Proton exchange membrane fuel cells and lithium polymer batteries are important as future power sources in electronic devices, vehicles and stationary applications. The development of these power sources involves finding and characterising materials that are well suited r the application. The materials investigated in this thesis are the perfluorosulphonic ionomer NafionTM (DuPont) and metal oxides incorporated into the membrane form of this material. The ionomer is used as polymer electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and the metal oxides are used as cathode materials in lithium polymer batters (LPB). Crystallinity in cast Nafion films can be introduced by ion beam exposure or aging. Spectroscopic investigations of the crystallinity of the ionomer indicate that the crystalline regions contain less water than amorphous regions and this could in part explain the drying out of the polymer electrolyte membrane in a PEMFC. Spectroscopic results on the equilibrated water uptake and the state of water in thin cast ionomer films indicate that there is a full proton transfer from the sulphonic acid group in the ionomer when there is one water molecule per sulphonate group. The LPB cathode materials, lithium manganese oxide and lithium cobalt oxide, were incorporated in situ in Nafion membranes. Other manganese oxides and cobalt oxides were incorporated in situ inside the membrane. Ion-exchange experiments from HcoO2 to LiCoO2 within the membrane were also successful. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for the characterisation of the incorporated species and the Nafion film/membrane.

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Les estimations précises des états de charge (« State of Charge » - SoC) et de santé (« State of Health » - SoH) des batteries au lithium sont un point crucial lors d’une utilisation industrielle de celles-ci. Ces estimations permettent d’améliorer la fiabilité et la robustesse des équipements embarquant ces batteries. Cette thèse CIFRE est consacrée à la recherche d’algorithmes de détermination de l’état de santé de batteries lithium-ion, en particulier de chimie Lithium Fer Phosphate (LFP) et Lithium Manganèse Oxyde (LMO).Les recherches ont été orientées vers des solutions de détermination du SoH directement embarquables dans les calculateurs des véhicules électriques. Des contraintes fortes de coût et de robustesse constituent ainsi le fil directeur des travaux.Or, si la littérature actuelle propose différentes solutions de détermination du SoH, celles embarquées ou embarquables sont encore peu étudiées. Cette thèse présente donc une importante revue bibliographique des différentes méthodes d’estimation du SoH existantes, qu’elles soient embarquables ou non. Le fonctionnement détaillé ainsi que les mécanismes de vieillissement d’une batterie lithium-ion sont également explicités.Une partie majoritaire des travaux est consacrée à l’utilisation de l’analyse incrémentale de la capacité (« Incremental Capacity Analysis » - ICA) en conditions réelles, c’est-à-dire avec les niveaux de courant présents lors d’un profil de mission classique d’un véhicule électrique, avec les mesures disponibles sur un BMS (« Battery Management System ») industriel et avec les contraintes de robustesses associées, notamment une gamme étendue de température de fonctionnement. L’utilisation de l’ICA pour déterminer la capacité résiduelle de la batterie est mise en œuvre de façon totalement innovante et permet d’obtenir une grande robustesse aux variations des conditions d’utilisation de la batterie.Une seconde méthode est, elle, dédiée à la chimie LMO et exploite le fait que le potentiel aux bornes de la batterie soit représentatif de son état de charge. Un compteur coulométrique partiel est ainsi proposé, intégrant une gestion dynamique des bornes d’intégration en fonction de l’état de la batterie.A l’issue des travaux, une méthode complète et précise de détermination du SoH est disponible pour chacune des chimies LFP et LMO. La détermination de la capacité résiduelle de ces deux familles de batteries est ainsi possible à 4 % près. / Accurate lithium-ion battery State of Charge (SoC) and State of Health (SoH) estimations are nowadays a crucial point, especially when considering an industrial use. These estimations enable to improve robustness and reliability of hardware using such batteries. This thesis focuses on researching lithium-ion batteries state of health estimators, in particular considering Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) and Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) chemistries.Researches have been targeted towards SoH estimators straight embeddable into electric vehicles (EV) computers. Cost and reliability constraints are thus the main guideline for this work.Although existing literature offers various SoH estimators, those who are embedded or embeddable are still little studied. A complete literature review about SoH estimators, embedded or not, is therefore proposed. Lithium-ion batteries detailed operation and ageing mechanisms are also presented.The main part of this work is dedicated to Incremental Capacity Analysis (ICA) use with electric vehicle constraints, such as current levels available with a typical EV mission profile or existing measurements on the Battery Management System (BMS). Incremental Capacity Analysis is implemented in an innovative way and leads to a remaining capacity estimator with a high robustness to conditions of use variations, including an extended temperature range.A second method, dedicated to LMO chemistry, take advantage of the fact that the battery potential is representative of its state of charge. Partial Coulomb counting is thus performed, with a dynamic management of integration limits, depending on the battery state.Outcomes of this work are two complete and accurate SoH estimators, one for each chemistry, leading to a remaining capacity estimation accurate within 4 %.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Energy storage technologies are rapidly being developed due to the increased awareness of global warming and growing reliance of society on renewable energy sources. Among various electrochemical energy storage technologies, high power supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries with excellent energy density stand out in terms of their flexibility and scalability. However, supercapacitors are handicapped by low energy density and batteries lag behind in power. Supercapatteries have emerged as hybrid devices which synergize the merits of supercapacitors and batteries with the likelihood of becoming the ultimate power sources for multi-function electronic equipment and electric/hybrid vehicles in the future. But the need for new and advanced electrodes is key to enhancing the performance of supercapatteries. Leading-edge technologies in material design such as nanoarchitectonics become very relevant in this regard. This work involves the preparation of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), pristine and zinc doped lithium manganese silicate (Li2MnSiO4) nanoarchitectures as well as their composites with hydroxylated graphene (G-ol) and carbon nanotubes (CNT). / 2023-12-01