The thesis underpinning this dissertation is based on the Zulu people’s belief in the living-dead and the fact that the latter control the lives of their living descendants. The living descendants use names to express their dissatisfaction with one another. The families perform rituals to appease the living-dead. The living-dead are perceived as guardian angels who are closer to God. They are believed to be able to reward good behavior and reprimand those who are not behaving in an acceptable manner. Names, as Bhengu (1975:52) states, connect people to their living-dead. It is therefore important that this relationship with the living-dead is maintained. Friction is always going to be a problem in polygynous families. Avoiding confrontation is important to people who want to appease their living-dead, who control their lives. Personal names act as a deterrent to angering the living-dead. In a situation where getting even is not an option, opting for a name to voice your disapproval is the easy way out. Names become communication channels between members of the family and the community at large. This study is done from an ethnographic perspective with an attempt to fully describe a variety of aspects of a cultural group to enhance understanding of the people being studied. Spradley (1980:3) states that “The essential core of ethnography is the concern with the meaning of actions and events to the people we seek to understand”. This understanding may be seen as the basis of the method; through ethnographic study, the researcher comes to comprehend, through detailed observation, the existences of peoples and their cultures. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Cette thèse explore les figures de la revenance et de la hantise d'un point de vue politique et esthétique, c'est-à-dire dans leur rapport à la société et à l'image. A cette fin le cinéma est le champ d'expérimentation et de manipulation puisque le cinéma, et notamment le cinéma américain, fait partie de ces mythologies modernes qui ont bercé le XXe siècle, avec ses histoires, codes et figures imposées. Les images produites par le cinéma sont ancrées dans l'inconscient et l'imagerie collectifs des spectateurs. C'est donc toute sa grammaire qui est à l'étude sous l'angle du mort-vivant : du héros au second rôle, de la perspective saturée du décor au hors-champ mortel. Si le zombie est la figure de proue de cette thèse, il s'agit moins de l'étudier d'un point de vue ethnographique que d'user de ses particularités afin de questionner le visible sur le mode de la persistance, de la pratique du retour incessant et de l'envahissement, c'est-à-dire comme une forme de résistance. Les revenants dévoilent lentement mais inexorablement l'envers du décor et délimitent une nouvelle topographie, déplacent les seuils et les frontières convenus : entre morts et vivants, entre visible et caché, entre champ et hors-champ. Les limites de l'espace et du corps sont mises à l'épreuve. Dans ma pratique, cette redéfinition des limites transforme l'image et l'univers filmique en ce que l'on pourrait nommer des « limbes filmiques » par des actions simples dans et sur l'image cinématographique : envahissement, contamination, pourrissement, corruption, dévoration, prolifération, raréfaction. Les morts-vivants revisitent ainsi, tels de riches touristes, les mythologies du cinéma. / The thesis explores the concepts and figures of revenance and haunting from a political and aesthetic point of view that is to say in their relation to historical and social contingencies, the real and the image. Cinema, and in particular American cinema, forms a significant part of the modern mythologies that have rocked the cradle of the 20th century, with its stories, codes and figures. The images produced by cinema are seamlessly embedded and archived in the spectator's unconscious and the collective imagery. I aim to reconsider the grammar of cinema through the angle of the living dead: the supporting roles as well as the principal characters, the saturated perspective of the sets as much as the deadly off-screen. The zombie is the figurehead of the thesis, but my purpose is less about studying it from ethnographical point of view than of making use of its particularities to question the visible on the mode of persistence, of the practice of the unceasing comebacks and of invasion, that is to say as an act of resistance. The revenants unveil slowly but inexorably the secrets beyond the door, and mark the boundaries of a new topography, shifting and altering the seemingly fixed thresholds; accessing the space between the dead and the living, in between the visible and the hidden, and in between on-screen and off-screen. This redefining of the margins and the boundaries transforms the image and the filmic universe into what could be called « cinematic limbo » by simple actions in and on the image: invasion, contamination, rotting of, corruption, devouring of, proliferation. The living dead continuously revisit, like sad tourists, the mythology of the cinema.

No description available.

