O cultivo de camarÃes à uma importante atividade econÃmica e tomou-se a indÃstria que mais cresce no Nordeste brasileiro atualmente. Problemas com enfermidades sÃo comuns na aqÃicultura e pelo menos sete espÃcies de bactÃrias do gÃnero Vibrio tÃm sido registradas infectando camarÃes durante diferentes estÃgios de cultivo. A oxitetraciclina (OTe) tem sido utilizada mundialmente contra esses patÃgenos. Na presente pesquisa, a distribuiÃÃo e depleÃÃo de resÃduos de OTC no tecido de Litopenaeus vannamei foram avaliadas depois de 7 dias de exposiÃÃo à raÃÃo medicada contendo 4g.kg-1. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: em tanques sob condiÃÃes controladas em laboratÃrio e em gaiolas instaladas em um viveiro de uma unidade de cultivo. Os animais medicados foram amostrados periodicamente, durante o tratamento e pÃs-tratamento. Os nÃveis de OTC foram analisados por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia-CLAE. Embora em ambos os ambientes experimentais o tratamento tenha sido semelhante, os picos de OTC foram diferentes. Depois de 7 e 12 dias de exposiÃÃo, as concentraÃÃes no tecido dos camarÃes foram 17,21 ~g.g-l e 3,78 ~g.g-l nos estudos realizados em laboratÃrio e campo, respectivamente. A concentraÃÃo mÃdia observada nos ambientes em estudo manteve-se dentro dos limites da concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃnima-CIM, referida para o tratamento de vibrioses. Durante as primeiras 72 horas apÃs cessado o tratamento, resÃduos da droga reduziram muito rapidamente, sendo eliminados mais lentamente depois deste perÃodo. O nÃvel residual de seguranÃa de 0,10 ~g.g-l, imposta pela Comunidade EuropÃia, foi alcanÃado no 16Â. dia de pÃs-tratamento. Depois do 25Â. dia nenhum resÃduo da droga pÃde ser detectado. Entretanto, devido à influÃncia de fatores ambientes neste processo, recomenda-se um perÃodo de eliminaÃÃo mais longo como medida de seguranÃa para obtenÃÃo da eliminaÃÃo completa da droga. / The cultivation of shrimp is an important economic activity and took up the industry that more grows in the Brazilian Northeast today. Problems with diseases are common in aquaculture and at least seven species of bacteria of the genus Vibrio have been recorded infecting shrimp during different stages of cultivation. The oxytetracycline (OTE) has been widely used against these pathogens. In this research, distribution and residue depletion of OTC in tissues of Litopenaeus vannamei were assessed after 7 days of exposure to medicated feed containing 4g.kg-1. Two experiments were conducted: in tanks under controlled conditions in laboratory cages and installed in a nursery, a unit of culture. The treated animals were sampled periodically during the treatment and post-treatment. The levels of TBT were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-HPLC. Although in both environments the experimental treatment was similar, the peaks of OTC were different. After 7 and 12 days of exposure, concentrations in the tissue of the shrimp were 17.21 ~ ~ 3.78 gg gg-le-l in studies conducted in laboratory and field, respectively. The average concentration observed in the environments under study was within the limits of the minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC, referred for the treatment of vibriosis. During the first 72 hours after the treatment ceased, residues of the drug reduced very quickly and is eliminated more slowly after this period. The residual level of safety of 0.10 gg ~-l, imposed by the European Community, was reached at 16 Â. days post-treatment. After the 25 Â. days no residue of the drug could be detected. However, due to the influence of environmental factors in this process, it is recommended a longer period of disposal as a security measure to achieve the complete elimination of drugs

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A carcinicultura marinha vem assumindo um papel de grande relevÃncia na economia mundial, nÃo somente pela geraÃÃo de empregos e rendimentos, mas especialmente por representar uma alternativa viÃvel para o atendimento da crescente demanda mundial por alimentos. No entanto, a ocorrÃncia de enfermidades nos cultivos de camarÃes, principalmente as de etiologia viral, vem comprometendo significativamente a atividade, por provocarem elevados Ãndices de mortalidade e conseqÃente perda econÃmica. A identificaÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo de genes relacionados a enfermidades de camarÃes tÃm auxiliado significativamente na compreensÃo das respostas imunes desencadeadas nos processos infecciosos, assim como dos mecanismos relacionados à interaÃÃo patÃgeno-hospedeiro, ainda de pouco conhecimento