<p>Recently, retailers within the Swedish grocery retail sector have launched lines of products under its own brand, quite often produced by manufactures within the same category of products. The common term of this phenomenon is called private labels. Therefore, private labels could be seen as competitors against branded goods, despite the fact that it is, in several cases, the same manufacturer who produces each of the products.</p><p>The main purpose of this study is to provide understanding of how the manufacturers choose to position themselves, formulate their strategies and compete on the market among private labels, also to examine the motive behind the manufacturer's choice to produce private labels. The study intends to provide a broader view of how the interaction between manufacturers, retailers, private labels and branded goods appears on the Swedish market. We decided to use a qualitative research method and personal interviews to approach the study. After having identified the manufacturers that produces private labels, five semi-structured interviews were held with key people representing each manufacturer.</p><p>The survey showed that manufacturers are largely interested in the production of private label. It has mainly to do with the excess capacity in the manufacturer’s factories. The retailer’s procurement methods in negotiations have led the manufacturers to produce private labels at the limit of what is profitable. The investigation concluded that the producers must be innovative marketers to meet the competition of private labels.</p>

Recently, retailers within the Swedish grocery retail sector have launched lines of products under its own brand, quite often produced by manufactures within the same category of products. The common term of this phenomenon is called private labels. Therefore, private labels could be seen as competitors against branded goods, despite the fact that it is, in several cases, the same manufacturer who produces each of the products. The main purpose of this study is to provide understanding of how the manufacturers choose to position themselves, formulate their strategies and compete on the market among private labels, also to examine the motive behind the manufacturer's choice to produce private labels. The study intends to provide a broader view of how the interaction between manufacturers, retailers, private labels and branded goods appears on the Swedish market. We decided to use a qualitative research method and personal interviews to approach the study. After having identified the manufacturers that produces private labels, five semi-structured interviews were held with key people representing each manufacturer. The survey showed that manufacturers are largely interested in the production of private label. It has mainly to do with the excess capacity in the manufacturer’s factories. The retailer’s procurement methods in negotiations have led the manufacturers to produce private labels at the limit of what is profitable. The investigation concluded that the producers must be innovative marketers to meet the competition of private labels.

Ces dernières années, les facteurs du complexe d'initiation de la traduction eucaryote ont été identifiés comme des déterminants essentiels dans la sensibilité des plantes aux virus à ARN, y compris les potyvirus, genre le plus important à la fois de par leur nombre et leur importance économique chez des espèces légumières, fruitières et de grandes cultures.En particulier, les allèles récessifs mo11 et mo12 du gène mo1 précédemment identifié comme codant pour le facteur d'initiation de la traduction eIF4E, sont actuellement utilisés pour protéger les cultures de laitue contre le potyvirus de la mosaïque de la laitue (LMV).Partant des résultats obtenus au laboratoire démontrant que les déterminants du LMV impliqués dans le contournement de la résistance mo1 comprennent non seulement le domaine codant pour la VPg mais aussi, en amont, l’extrémité carboxy-terminale de celui codant pour la CI, mon travail de thèse a consisté à (1) confirmer que le LMV code pour deux facteurs de virulence, la CI et la VPg (2) identifier par mutagenèse dirigée et aléatoire des acides aminés clés de la CI impliqués dans le contournement de la résistance contrôlée par eIF4E (3) entamer une caractérisation fonctionnelle des interactions impliquant les trois partenaires eIF4E, CI et VPg.Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l'échange de la VPg d'un isolat virulent (LMV-E) dans un non virulent (LMV-0) est suffisant pour restituer la compatibilité complète avec les variétés de laitue portant l'allèle mo11, mais pas mo12, alors que la région codant pour la portion C-terminale de la CI et la 6K2, suffit pour contourner les deux allèles de mo1. Le mutant ponctuel dans la CI (LMV-0-S621T) obtenu par mutagenèse dirigée est capable de contourner la résistance conférée par mo12 et partiellement celle conférée par mo11 tandis que le mutant réciproque (LMV-E-T621S) perd sa capacité à contourner les deux allèles de résistance. Il s’agit donc là du premier exemple d'un gène de CI de potyvirus, agissant comme un déterminant de contournement de la résistance récessive contrôlée par eIF4E. En effet, la VPg des potyvirus a été identifiée jusque là comme l’unique facteur de virulence vis-à-vis de eIF4E. Il semble donc que le LMV puisse utiliser deux facteurs viraux (CI et VPg) pour le contournement des allèles de résistance mo1.Cette propriété, associée au fait que des isolats de LMV d’origine sauvage ou ornementale soient capables d’évoluer vers le contournement pourraient donc présenter un risque pour la durabilité des résistances mo1. Des travaux préliminaires ont été menés lors de cette thèse afin de mieux comprendre le rôle exact des mutations des facteurs de virulence dans le processus évolutif d’adaptation du LMV aux pressions imposées par les allèles mo1.Enfin, l’implication de la CI dans le