaeological Site of Pororó and its location in the landscape; and analysis of material culture obtained in field interventions. / Esse trabalho apresenta o Sítio Arqueológico do Pororó, localizado na propriedade do Sr. Lucas Somavilla (Pinhal Grande-RS), e pesquisado através do Projeto de Valorização do Patrimônio Arqueológico da Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana RS da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, sob coordenação do Prof. Dr. Saul Eduardo Seiguer Milder. Através das intervenções realizadas foi possível perceber que esse sítio é composto por um Cerrito, o que demonstra suas semelhanças com outros sítios existentes no Prata, e lhe concede destaque por sua posição em área e altitude (518 m) incomuns a essas estruturas. Esse sítio somente possui vestígios líticos 10026 unidades dos quais 52,9% são encarados como materiais construtivos dessa estrutura (basalto e riolito) e o restante são vistos como instrumentos e refugo (basalto, riolito, arenito silicificado, sílex, calcedônia, quartzo hialino e quartzito). Os materiais foram analisados com ênfase em seus métodos produtivos e gêneses litológicas, desse modo foram identificados instrumentos oriundos de façonnage e dèbitage, e fontes de matérias-primas locais que não ultrapassariam 7 km de distância até o Cerrito. O Sítio Arqueológico do Pororó possui datas calibradas de C14 entre 2341 A.P. e 2692 A.P., e outra obtida por LOE de 4540 ± 390 A.P.. Essa dissertação esta dividida em três capítulos, que consecutivamente apresentam: o fenômeno Cerrito do Prata e os grupos etnohistóricos associados a esse; o Sítio Arqueológico do Pororó e sua localização na paisagem; e a análise da cultura material obtida nas intervenções de campo.

abstract: Despite nearly five decades of archaeological research in the Romanian Carpathian basin and adjacent areas, how human foragers organized their stone artifact technologies under varying environmental conditions remains poorly understood. Some broad generalizations have been made; most work in the region is concerned primarily with descriptive and definitional issues rather than efforts to explain past human behavior or human-environmental interactions. Modern research directed towards understanding human adaptation to different environments remains in its infancy. Grounded in the powerful conceptual framework of evolutionary ecology and utilizing recent methodological advances, this work has shown that shifts in land-use strategies changes the opportunities for social and biological interaction among Late Pleistocene hominins in western Eurasia, bringing with it a plethora of important consequences for cultural and biological evolution. I employ, in my Dissertation, theoretical and methodological advances derived from human behavioral ecology (HBE) and lithic technology organization to show how variability in lithic technology can explain differences in technoeconomic choices and land-use strategies of Late Pleistocene foragers in Romanian Carpathians Basin and adjacent areas. Set against the backdrop of paleoenvironmental change, the principal questions I addressed are whether or not technological variation at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic can account for fundamental changes at its end. The analysis of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic strata, from six archaeological sites, shows that the lithic industries were different not because of biocultural differences in technological organization, landuse strategies, and organizational flexibility. Instead the evidence suggests that technoeconomic strategies, the intensity of artifact curation and how foragers used the land appear to have been more closely related to changing environmental conditions, task-specific activities, and duration of occupation. This agrees well with the results of studies conducted in other areas and with those predicted from theoretically-derived models based on evolutionary ecology. My results lead to the conclusion that human landuse effectively changes the environment of selection for hominins and their lithic technologies, an important component of the interface between humans and the natural world. Foragers move across the landscape in comparable ways in very different ecological settings, cross-cutting both biological morphotypes and prehistorian-defined analytical units. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2015

O objetivo deste dissertação é apresentar análise da indústria lítica de superfície do Sítio Corredor de Chumbo, da bacia do Rio Preto, situada na região de Unaí, Noroeste de Minas Gerais. Partindo das informações disponibilizadas pelas pesquisas do IAB (Instituto de Arqueologia Brasileira na década de 1970 e 1980 por meio do PRONAPA (Programa Nacional de Pesquisa Arqueológica) e PROPEVALE (Programa de Pesquisas Arqueológicas do Vale do São Paulo), a pesquisa procurou responder a questões relativas aos sítios líticos de superfície, que ainda não eram bem conhecidos na região. O trabalho incluiu ainda as relações entre o meio físico, a paisagem e os aspectos arqueológicos relativos ao sítio estudado. A metodologia utilizada procurou dialogar entre tipologia e tecnologia dos instrumentos, além de formalizar uma Cadeia Operatória para a indústria lítica analisada. Os resultados indicam que o sítio se constitui em uma mina a céu aberto (Pellegrin, 1995), sendo identificado parte de seu tratamento in situ. Contudo, as partes mais avançadas da Cadeia Operatória estão presentes dentre os vestígios analisados, demonstrando que um sítio dado como de extração e tratamento, também foi utilizado para a finalização de uma gama de instrumentos. Os tipos mais observados, que se destacam pela quantidade e pela excelência são os artefatos Plano-Convexos, os Raspadores sobre lascas (Façonnage e debitagem) e os Artefatos de Ocasião - este último, indicando um alto nível de reaproveitamento de matérias primas marginais, enquanto as mesmas abundavam no sítio e suas imediações. / This dissertation objective is to present an analysis on the lithic industry in Corredor de Chumbo site, in Rio Preto basin, located in the Northwest part of Minas Gerais state. From IAB researches information. In the decade of 70 and 80 by means of PRONAPA and PROPEVALE, this research aimed to answer to the questions related to the surfaces lithic sites that had not been contemplated in a systematic way (Dias Jr & Carvalho, 1982). The work still included relations between the archaeological environment, landscape and Archaeological aspects relating to the studied site. The used methodology purposed to converse between the instruments typology and technology, besides formalizing an Operational Chain for the analyzed lithic industry. The results indicate that the site is composed of an open-air mine (Pellegrin, 1995), being identified as a part of its treatment in situ. However, the Operating Chain most advanced parts are presented amongst the analyzed vestiges, demonstrating that a site considered as an extraction and treatment one also was used for a gamut of instruments finalization. The most observed types, that are outstanding for its quantity excellency are the Convex-Flat devices, the Scrapes (on flakes) and the Expedit Tools - this last one, indicating a considerable level of reuse of despised raw material unused, while those ones appeared in great quantity in the site and its immediacy.