cientÃfico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a prospecÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo de genes relacionados a enfermidades de camarÃes da espÃcie Litopenaeus vannamei sob condiÃÃes de cultivo. A investigaÃÃo sanitÃria de 40 camarÃes por mÃtodos histopatolÃgicos e moleculares de diagnÃstico resultou na detecÃÃo da IMN, IHHN, WSS, NHP, vibrioses e gregarinas, o que permitiu o agrupamento destes camarÃes em classes diferenciais destinadas ao estudo de prospecÃÃo gÃnica atravÃs da tÃcnica de Differential display RT-PCR (DDRT-PCR). A anÃlise da expressÃo diferencial de genes nos perfis de expressÃo dos camarÃes agrupados de acordo com o status sanitÃrio resultou na identificaÃÃo de trÃs sequÃncias genÃticas inÃditas e potencialmente relacionadas à ocorrÃncia de enfermidades no camarÃo L. vannamei, sendo duas sequÃncias (882-A1R2 e 730-A4R10) de homologias indeterminada e uma (842-A2R6) com 99% de similaridade nucleotÃdica com o gene mut-7 que codifica um tipo de RNAse envolvida no mecanismo de silenciamento pÃstranscricional de genes do nematÃide Caenorhabditis elegans. Este resultado sugere que o gene 842-A2R6 pode estar relacionado ao mecanismo de silenciamento de dsRNA associadas ao IMNV. / The marine shrimp culture has achieved great importance in the global economy as an agriculture business, not only for jobs and income generation, but especially because it represents a viable alternative source of animal protein for the growing global food demand. However, the occurrence of diseases in shrimp culture, especially those of viral aetiology, has significantly compromised the activity, causing high mortality rates and consequent economic loss. The identification and characterization of genes related to shrimp diseases has helped understanding the immune responses triggered in the infectious processes, and mechanisms related to host-pathogen interaction, about which very little is known at the moment. The main objective of the present work was the prospection and characterization of genes related to diseases of the shrimp species Litopenaeus vannamei under typical rearing conditions. The health status investigation of 40 shrimps by histopathological and molecular methods of diagnosis resulted in the detection of IMN, IHHN, WSS, NHP, vibriosis and gregarines in various degrees and combinations. Shrimps have been grouped in classes for gene prospecting through the technique of Differential Display RT-CR (DDRT-PCR). The analysis of differential gene expression in the profiles produced resulted in the identification of three previously undescribed gene sequences potentially related to the occurrence of diseases in shrimp L. Vannamei. Two of these sequences (882-A1R2 and 730-A4R10) have not had homologies to any annotated invertebrate sequences. Fragment 842-A2R6 however, showed 99% nucleotide similarity with the mut-7 gene, which encodes a type of RNAse involved in the mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing through RNAi in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It is suggested hare that this kind of mechanism may be involved in the silencing of double stranded RNA from viruses like the IMNV.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As bactÃrias pertencentes ao gÃnero Vibrio tÃm sido apontadas como um dos grandes problemas no cultivo de camarÃo. AutÃctones de ambiente marinho e estuarino, algumas espÃcies de vÃbrios sÃo capazes de provocar doenÃas, representando perdas econÃmicas para a indÃstria e perigo potencial para saÃde pÃblica quando veiculadas ao produto final destinado ao mercado. O presente estudo teve por objetivo pesquisar as espÃcies de Vibrio presentes no cultivo do Litopenaeus vannamei e do meio onde à cultivado. Foram acompanhados dois ciclos de cultivo do L. vannamei em uma fazenda de camarÃo marinho situada no estuÃrio do rio Coreaà (CE) no perÃodo de maio a novembro de 2005, sendo analisadas 24 amostras de Ãgua de captaÃÃo, 24 de Ãgua do viveiro e 24 de camarÃo nos estÃgios de pÃs-larva, juvenil e adulto. As anÃlises foram concernentes à determinaÃÃo do NÃmero Mais ProvÃvel (NMP) de Vibrio, contagem de colÃnias sacarose positivas e negativas, identificaÃÃo das espÃcies e testes de suscetibilidade das cepas a antibiÃticos. Os resultados mostraram que o Ãndice de vÃbrio foi maior nas amostras de Ãgua do viveiro e de camarÃo nos dois ciclos quando comparadas Ãs amostras de Ãgua de captaÃÃo. Das 76 cepas isoladas de camarÃo nos diferentes estÃgios de desenvolvimento foram obtidas 14 espÃcies, com predominÃncia das espÃcies de V. harveyi e V. cholerae nas pÃs-larvas; V. cholerae, V. anguillarum, V. alginolyticus e V. harveyi