contournement de la résistance mo1 laisse supposer que cette protéine pourrait elle aussi interagir (comme la VPg), directement ou non, avec eIF4E. Nous avons montré pour la première fois in vitro et in vivo l’interaction entre la région C-terminale de la CI et la protéine eIF4E de laitue. De plus, la mutation en position 621 de la CI ayant un rôle clé dans le contournement de la résistance mo1 ne semble pas affecter ces interactions in vitro / In recent years, the factors of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex were identified as essential determinants of plant susceptibility to RNA viruses, including potyviruses, the largest and economically the most important of the plant virus groups. Members of this group are responsible for important virus diseases affecting all types of vegetable, fruit, and field crops.In particular, the recessive alleles mo11 and mo12 of mo1 gene, which previously identified as encoding for the translation initiation factor eIF4E, are currently used to protect lettuce crops against lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV).Based on the results obtained in the laboratory showing that the LMV determinants involved in the mo1 resistance overcoming include not only the area encoding for the VPg but also upstream, the C-terminal region of that encoding for the CI, my work of thesis consisted in (1) confirm that LMV encodes for two virulence factors, CI and VPg (2) identified by site-directed and random mutagenesis a key amino acids of the CI protein involved in eIF4E-mediated resistance overcoming (3) initiate a functional characterization of interactions involving the three partners eIF4E, VPg and CI.The results obtained showed that the exchange of VPg of a virulent isolate (LMV-E) in a non-virulent (LMV-0) is sufficient to restore full compatibility with lettuce cultivars carrying mo11 allele, but not mo12, whereas the region encoding for the C-terminal portion of the CI and 6K2, is sufficient to overcoming both mo1 alleles. The point mutation in the CI (LMV-0-S621T) obtained by site-directed mutagenesis is able to overcome the resistance conferred by mo12 and partly that conferred by mo11 while the reciprocal mutation (LMV-E-T621S) loses its ability to overcome both resistance alleles.So this is the first example of a potyvirus CI gene acting as a virulence determinant in overcoming eIF4E-mediated resistance. Indeed, the potyvirus VPg was previously identified as the sole virulence determinant vis-a-vis eIF4E. It seems that LMV can use two viral factors (CI and VPg) to overcome the mo1 resistance alleles.This property, combined with the fact that LMV isolates from the wild or ornamental origin are able to evolve towards the overcoming could therefore pose a risk to the durability of the mo1 resistance. Preliminary works were carried on during this thesis to better understand the exact role of mutations affecting virulence factors in the evolutionary process of adaptation of LMV to the pressures imposed by mo1 alleles.Finally, the involvement of the LMV CI in mo1 resistance breaking suggests that this protein could also interact (such as VPg), directly or indirectly with eIF4E. We have shown for the first time in vitro and in vivo interactions between the C-terminal region of the CI protein and the lettuce eIF4E protein. In addition, the mutation at position 621 of the CI which has a key role in mo1 resistance overcoming does not seem to affect these interactions in vitro.

<p>Tillväxten av detaljisternas egna märkesvaror, EMV, i detaljhandeln har fått vissa leverantörerna att möta konkurrensen med EMV genom att börja tillverka EMV åt detaljisterna. I uppsatsen studeras fyra leverantörer till ICA och varför de väljer att producera EMV åt detaljisten. Leverantörernas storlek och position på marknaden, deras eventuella inverkan vid beslutet samt risker med beslutet diskuteras. Slutligen undersöks om företagen påverkas på olika sätt av EMV beroende av deras position på marknaden. Tidigare studier visar att de finns tre övergripande motiv till varför företag väljer att producera detaljistens EMV; ekonomiska, relationsmässiga och konkurrensmässiga. Studien visar att de stora företagen med starka LMV inte är i direkt behov av att producera EMV, men ser att denna marknad idag är för stor och för expanderande för att ignoreras. Det mindre företaget i studien producerar främst detaljistens EMV och ges på detta sätt möjligheten att direkt nå ut till en stor marknad. Riskerna för det stora företaget är främst att EMV-produktionen kan ta fokus från deras LMV-produktion. Den främsta risken för det mindre företaget är att de snabbt kan tappa marknaden med de korta kontrakt som figurerar i EMV-handeln.</p>

Tillväxten av detaljisternas egna märkesvaror, EMV, i detaljhandeln har fått vissa leverantörerna att möta konkurrensen med EMV genom att börja tillverka EMV åt detaljisterna. I uppsatsen studeras fyra leverantörer till ICA och varför de väljer att producera EMV åt detaljisten. Leverantörernas storlek och position på marknaden, deras eventuella inverkan vid beslutet samt risker med beslutet diskuteras. Slutligen undersöks om företagen påverkas på olika sätt av EMV beroende av deras position på marknaden. Tidigare studier visar att de finns tre övergripande motiv till varför företag väljer att producera detaljistens EMV; ekonomiska, relationsmässiga och konkurrensmässiga. Studien visar att de stora företagen med starka LMV inte är i direkt behov av att producera EMV, men ser att denna marknad idag är för stor och för expanderande för att ignoreras. Det mindre företaget i studien producerar främst detaljistens EMV och ges på detta sätt möjligheten att direkt nå ut till en stor marknad. Riskerna för det stora företaget är främst att EMV-produktionen kan ta fokus från deras LMV-produktion. Den främsta risken för det mindre företaget är att de snabbt kan tappa marknaden med de korta kontrakt som figurerar i EMV-handeln.