Dans Mortuaires, une pièce de théâtre en fragments, deux soeurs se rencontrent dans une chambre d'hôtel; Jiji, la plus vieille, vient de retrouver les cendres de leur mère, morte dix ans auparavant; elle voudrait enterrer l'urne définitivement, alors que la plus jeune, Ge, tient à la garder près d'elle. Ce sera l'occasion pour les soeurs de faire valoir leur propre désir et de célébrer la morte, de reprendre contact avec ce qui reste d'elle dans leur mémoire. Le texte se présente sous forme de mini-scènes sans continuité, bien qu’étant toutes reliées, comme un dialogue interrompu, une cérémonie rejouant la mise en pièces du corps. La fragmentation de la mémoire constitue le projet esthétique de la pièce, dont le ressort dramatique tourne autour du souvenir endeuillé et du corps mort. La mort-vivance comme motif d'écriture dans « Aurélia » de Gérard de Nerval est un essai portant sur le rapport qu'entretient Nerval avec les morts dans le récit, ceux-ci constituant son moteur d'écriture. Au moyen de théories telles que la psychanalyse (Freud, Jackson), la sociologie (Muray) et la théorie de la lecture (Picard), il sera démontré que Nerval, dans Aurélia, se fait spirite en faisant revenir les morts au moyen du rêve. L'écriture se pose comme un lieu de rencontre entre les vivants et les morts, un espace dans lequel chacun doit se faire mort-vivant pour aller retrouver l'autre. Les frontières se brouillent et il devient difficile pour Nerval, ainsi que pour le lecteur, de distinguer le rêve de la réalité. / In Mortuaires, a drama in fragments, two sisters meet in a hotel room; Jiji, the oldest, has just found their mother's ashes, dead 10 years ago; she would like to bury the urn, but the youngest, Ge, intends to keep it. It will be the occasion for them to emphasize on their own desire and, much more, to celebrate the dead mother, to reconnect with what remains of her in their memory. The text presents small scenes without continuity, although linked, like an interrupted dialogue, a ceremony replaying the body's breaking into pieces. The memory's fragmentation is the esthetic project of the drama, whose basic dramatic's spring turns around remembering, mourning, and the place of the dead body. La mort-vivance comme motif d'écriture dans « Aurélia » de Gérard de Nerval is an essay studying the connexion between Nerval and the dead ones. In the story, these ones are very important in the process of writing. Using theories such as psychoanalysis (Freud, Jackson), sociology (Muray) and reading theory (Picard), it will be shown that Nerval, in Aurélia, is a medium and tries to take the dead ones back through dream. The writing of his dreams creates for Nerval a place where the living and the dead ones can meet, a place where everyone has to become a living dead to be in contact with others. In that way, boundaries are blurring and it becomes increasingly hard for Nerval, as for the reader, to distinguish dream from reality.

Dans Mortuaires, une pièce de théâtre en fragments, deux soeurs se rencontrent dans une chambre d'hôtel; Jiji, la plus vieille, vient de retrouver les cendres de leur mère, morte dix ans auparavant; elle voudrait enterrer l'urne définitivement, alors que la plus jeune, Ge, tient à la garder près d'elle. Ce sera l'occasion pour les soeurs de faire valoir leur propre désir et de célébrer la morte, de reprendre contact avec ce qui reste d'elle dans leur mémoire. Le texte se présente sous forme de mini-scènes sans continuité, bien qu’étant toutes reliées, comme un dialogue interrompu, une cérémonie rejouant la mise en pièces du corps. La fragmentation de la mémoire constitue le projet esthétique de la pièce, dont le ressort dramatique tourne autour du souvenir endeuillé et du corps mort. La mort-vivance comme motif d'écriture dans « Aurélia » de Gérard de Nerval est un essai portant sur le rapport qu'entretient Nerval avec les morts dans le récit, ceux-ci constituant son moteur d'écriture. Au moyen de théories telles que la psychanalyse (Freud, Jackson), la sociologie (Muray) et la théorie de la lecture (Picard), il sera démontré que Nerval, dans Aurélia, se fait spirite en faisant revenir les morts au moyen du rêve. L'écriture se pose comme un lieu de rencontre entre les vivants et les morts, un espace dans lequel chacun doit se faire mort-vivant pour aller retrouver l'autre. Les frontières se brouillent et il devient difficile pour Nerval, ainsi que pour le lecteur, de distinguer le rêve de la réalité. / In Mortuaires, a drama in fragments, two sisters meet in a hotel room; Jiji, the oldest, has just found their mother's ashes, dead 10 years ago; she would like to bury the urn, but the youngest, Ge, intends to keep it. It will be the occasion for them to emphasize on their own desire and, much more, to celebrate the dead mother, to reconnect with what remains of her in their memory. The text presents small scenes without continuity, although linked, like an interrupted dialogue, a ceremony replaying the body's breaking into pieces. The memory's fragmentation is the esthetic project of the drama, whose basic dramatic's spring turns around remembering, mourning, and the place of the dead body. La mort-vivance comme motif d'écriture dans « Aurélia » de Gérard de Nerval is an essay studying the connexion between Nerval and the dead ones. In the story, these ones are very important in the process of writing. Using theories such as psychoanalysis (Freud, Jackson), sociology (Muray) and reading theory (Picard), it will be shown that Nerval, in Aurélia, is a medium and tries to take the dead ones back through dream. The writing of his dreams creates for Nerval a place where the living and the dead ones can meet, a place where everyone has to become a living dead to be in contact with others. In that way, boundaries are blurring and it becomes increasingly hard for Nerval, as for the reader, to distinguish dream from reality.