nos juvenis; e V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi e V. anguillarum nos adultos. A espÃcie que apresentou maior grau de resistÃncia aos antimicrobianos foi V. cholerae, onde 33,33% das 12 cepas testadas mostraram-se resistentes a sulfazotrim, 25% a ampicilina e 33,33% a ceftriaxona. A elevada incidÃncia de vÃbrios nas amostras de Ãgua e camarÃo pode ser indicativa de risco para a atividade, se condiÃÃes ambientais desfavorÃveis forem estabelecidas no ambiente de cultivo. AlÃm disso, o isolamento feito de cepas patogÃnicas da microbiota acompanhante dos camarÃes pode representar risco para a saÃde pÃblica. / Infections with bacteria of the genus Vibrio represent a major challenge to shrimp farmers today. Some species of vibrios, autochthonous of marine and estuarine environments, can cause severe infection in livestock, leading to economic loss and, when communicated to marketed foods, public health hazards. The objective of the present study was to identify and determine the incidence of vibrios present in a marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture in Northeastern Brazil. The study covered two culture cycles of L. vannamei, from May to November 2005, on a shrimp farm located in the estuary of Rio Coreaà (CearÃ). Analyses were based on 24 samples of inflow water, 24 samples of pond water, and 24 samples of postlarval, juvenile and adult shrimp. The outcome measures included most probable number (MPN) of vibrios, number of sucrose-positive and negative strains, species identification and susceptibility to antibiotics. Vibrio concentrations were higher in pond water and shrimp samples than in inflow water samples. Out of 76 strains isolated from samples of shrimp at different development stages 14 species were identified, the most prevalent of which were V. harveyi and V. cholerae (in postlarvae), V. cholerae, V. anguillarum, V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi (in juveniles), and V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi and V. anguillarum (in adults). The hardiest species was V. cholerae of which one third out of 12 strains tested were resistant to sulfazotrim, one fourth to ampicillin, and one third to ceftriaxone. Depending on culture conditions, a high incidence of vibrios, as observed in the present study, may lead to substantial losses for the shrimp farming industry. In addition, the possibility of communicating pathogenic strains to marketed foods represents a major concern to public health.

Em viveiros de camarÃo, a comunidade fitoplanctÃnica pode apresentar padrÃes de desenvolvimento associados aos fatores biÃticos, abiÃticos e operacionais. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar as mudanÃas semanais na composiÃÃo e biomassa fitoplanctÃnica em um viveiro de engorda do camarÃo Litopenaeus vannamei. CamarÃes com 1,35  0,63 cm de comprimento corporal foram povoados em um viveiro de 3,3 ha sob densidade de 42,4 indivÃduos/m2. As amostragens de Ãgua foram realizadas no estuÃrio (E), canal de abastecimento (C), no platà (P) e ponto de descarga (D) de Ãgua do viveiro. As amostragens qualitativas do fitoplÃncton foram realizadas atravÃs de arrastos horizontais com rede de 20 &#956;m. Para anÃlise de clorofila a e contagem do nÃmero de organismos fitoplanctÃnicos foram coletadas amostras de sub-superfÃcie. Simultaneamente, foram realizadas anÃlises da temperatura, salinidade, oxigÃnio dissolvido, pH, transparÃncia, profundidade, fosfato, silÃcio reativo, nitrogÃnio amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato e material em suspensÃo da Ãgua. O camarÃo foi despescado apÃs 85 dias de engorda, alcanÃado 11,18 g de peso mÃdio, FCA de 1,85 e sobrevivÃncia de 52,9%. A raÃÃo contribuiu com 92,1 e 95,8% de aportes de nitrogÃnio e fÃsforo no viveiro, com o restante atribuÃdo a fertilizantes quÃmicos. Os valores de matÃria orgÃnica no solo do viveiro apresentaram-se estatisticamente mais elevados em D (31,99  13,66 g/kg) quando comparado à P (4,10  1,56 g/kg; P < 0,05). Contudo, o pH do solo destas estaÃÃes nÃo apresentou diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa (P > 0,05), alcanÃando mÃdia de 7,86  0,40 para P e 7,82  0,65 para D. Enquanto a temperatura da Ãgua foi semelhante para as estaÃÃes de amostragem (P > 0,05), o pH apresentou-se estatisticamente mais elevado para P e D (8,45 e 8,47, respectivamente; P < 0,05). A salinidade oscilou entre 10â (E) e 35â (C, P e D), com nÃveis mais baixos no inÃcio do ciclo. O fosfato dissolvido oscilou entre 0,01 mg/l (C) e 0,24 mg/l (P) e o nitrito entre 0,002 mg/l (C, P e D) e 0,05 mg/l (P). O NitrogÃnio Total Dissolvido nÃo apresentou diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa ao longo do cultivo (P > 0,05), exceto para E. As razÃes de N:P, N:Si e Si:P foram abaixo da razÃo de Redfield em todas as estaÃÃes de amostragem, exceto para Si:P nas estaÃÃes E e C. A clorofila a variou entre 1,63 &#956;g/l (C) a 184,83 &#956;g/l (D). P e D apresentaram aumento progressivo de clorofila a ao longo do cultivo. O padrÃo da sucessÃo fitoplanctÃnica no estuÃrio e canal foi distinto do observado no viveiro, onde foi observada inicialmente a predominÃncia de diatomÃceas seguida por floraÃÃes excessivas de cianofÃceas e euglenofÃceas, intercalado por uma floraÃÃo de dinoflagelados detectado no 22Â. Dia de cultivo. Os aportes elevados de raÃÃo e fertilizantes no viveiro foram os fatores que tiveram maior contribuiÃÃo para o desenvolvimento destas floraÃÃes de microalgas potencialmente nocivas ao camarÃo. Os nutrientes dissolvidos (N-NH3,4, N-NO2 -, N-NO3 -, P-PO4 3- e Si) desempenharam uma maior influÃncia sobre o desenvolvimento do fitoplÃncton no viveiro de cultivo. / In shrimp ponds, the phytoplankton community can exhibit development patterns associated with environmental, operational and biological factors. The present study characterized the weekly phytoplankton composition and biomass changes in a pond over the growth cycle of Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp of 1.35  0.63 cm in body length were stocked in a 3.3 ha pond under 42.4 animals/m2. Water sampling took place in the estuary (E), water inlet canal (C), pond plateau (P) and near the pond water drainage outlet (D). Horizontal net sampling was carried out with a 20 &#956;m mesh net for taxonomic identification of phytoplankton. For chlorophyll a and phytoplankton counting samplings were conducted on the water sub-surface. Simultaneously, water analysis was carried out for temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, visibility, depth, phosphate, reactive silicate, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite and suspended solids. Shrimp were harvested after 85 days of rearing and achieved 11.18 g in body weight, 1.85 FCR and 52.9% survival. Feed contributed with 92.1% and 95.8% of nitrogen and phosphorous inputs into the pond, with the remainder attributed to chemical fertilizers. Pond soil organic matter was statistically higher in D (31.99  13.66 g/kg) when compared to P (4.10  1.56 g/kg; P < 0.05). However, soil pH between these sampling stations did not show statistically significant differences (P > 0.05), achieving a mean of 7.86  0.40 for P and 7.82  0.65 for D. While water temperature showed a similar trend for all sampling stations (P > 0.05), water pH was statistically higher for P and D (8.45 and 8.47, respectively; P < 0.05). Water salinity varied between 10â (E) and 35â (C, P and D), with minimum levels observed in the initial phases of the study. Dissolved phosphate ranged from 0.01 mg/l (C) to 0.24 mg/l (P) and nitrate from 0.002 mg/l (C, P and D) to 0.05 mg/l (P). Total Dissolved Nitrogen showed no statistically significant differences throughout the growth cycle (P > 0.05), except for E. The N:P, N:Si and Si:P molar ratios were below Redfield suggested ratios, except for Si:P in E and C. Chlorophyll a varied between 1.63 &#956;g/l (C) and 184.83 &#956;g/l (D). In P and D, chlorophyll a increased progressively throughout the study period. In the pond, phytoplankton showed an ecological succession different from the E and C. In P and D, diatoms predominated initially, but it was followed by excessive blooms of cyanophytes and euglenophytes. High inputs of feed and fertilizers were the main contributors for these blooms, potentially harmful to shrimp. The dissolved nutrients ((N-NH3,4, N-NO2 -, N-NO3-, P-PO4 3- e Si) carried out a larger influence on the phytoplankton development in the pond.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A aquicultura à uma das atividades produtoras de alimento que mais cresce a nÃvel mundial e o cultivo de camarÃes marinhos apresentou a maior taxa de crescimento mÃdia nos Ãltimos 50 anos. A busca por produÃÃo, muitas vezes, requer um incremento na densidade utilizada, levando os indivÃduos cultivados a condiÃÃes de estresse e ao surgimento de doenÃas oportunistas. O uso de imunoestimulantes na aquicultura, entre eles os polissacarÃdeos sulfatados (PS), tem resultado em um aumento na resistÃncia dos animais a patÃgenos e a situaÃÃes de estresse. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos PS de Spirulina platensis em pÃs-larvas (PLâs) e juvenis do camarÃo branco Litopenaeus vannamei, por meio de banhos de imersÃo. A administraÃÃo do PS para as PLâs de L. vannamei foi realizada nas concentraÃÃes de 0 (controle); 50; 100 e 200 mg L-1, duas horas antes da avaliaÃÃo da resistÃncia das mesmas ao teste do estresse salino. Os juvenis de L. vannamei foram expostos, durante trÃs horas, aos PS de S. platensis nas concentraÃÃes de 0 (controle); 60; 120 e 240 mg L-1 seguida da coleta da hemolinfa para a anÃlise dos seguintes imunoparÃmetros: contagem total (CTH) e diferencial (CDH) de hemÃcitos, concentraÃÃo protÃica no soro, atividade da fenoloxidase (PO), atividade da &#945;2-macroglobulina (&#945;2-M) e atividade hemaglutinante do soro. ApÃs o teste do estresse salino, foi observado que as PLâs expostas aos PS na concentraÃÃo de 100 mg L-1 apresentaram uma tendÃncia de maior sobrevivÃncia, mas nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos. Com relaÃÃo aos imunoparÃmetros, a CTH foi reduzida quando os animais foram expostos aos PS e nas concentraÃÃes mais altas a CTH voltou aos valores normais. Porem, nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos e o controle. No entanto, a diferenÃa significativa foi observada entre os tratamentos que foram expostos ao PS. O nÃmero de hemÃcitos granulares (HG) apresentou uma tendÃncia de queda na concentraÃÃo de 60 mg L-1 e, com o incremento da concentraÃÃo de PS, os valores de HG tambÃm tenderam a aumentar, porÃm nÃo houve diferenÃas significativas em relaÃÃo ao controle. No entanto, foi observada diferenÃa significativa entre as contagens de HG nas concentraÃÃes de 60 e 240 mg L-1. A atividade da PO foi significativamente reduzida na concentraÃÃo de 60 mg L-1 o que pode estar relacionado ao baixo valor de CTH como tambÃm à elevada atividade do inibidor de protease &#945;2-M. A atividade da PO voltou a ser semelhante à obtida no controle com o aumento da concentraÃÃo de PS para 120 mg L-1 e foi novamente reduzida na maior concentraÃÃo (240 mg L-1). A atividade do inibidor de protease &#945;2-M foi significativamente elevada quando os animais foram expostos aos PS nas concentraÃÃes de 60 e 240 mg L-1, enquanto essa atividade se manteve semelhante ao controle na concentraÃÃo de 120 mg L-1. Dessa forma, nÃo houve necessidade de regulaÃÃo do sistema proPO, quando os camarÃes foram expostos à concentraÃÃo intermediÃria dos PS de S. platensis. A administraÃÃo dos PS de S. platensis aos camarÃes L. vannamei foi capaz de modular a resposta imunolÃgica desses animais de maneira diferente, dependendo da concentraÃÃo utilizada. Com a realizaÃÃo deste experimento pode-se concluir que a concentraÃÃo intermediÃria de 120 mg L-1 foi a mais eficiente, jà que manteve os nÃveis de hemÃcitos circulantes e as atividades basais da PO e &#945;2-M. / Aquaculture is the food-producing activity that presented the fastest grow the worldwide and the cultivation of marine shrimps had the highest average growth rate over the past 50 years. The search for growing up the production, obtained through the increase on the density, carrying the animals on condition stress and the appearance of diseases. The use of immunostimulants on aquaculture, like the sulfated polysaccharides (SP), resulted in an enhancement of the animalâs resistance against pathogenic microorganism and stress situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the SP of Spirulina platensis in post-larvae (PL's) and juvenile of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannameithrou gh immersion baths. The administration of the SP to L. vannameiâs PL's was performedat concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1, two hours before the evaluation of their resistance to the salt stress test. The juveniles of L. vannamei were exposed for three hours to the SP of S. platensisat concentrations of 0 (control), 60, 120 and 240 mg L-1 followed by a hemolymph collection for analysis of the following immune parameters: haemocytes total (THC) and differential (DHC) counts, serum protei n concentration, activity of phenoloxidase (PO), activity of &#945;2-macroglobulin (&#945;2-M) and serum hemagglutinating activity. After the salt stress test it was observed that the PLâs that were exposed to the SP at a concentration of 100 mg L -1 showed a tendency of a higher survival rate but there was not any significant difference between the treatments. Regarding the immune parameters, THC was reduced when the animals were exposed to the SP, while the exposure of shrimp to higher concentrations of PS resulted in normal values of the THC. However, no significant differen cebetween treatments and control. But, the significant difference(p&#8804;0.05) was observed between the treatments that were exposed to PS. The number of granular haemocytes (GH) showed adownward trend in the concentration of 60 mg L -1 and, with increasing