Ces dernières années, les facteurs du complexe d'initiation de la traduction eucaryote ont été identifiés comme des déterminants essentiels dans la sensibilité des plantes aux virus à ARN, y compris les potyvirus, genre le plus important à la fois de par leur nombre et leur importance économique chez des espèces légumières, fruitières et de grandes cultures.En particulier, les allèles récessifs mo11 et mo12 du gène mo1 précédemment identifié comme codant pour le facteur d'initiation de la traduction eIF4E, sont actuellement utilisés pour protéger les cultures de laitue contre le potyvirus de la mosaïque de la laitue (LMV).Partant des résultats obtenus au laboratoire démontrant que les déterminants du LMV impliqués dans le contournement de la résistance mo1 comprennent non seulement le domaine codant pour la VPg mais aussi, en amont, l'extrémité carboxy-terminale de celui codant pour la CI, mon travail de thèse a consisté à (1) confirmer que le LMV code pour deux facteurs de virulence, la CI et la VPg (2) identifier par mutagenèse dirigée et aléatoire des acides aminés clés de la CI impliqués dans le contournement de la résistance contrôlée par eIF4E (3) entamer une caractérisation fonctionnelle des interactions impliquant les trois partenaires eIF4E, CI et VPg.Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l'échange de la VPg d'un isolat virulent (LMV-E) dans un non virulent (LMV-0) est suffisant pour restituer la compatibilité complète avec les variétés de laitue portant l'allèle mo11, mais pas mo12, alors que la région codant pour la portion C-terminale de la CI et la 6K2, suffit pour contourner les deux allèles de mo1. Le mutant ponctuel dans la CI (LMV-0-S621T) obtenu par mutagenèse dirigée est capable de contourner la résistance conférée par mo12 et partiellement celle conférée par mo11 tandis que le mutant réciproque (LMV-E-T621S) perd sa capacité à contourner les deux allèles de résistance. Il s'agit donc là du premier exemple d'un gène de CI de potyvirus, agissant comme un déterminant de contournement de la résistance récessive contrôlée par eIF4E. En effet, la VPg des potyvirus a été identifiée jusque là comme l'unique facteur de virulence vis-à-vis de eIF4E. Il semble donc que le LMV puisse utiliser deux facteurs viraux (CI et VPg) pour le contournement des allèles de résistance mo1.Cette propriété, associée au fait que des isolats de LMV d'origine sauvage ou ornementale soient capables d'évoluer vers le contournement pourraient donc présenter un risque pour la durabilité des résistances mo1. Des travaux préliminaires ont été menés lors de cette thèse afin de mieux comprendre le rôle exact des mutations des facteurs de virulence dans le processus évolutif d'adaptation du LMV aux pressions imposées par les allèles mo1.Enfin, l'implication de la CI dans le contournement de la résistance mo1 laisse supposer que cette protéine pourrait elle aussi interagir (comme la VPg), directement ou non, avec eIF4E. Nous avons montré pour la première fois in vitro et in vivo l'interaction entre la région C-terminale de la CI et la protéine eIF4E de laitue. De plus, la mutation en position 621 de la CI ayant un rôle clé dans le contournement de la résistance mo1 ne semble pas affecter ces interactions in vitro

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 chaves_alr_dr_botfca.pdf: 1845018 bytes, checksum: 6e354e18d8a7d6379c01e67c86d71ad8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Secretaria Agricultura / A alface é uma das hortaliças de maior importância no Brasil e o estado de São Paulo destaca-se como sendo o maior produtor, gerando uma renda anual de cerca de 40 milhões de reais. Como a virose causada pelo Lettuce mosaic vírus (LMV) é uma das principais doenças da cultura, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade, a dinâmica populacional e o papel dos afídeos na disseminação do LMV, em três áreas recentemente destinadas à produção intensiva de alface. Assim, os campos de produção situados nos municípios de Igaratá, Jacareí e Jarinu, foram monitorados durante 12 meses. Foram utilizadas três tipos de armadilhas: adesivas amarelas, para determinar a densidade populacional dos afídeos; de Moericke que proporcionaram a determinação das espécies que apresentavam hábito migratório; e as de azulejo verde Irwin que, sendo mais seletivas, determinaram a atividade de vôo das espécies envolvidas na disseminação do LMV. Constatou-se nas 3 regiões, a predominância de dez espécies de afideos. Dentre as de hábito polífago, destacaram-se as espécies Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Myzus persicae; já as de hábito oligófago, foram capturadas Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius e Uroleucom ambrosiae. Acyrthosiphon lactucae foi a única espécie monófaga. As amostras de alface foram também coletadas e submetidas a testes sorológicos. Constatou-se, que