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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the African and the Ancient Near Eastern tradition with regard to the ancestral consultation. 1 Samuel 28:3-25 was used as a point of departure. This text was used because it is the only text in the Hebrew Bible that shows the act of consulting the dead except those texts explicitly condemning the act. The study was divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 focused on the introduction and the research problem. Chapter 2 focused on the study of 1 Samuel 28:3-25 and this was done via and intratextual and intertextual analysis. The intratextual analysis of 1 Samuel 28:3-25 focused on the interrelatedness of the text on its literally level. This was done by means of a morphological, syntactical and structural analysis. The intertextual analysis focused on 1 Samuel 28:3-25 in relation with other texts in the Hebrew Bible, especially with reference to the practice of ancestral consultation. In Chapter 3 the main focus was on the Ancient Near Eastern tradition with regard to ancestral consultation and thus focused upon extratextual material. In this chapter, Mesopotamian and Israelite cultural practices were mainly considered. Customs relating to the act of consulting the dead were studied. It included funerary customs, death and mourning rites, the place and role of the dead in society. The study concluded that the act of ancestral consultation in the Ancient Near East was part of their religion. In Ancient Israel, however, it was prohibited by Yahwistic religion. Chapter 4 focused on ancestral consultation in African tradition. In this chapter, personal knowledge and experience were also important. Ancestral consultation in Africa is still a living tradition. The role of the ancestors was studied and also the role that the living have in relation to their ancestors. In this chapter the role of Christianity in Africa played pivotal role because Christianity shaped African religion of today. It is clear from the study that African Christianity still pays tribute to their dead relatives as they are believed to be closer to God. Both Christians and those who practice traditional religion agree on the role of the ancestors. In Chapter 5 the researcher brought together the information in Chapters 1 to 4. In that sense it can be regarded as the climax of the investigation into ancestral consultation as an ancient and modern cultural and religious practice. This chapter contains a comparison between African and Ancient Near Eastern tradition regarding ancestral consultation. The chapter indicates that there is a lot to compare between the two traditions, but one needs to consider the differences in time, religious perceptions, geography, economic and political background of the two traditions. This should especially be considered in evaluating the Ancient Near Eastern tradition because it is in the “archive”; we can only read and learn about it with reference to available sources, while African tradition is an existing one. In Chapter 6 the researcher summarised the main findings of the study with special reference to the research problem as discussed in the first chapter. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

No description available.