concentration of SP, the values of HG also tended to increase, but without significant differences compared to that of the control. However, significant differences were observed between the number of HG at concentrations of 60 and 240 mg L - 1. The PO activity was significantly reducedat a concentration of 60 mg L - 1 which may be related to the low value of THC as well as the high activity of the protease inhibitor &#945;2 -M. The PO activity was again similar to that obtained in control with increasing concentration of SP to 120 mg L -1 and was further reduced in the highest concentration (240mg L-1). The activity of the protease inhibitor &#945;2-M was significantly higher when the shrimps were exposed at concentrations of 60 e 240 mg L -1, while this activity was similar to that of control at a concentration of 120 mg L -1. Thus, there was no need for regulation of the proPO system, when the shrimp were exposed to an intermediate concentration of SP of S. platensis. The administration of SP of S. platensis to shrimps L. vannamei was able to modulate the immune response of these animals in different forms depending on the concentration used. So analyzing the results it is possibl e to conclude that the intermediate concentration of 120 mg L -1 was the most efficient, since it maintained the levels of circulating hemocytes and the basal activities of PO and &#945; 2 -M.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A qualidade do pescado à um tÃpico de grande interesse dos produtores do setor pesqueiro, tendo em vista o aumento nos mercados internacionais para produtos frescos de pescado. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a eficiÃncia do Ãcido ascÃrbico e do metabissulfito de sÃdio sobre o tempo de conservaÃÃo e inibiÃÃo de melanose de camarÃes acondicionados em gelo. Foram adquiridos camarÃes vivos da espÃcie Litopenaeus vannamei cultivados em fazendas do Estado do CearÃ. Imediatamente apÃs a despesca, os camarÃes foram imersos em soluÃÃes de quatro diferentes concentraÃÃes de Ãcido ascÃrbico a 200, 300, 400 e 500 ppm e de metabissulfito de sÃdio a 6%. Posteriormente, os crustÃceos submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos foram estocados em gelo por vinte dias. A cada 48 horas foram retiradas amostras para avaliaÃÃo do grau de melanose, dos caracteres sensoriais, anÃlises microbiolÃgicas, determinaÃÃo da trimetilamina (TMA), das bases volÃteis totais (BVT), do valor de K e o acompanhamento do pH. Os tratamentos com Ãcido ascÃrbico mostraram serem Ãteis no controle da melanose. No entanto, o tratamento com metabissulfito de sÃdio foi mais eficiente na prevenÃÃo da melanose. Quanto à avaliaÃÃo do quesito controle de qualidade do camarÃo armazenado em gelo, nÃo houve diferenÃa entre os tratamentos. Foi verificado que a partir do 14 dia os camarÃes estocados em gelo mostraram sinais de putrefaÃÃo. Conclui-se que nÃo à viÃvel economicamente a utilizaÃÃo do Ãcido ascÃrbico no controle da melanose em camarÃes, visto que poderia haver necessidade de concentraÃÃes mais elevadas do produto nos tratamentos de imersÃo para evitar o surgimento de manchas pretas. / Quality of fisheries products is a subject of great interest among producers since the international market for fresh products is expanding. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficiency of ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite in conserving product quality for long periods and inhibiting black spot occurrence in shrimp kept in ice. Live shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, grown in a shrimp farm at Ceara State, Brazil, were used in the experiment. Immediately after capture, the shrimp were immersed in four different concentrations of ascorbic acid (200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm) and also in 6% sodium metabisulfite. After that, all the shrimp from the five treatments were transferred to ice and kept for 20 days. Every 48 hours samples from the five treatments were taken in order to analyze the level of black spot occurrence, sensorial characteristics, trimethylamine, total volatile basic, K value and pH value. The ascorbic acid showed good results in preventing black spot, although sodium metabissulfite was more efficient in preventing it. When quality control was evaluated from shrimp kept in ice, no significant different was observed among the treatments. After 16 days kept in ice, all shrimp showed some level of decay. Although the ascorbic acid showed good results in preventing black spot occurrence, it is not economically viable to use it for shrimp, since the product is costly and requires high concentration to prevent black spot.