a incidência do LMV na cultura - 2 - da alface estava relacionada não somente aos picos de vôo das espécies de afídeos, mas também às variedades tolerantes e suscetíveis de alface introduzidas no campo. Observou-se também que a temperatura atuou diretamente na densidade populacional dos afídeos e, conseqüentemente, interferiu na incidência do LMV no campo. A atividade de vôo dos afídeos foi menor durante... . / Lettuce is one of the most important vegetables in Brazil, and the State of São Paulo is the major producer, with an annual revenue of about R$ 40 millions. Since viruses can be limiting factors to this production, the present study was designed to evaluate the diversity and dynamic population of aphids, as well as the role of this vector in the spread of LMV. For this, three regions where intensive production of lettuce was recently introduced in Igaratá, Jacareí and Jarinu were monitored for 12 months. The aphids were caught using yellow adhesive traps for determining the aphid population diversity; Moerick traps were used to evaluate the aphid species with migratory habits; while green tile traps (Irvin), which are more selective, were used to estimate flight activity of species involved in spread of LMV. The predominance of 10 aphid species was observed in the 3 evaluated areas. Among them, Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrisiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae stood out as species with polyphagous habits. Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius and Uroleucom ambrosiae, with olyphagous habits, were also collected. With monophagous habits only Acyrthosiphon lactucae was caught. The lettuce samples were also collected and submitted to serological tests. It was observed that the incidence of LMV in lettuce crops was related not only to the peaks of the aphid flight activity but also to the tolerant and susceptible lettuce varieties introduced to the crop. The temperature acted on the population diversity of the aphids and, consequently, influenced the incidence of LMV. The flight activity of aphids was smaller during the winter, and LMV detection followed this trend even when susceptible varieties were introduced. However, during the other seasons these results were not observed, and the tolerance of the cultivar Elisa... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Marcelo Agenor Pavan / Banca: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Addolorata Colariccio / Banca: Valdir Atsushi Yuri / Banca: José Alfredo Caran de S. Dias / Resumo: A alface é uma das hortaliças de maior importância no Brasil e o estado de São Paulo destaca-se como sendo o maior produtor, gerando uma renda anual de cerca de 40 milhões de reais. Como a virose causada pelo Lettuce mosaic vírus (LMV) é uma das principais doenças da cultura, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade, a dinâmica populacional e o papel dos afídeos na disseminação do LMV, em três áreas recentemente destinadas à produção intensiva de alface. Assim, os campos de produção situados nos municípios de Igaratá, Jacareí e Jarinu, foram monitorados durante 12 meses. Foram utilizadas três tipos de armadilhas: adesivas amarelas, para determinar a densidade populacional dos afídeos; de "Moericke" que proporcionaram a determinação das espécies que apresentavam hábito migratório; e as de azulejo verde "Irwin" que, sendo mais seletivas, determinaram a atividade de vôo das espécies envolvidas na disseminação do LMV. Constatou-se nas 3 regiões, a predominância de dez espécies de afideos. Dentre as de hábito polífago, destacaram-se as espécies Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Myzus persicae; já as de hábito oligófago, foram capturadas Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius e Uroleucom ambrosiae. Acyrthosiphon lactucae foi a única espécie monófaga. As amostras de alface foram também coletadas e submetidas a testes sorológicos. Constatou-se, que a incidência do LMV na cultura - 2 - da alface estava relacionada não somente aos picos de vôo das espécies de afídeos, mas também às variedades tolerantes e suscetíveis de alface introduzidas no campo. Observou-se também que a temperatura atuou diretamente na densidade populacional dos afídeos e, conseqüentemente, interferiu na incidência do LMV no campo. A atividade de vôo dos afídeos foi menor durante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: Lettuce is one of the most important vegetables in Brazil, and the State of São Paulo is the major producer, with an annual revenue of about R$ 40 millions. Since viruses can be limiting factors to this production, the present study was designed to evaluate the diversity and dynamic population of aphids, as well as the role of this vector in the spread of LMV. For this, three regions where intensive production of lettuce was recently introduced in Igaratá, Jacareí and Jarinu were monitored for 12 months. The aphids were caught using yellow adhesive traps for determining the aphid population diversity; Moerick traps were used to evaluate the aphid species with migratory habits; while green tile traps (Irvin), which are more selective, were used to estimate flight activity of species involved in spread of LMV. The predominance of 10 aphid species was observed in the 3 evaluated areas. Among them, Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrisiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae stood out as species with polyphagous habits. Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius and Uroleucom ambrosiae, with olyphagous habits, were also collected. With monophagous habits only Acyrthosiphon lactucae was caught. The lettuce samples were also collected and submitted to serological tests. It was observed that the incidence of LMV in lettuce crops was related not only to the peaks of the aphid flight activity but also to the tolerant and susceptible lettuce varieties introduced to the crop. The temperature acted on the population diversity of the aphids and, consequently, influenced the incidence of LMV. The flight activity of aphids was smaller during the winter, and LMV detection followed this trend even when susceptible varieties were introduced. However, during the other seasons these results were not observed, and the tolerance of the cultivar Elisa... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

Inledning: En distributionskedja fungerar genom att förädla en råvara till färdig produkt genom råvaruleverantörer, producenter, leverantörer, återförsäljare och konsumenter. I den klassiska distributionskedjan är det i regel leverantörerna som hanterar den slutgiltliga förpackningen och står för det varumärke konsumenten ser i butik. Denna marknad har under senare tid upplevt en stor förändring i form av återförsäljarnas egna märkesvaror (EMV). Dessa varor är tillverkade för att vara så lika marknadsledaren som möjligt och står ofta dessutom direkt bredvid dem i butikshyllan. I regel kostar de lite mindre men upplevs ha liknande värde och kvalitet. Marknadsandelarna för dessa egna märkesvaror har de senaste åren ökat stort och förväntas öka ännu mer. Återförsäljarna tillverkar inte dessa egna märkesvaror själva - de produceras av leverantörerna. Då denna marknad är mättad förlorar leverantörerna marknadsandelar då dessa produkter tar plats på marknaden. Denna studie vill gå till botten med hur leverantörerna hanterar denna trend för att fortsätta vara lönsamma och vara en del av distributionskedjan. Syfte: Studien syftar till att utforska leverantörers möjligheter, risker och strategiska beslut i hänseende till en organisations plats och styrka i distributionskedjan. Metod: Detta är en kvalitativ studie som utgår från leverantörens perspektiv. Empirin har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelpersoner hos leverantörsorganisationer som är engagerade i EMV-produktion. Slutsats: EMV erbjuder leverantörerna många möjligheter till tillväxt och utökad konkurrensstyrka, men till en sämre marginal och kostnadsstruktur vilket kan ha förödande konsekvenser. EMV utmanar den klassiska synen på distributionskedjan och konkurrensstrategier. / Introduction: A classic distribution chain consists of a raw material supplier, manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer and consumer. In this chain it's usually the manufacturers that delivers the branded product which ends up in the store shelf. This market has in recent times had a great change in the form of the retailers own brands (PL). These products are made to be similar to the market leader, and they are often placed right next to them on the store shelf. As a rule they have a slightly lower price but the similar quality. These products have risen in popularity and they are expected to rise even more. The retailers however do not manufacture their own products - that is the manufacturer's job. Considering the market is completely mature, this implicates that whenever a new product enters, it does this on the cost of someone else. This study wants to examine how the manufacturers work to keep their place in the distribution chain. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the manufacturer's opportunities, risks and strategic possibilities regarding their place in the distribution chain. Methodology: This is a qualitative study from the suppliers perspective. The data is collected through semi-structured interviews with key personalities from within the organizations who are engaged with private label production. Conclusions: EMV offer the manufacturers many possibilities for growth and strength, but at the cost of lower margins. PL challenges the classic view of the distribution chain and strategies of competition.