La partie création de ce mémoire se veut soutenue par une tension narrative reliée à la curiosité suscitée par le personnage principal, de prime abord énigmatique, qui se dévoile de façon capricieuse par un changement constant de focalisation et de temporalité. Nathan vit à une ère où l’humanité a frôlé l’extinction, et où tout est à repenser après l’annihilation du virus ramenant les morts à la vie. N’ayant pas été témoin de ces horreurs, ses plus grandes préoccupations concernent son cheminement vers l’authenticité. Saltimbanque de métier, il voyage de communauté en communauté, où chacune a fait ses choix pour recréer le monde. Sa volonté de prôner l’art dans un processus de reconstruction sociale et sa poursuite d’une image perdue le pousseront toujours plus loin dans ses pérégrinations; vers des réalités qui le conduiront à redéfinir son univers. La partie essai s’interroge sur les procédés formant la tension narrative des romans d’Émile Ajar, pseudonyme laissant deviner la plume expérimentée de Romain Gary qui se réinvente dans l’anonymat. L’attention est centrée sur les jeux de narration, le rôle actanciel des personnages et l’orchestration formelle des récits, à savoir s’ils sont assez similaires pour lier les opus et les constituer en une série unifiée. Cette réflexion à la recherche de l’essence de l’oeuvre ajarienne, touchante par ses antihéros souvent démunis dans leur quête existentielle, a été une inspiration pour la rédaction de Le jour où la Terre en avait vu d’autres. Les rêves de Nathan sont racontés à la première personne, rejoignant certaines modalités ajariennes où la psyché des protagonistes se révèle par une narration au “je”. Les questionnements sur la tension narrative ont été déclencheurs de cette première démarche d’écriture romanesque, même si elle est située dans un cadre complètement autre et use d’une plume bien différente de celle d’Ajar. / The creative part of this Master’s thesis is based on curiosity about the main character, at first enigmatic, who is to be revealed in an unpredictable way with continuous focal and temporal changes. Nathan lives in an era in which humanity came close to extinction, and where everything is to be rethought after the annihilation of the virus that brings the dead back to life. As a saltimbanco, he travels from community to community, in which each one has made choices to recreate the world. His will to advocate art in the social reconstruction and his pursuit of a lost image will always drag him further in his peregrinations, towards realities that will lead him to redefine his universe. The essay part examines the literary techniques that create the narrative tension of novels authored by Émile Ajar, pseudonym of the accomplished writer, Romain Gary, who reinvents himself anonymously. The attention is centered on the narration, actantial roles of the characters and formal organization of the story, to ascertain if they are similar enough to link them in a unified series. This reflection searches for the essence of Ajar’s work which, along with the moving existential quests of the characters, have been an inspiration for writing Le jour où la Terre en avait vu d’autres. Nathan’s dreams are related in a first person narration, in accordance with some of Ajar’s modalities where the characters’ psyches reveal themselves through that perspective. The ponderings on the narrative tension have been the trigger for this first fiction writing experience, even though it takes place in a completely different setting.

La partie création de ce mémoire se veut soutenue par une tension narrative reliée à la curiosité suscitée par le personnage principal, de prime abord énigmatique, qui se dévoile de façon capricieuse par un changement constant de focalisation et de temporalité. Nathan vit à une ère où l’humanité a frôlé l’extinction, et où tout est à repenser après l’annihilation du virus ramenant les morts à la vie. N’ayant pas été témoin de ces horreurs, ses plus grandes préoccupations concernent son cheminement vers l’authenticité. Saltimbanque de métier, il voyage de communauté en communauté, où chacune a fait ses choix pour recréer le monde. Sa volonté de prôner l’art dans un processus de reconstruction sociale et sa poursuite d’une image perdue le pousseront toujours plus loin dans ses pérégrinations; vers des réalités qui le conduiront à redéfinir son univers. La partie essai s’interroge sur les procédés formant la tension narrative des romans d’Émile Ajar, pseudonyme laissant deviner la plume expérimentée de Romain Gary qui se réinvente dans l’anonymat. L’attention est centrée sur les jeux de narration, le rôle actanciel des personnages et l’orchestration formelle des récits, à savoir s’ils sont assez similaires pour lier les opus et les constituer en une série unifiée. Cette réflexion à la recherche de l’essence de l’oeuvre ajarienne, touchante par ses antihéros souvent démunis dans leur quête existentielle, a été une inspiration pour la rédaction de Le jour où la Terre en avait vu d’autres. Les rêves de Nathan sont racontés à la première personne, rejoignant certaines modalités ajariennes où la psyché des protagonistes se révèle par une narration au “je”. Les questionnements sur la tension narrative ont été déclencheurs de cette première démarche d’écriture romanesque, même si elle est située dans un cadre complètement autre et use d’une plume bien différente de celle d’Ajar. / The creative part of this Master’s thesis is based on curiosity about the main character, at first enigmatic, who is to be revealed in an unpredictable way with continuous focal and temporal changes. Nathan lives in an era in which humanity came close to extinction, and where everything is to be rethought after the annihilation of the virus that brings the dead back to life. As a saltimbanco, he travels from community to community, in which each one has made choices to recreate the world. His will to advocate art in the social reconstruction and his pursuit of a lost image will always drag him further in his peregrinations, towards realities that will lead him to redefine his universe. The essay part examines the literary techniques that create the narrative tension of novels authored by Émile Ajar, pseudonym of the accomplished writer, Romain Gary, who reinvents himself anonymously. The attention is centered on the narration, actantial roles of the characters and formal organization of the story, to ascertain if they are similar enough to link them in a unified series. This reflection searches for the essence of Ajar’s work which, along with the moving existential quests of the characters, have been an inspiration for writing Le jour où la Terre en avait vu d’autres. Nathan’s dreams are related in a first person narration, in accordance with some of Ajar’s modalities where the characters’ psyches reveal themselves through that perspective. The ponderings on the narrative tension have been the trigger for this first fiction writing experience, even though it takes place in a completely different setting.