A aquicultura està crescendo mais rÃpido do que qualqeur outro setor da produÃÃo de alimentos d eorigem animal, e amis qeu a propria populaÃÃo, dentro desse segmento està a carcinicultura que representa um importante papel na econoimia mundial, devido a quantidade de empregos gerada e ao volume comercializado. No entanto, como em qualqeur cultivo animal, a carcinicultura, enfrenta problemas com doenÃas, tanto de origem bacteriana como viral, sendo as de origem viral as que causam maiores perdas econÃmicas. Considerando o impacto que as enfermidades podem causar aos cultivos, esta pesquisa busca investigar sua ocorrÃncia em fazendas de carcinicultura do Estado do CearÃ. Para a realizaÃÃo do estudo foram selecionadas quatro fazendas de cultivo de camarÃes da espÃcie Litopenaeus vannamei em dois estuÃrios do Estado do CearÃ, sendo um em Aracati (Rio Jaguaribe) e outro em Acaraà (Rio AcaraÃ). A pesquisa foi realizada em duas estaÃÃes do ano: estio e chuvosa, durante duas etapas do ciclo de cultivo, uma amostragem quando os camarÃes estavam com 4g e outr aquando atingiam 8g. Em cada amostragem foram capturados 80 camarÃes, dos quais, 60 se destinavam a anÃlise histopatolÃgica e 20 para a realizaÃÃo da anÃlise a fresco. Os resultados das anÃlises a fresco demonstraram a presenÃa de pouca uniformidade nos tÃbulos hepatopancreaticos, pouca uniformidade nos indivÃduos, presenÃa de gregarinas e a ocorrÃncia fouiling e epicomensais. As anÃlises histopatolÃgicas detectaram a presenÃa d eenfermidades de etiologia bacteriana: vibriose e Hepatopancreatite Necrosante (NHP), enfermidades de etiologia viral: Mionecrose Infecciosa Viral (IMNV) e VÃrus da InfecÃÃo Hipodermal e Necrose HematopoiÃtica (IHHNV), alÃm da presenÃa de parasitas como epicomensais e endoparasitas. O estudo pode concluir que o IMNV teve sua maior prevalÃncia no perÃodo de chuva e o, IHHNV, NHP, para o perÃodo de estio. As vibrioses nÃo tiveram relaÃÃes com as estaÃÃes do ano, sendo a enfermidade maior prevalÃncia em todo o estudo ao lado da necrose subcuticular. / Aquaculture is growing faster than primary than any other sector of food production d eorigem animal, and the amis qeu own population within this segment is that the shrimp is an important role in econoimia world, because the number of jobs generated and the volume commercialized. However, as in qualqeur animal farming, shrimp farming, is facing problems with diseases, both bacterial and viral, and the viral origin of those that cause major economic losses. Considering the impact that illness can cause to crops, this research seeks to investigate its occurrence in shrimp farms of the State of CearÃ. For the study we selected four farms growing shrimp species Litopenaeus vannamei in two estuaries of Cearà State, one in Aracati (Jaguaribe River) and another in Acaraà (Rio AcaraÃ). The survey was conducted in two seasons: summer and rainy during two stages of the crop cycle, a sampling when the shrimp were with 4g and 8g others when reached. In each sample 80 shrimp were captured, of which 60 were for histopathological analysis and 20 for the analysis of fresh. The results of the analysis showed the presence of cool little uniformity in the hepatopancreatic tubules, little uniformity in individuals, and the presence of gregarinas fouiling and epicomensais occurrence. The histopathological analysis detected the presence of bacterial eenfermidades d: Hepatopancreatite vibriosis and necrotizing (NHP), diseases of viral etiology: Viral Infectious myonecrosis (IMNV) Virus Infection and Hipodermal and haematopoietic necrosis (IHHNV), and the presence of parasites like epicomensais and endoparasites. The study may conclude that the IMNV had its highest prevalence during the rainy season and, IHHNV, NHP, for the period of summer. The Vibrio Infections have not had relations with the seasons, and the disease is most prevalent throughout the study next to the subcuticular necrosis.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T14:22:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dijaci Araujo Ferrera.pdf: 375861 bytes, checksum: 44d93b1224eb4ddd72db039092eaa1de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T14:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dijaci Araujo Ferrera.pdf: 375861 bytes, checksum: 44d93b1224eb4ddd72db039092eaa1de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Zero-water exchange systems and low salinity culture are used by shrimp farmers as alternatives to alleviate the restrictions imposed by environmental regulations regarding the use of coastal areas, and allow better control of diseases and their spread. Thus, the effects at six densities (2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 10000, and 12000 shrimp/m²) in Litopenaeus vannamei reared under zero water exchange and low salinity were evaluated in a complete randomized design with three replications. Eighteen fiberglass tanks (1000 L) were stocked with postlarvae (PL18) at densities corresponding to each treatment and fed commercial diets. Daily, molasses was added to water for provide C/N ratio between 20 and 30:1, to encourage the development of heterotrophic bacterial community. The study showed that density increase influenced significantly (P<0.05) the feed conversion ratio and final biomass. The highest values where observed at 12000 shrimp/m² (1.47 ± 0.06 and 390.00 ± 16.97 g, respectively). The final weight of shrimp ranged from 85.55 ± 63.60 to 105.37 ± 89.64 mg, but there was nodifference (P 0.05) between the densities evaluated. Survival was inversely proportional to the increase in densities (P<0.05), with an average rate of 98.57 ± 11.70% between 2000 and 4000 shrimp/m² and 37.69 ± 19.96% in density of 12000 shrimp/m². It was concluded that intensive production of L. vannamei can be done in low salinity (0.5 g/L) and heterotrophic environment with excellent rates of survival and FCR in 45 days of culture. / Sistemas sem renovação de água e cultivos em baixa salinidade são alternativas utilizadas pelos carcinicultores para mitigar as restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental quanto ao uso de áreas costeiras, além de permitirem um melhor controle de doenças e sua disseminação. Desta forma, avaliou-se o efeito de seis densidades de estocagem (2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 10000, and 12000 shrimp/m²) no cultivo do Litopenaeus vannamei em troca zero de água e baixa salinidade (0,5 g/L), em experimento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Foram utilizados dezoito tanques de fibra de vidro (1000 L), povoados com póslarvas (PL18) nas densidades correspondentes a cada tratamento e alimentadas com ração comercial. Diariamente, adicionou-se melaço à água de cultivo, buscando uma relação C/N entre 20 e 30:1, como forma de favorecer o desenvolvimento da comunidade bacteriana heterotrófica. Ao final do estudo, observou-se que o aumento das densidades influenciou de forma significativa (P<0,05) o fator de conversão alimentar (FCA) e a biomassa final, registrando-se os maiores valores na densidade de 12000 camarões/m², com 1,47±0,06 e 390,00±16,97 g. O peso médio final dos camarões variou de 85,55±63,60 a 105,37±89,64 mg, mas não houve diferença (P 0,05) entre as densidades avaliadas. A sobrevivência foi inversamente proporcional ao aumento das densidades (P<0,05), com uma taxa média de 98,57±11,70% entre as densidades de 2000 e 4000 camarões/m² e 37,69±19,96% na densidade de 12000 camarões/m². Pode-se concluir que a produção intensiva do L. vannamei é possível em baixa salinidade (0,5 g/L) e meio heterotrófico, com excelentes índices de sobrevivência e FCA em 45 dias de cultivo.

The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to identify commercially available feeds that could serve as suitable replacements for newly hatched Artemia in the diets of L. vannamei from Z3/M1 to PL10 without significantly affecting survival, final length and weight, and quality of the larvae and 2) to identify an ideal substitution rate between live Artemia and a replacement feed that maximizes feed and labor costs savings, survival, and PL quality. In Experiment 1, two commercially available Artemia replacement feeds, Zeigler EZ Artemia and Bernaqua Vitellus, were administered according to manufacturer’s guidelines in order to identify which feed served as a more suitable replacement diet. In Experiment 2, the more successful feed from Experiment 1 was administered in three different co-feeding strategies, in which the inert feed replaced a certain percentage of live Artemia. Mean percent survival was not significantly different between the Control, EZ Artemia, and Vitellus treatment groups in Experiment 1 (P<0.05). Both the EZ Artemia and Vitellus treatments yielded significantly different final mean lengths (mm) and weights (mg) from the Control group. The Vitellus feed results for all performance factors (mean percent survival, final length (mm), final weight (mg), and percent stress test mortality) were not significantly different than those of the EZ Artemia treatment, despite receiving no Artemia during the culture period, while the EZ Artemia treatment received 75% Artemia from PL5-PL10. For these reasons, the Vitellus feed was selected as the more successful feed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, there was no significant difference between the four treatment groups (Control, V50, V100/50, and V100/75) for mean percent survival and percent stress test mortality (P<0.05). The V100/50 and V100/75 treatments’ mean final lengths (mm) and weights (mg) were significantly different than those of the Control treatment. There were no significant differences between the V50, V100/50, and V100/75 treatments for any of the observed performance factors. These results indicate that the maximum substitution rate of Vitellus for Artemia in this experiment (the V100/75 treatment) was successful in replacing 84.33% of newly hatched Artemia in the larval culture of L. vannamei from Z3/M1-PL10 without resulting in significantly different survival and stress test mortalities compared to the Control group. Feeding schedules such as V100/75 treatment help streamline production efforts in commercial operations and result in increased production cost savings when compared to other replacement feeding schedules that begin in the early mysis stages. The V100/75 feeding schedule influences variable feed and labor costs the greatest because farmers are able to delay the culturing of Artemia an additional 7 days (until PL5) from what is typically performed in larviculture facilities.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.