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Comments and Discussion : Kitaura Koji

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Context: Partnerships are emerging as critically important vehicles for addressing health in local communities. Coalitions involving local health departments can be viewed as the embodiment of a local public health system. Although it is known that these networks are heavily involved in assessment and community planning activities, limited studies have evaluated whether health coalitions are functioning at an optimal capacity. Objective: This study assesses the extent to which health coalitions met or exceeded expectations for building functional capacity within their respective networks. Design: An evaluative framework was developed focusing on 8 functional characteristics of coalitions previously identified by Erwin and Mills. Twenty-nine indicators were identified that served as "proxy" measures of functional capacity within health coalitions. Setting and Participants: Ninety-three County Health Councils (CoHCs) in Tennessee. Main Outcome Measure(s): Diverse member representation; formal rules, roles, and procedures; open, frequent interpersonal communication; task-focused climate; council leadership; resources; active member participation; and external linkages were assessed to determine the level of functionality of CoHCs. Scores across all CoHCs were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.3. Results: Of 68 CoHCs (73% response rate), the total mean score for the level of functional characteristics was 30.5 (median= 30.5; SD = 6.3; range, 18-44). Of the 8 functional characteristics, CoHCs met or exceeded all indicators associated with council leadership, tasked-focused climate, and external linkages. Lowest scores were for having a written communications plan, written priorities or goals, and opportunities for training. Conclusion: This study advances the research on health coalitions by establishing a process for quantifying the functionality of health coalitions. Future studies will be conducted to examine the association between health coalition functional capacity, local health departments' community health assessment and planning efforts, and changes in community health status.

This paper investigates to what extent voters and politicians have the same preferences for locally provided welfare services. We make use of two different types of survey questionnaires; one directed towards voters and one directed towards politicians. We reach two main conclusions in the paper. First, we find that politicians have preferences for significantly different spending on locally provided welfare services compared to voters. Second, this difference remains even after controlling for politicians and voters having different socio-economic characteristics. For example, when analyzing female representation, we find that female politicians have significantly different preferences for spending than female voters. One implication of the latter result is that an increase in the ratio of female to male politicians may not be the only way to deal with the desire to increase the political representation of women.

The objective of this thesis is to investigate if the share of women in the municipality board affects the municipalities spending patterns. The study is based on the assumption that women as a group have particular needs, interest and concerns, and when represented, the political decision making will be affected. I used panel data over all 290 municipalities in Sweden over the years 2011, 2015 and 2019, to study the following public spending areas; reception of refugees, elderly care, education and childcare. I conducted a panel regression model with entity and time fixed effects and also added several control variables. The result suggests that there is a significant effect of female representation on spending related to the reception of refugees, but the effect of the other spending areas examined; childcare, education and care of elderly is negative but not significant.

L’intervention économique financière locale est un phénomène relativement récent. Elle apparaît, notamment, à la suite des deux guerres mondiales mais également en raison des différentes crises économiques successives que connaît la France au cours du XXème siècle. L’Etat va progressivement déléguer aux collectivités territoriales un nombre croissant de compétences. L’objectif étant de pallier la carence de l’initiative privée, tout en soutenant celle-ci. Les compétences des collectivités territoriales, ainsi que les moyens humains et financiers, se développent par l’intermédiaire des transferts de compétences effectués de l’Etat vers les collectivités territoriales. Le contenu des budgets locaux s’accroît, quant à lui, de manière concomitante et permet, ainsi, d’agir sur le secteur économique local. De nombreux acteurs interviennent et il existe différents types d’interventions économiques possibles au niveau local. Par conséquent, un encadrement s’avère nécessaire tant au niveau législatif que réglementaire. La jurisprudence administrative et financière participe de la régulation des interventions économiques locales. Parallèlement, la législation administrative et financière encadre celle-ci. Cette thèse aura pour objectif de démontrer que l’interventionnisme économique local n’est pas seulement réalisé par l’intermédiaire d’instruments juridiques mais essentiellement par le truchement d’instruments financiers, dont le rôle sera déterminé. Ce travail de recherche consistera à identifier puis analyser ces instruments au niveau local. li s’agira également de s’interroger sur les modalités de mise en oeuvre, de contrôle et de sanction de ceux-ci et, surtout, de mesurer leur efficience sur la scène économique locale. / This thesis is about local public financial interventionism, in a context where it is decried. It proposes to study the different characteristics that define local public financial interventionism. The financial competence held by the local authorities to intervene in favor of the private enterprises, granted by the legislator, allows the exercise of a local public financial and fiscal regulatory power while taking into account the rights and freedoms of private enterprises. Local public financial interventionism takes place through conventional legal techniques, such as unilateral administrative act and contract, which go beyond the dichotomy of public and private law, and financial techniques, such as local public expenditure and local tax revenue, and the loss of revenue derived from local taxes, thus offering a multiplicity of legal and financial instruments. The analysis of the effectiveness of local public financial interventionism makes it possible to define the various forms of local public financial intervention and to assess the mechanisms put in place to evaluate, control and sanction it.

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la formation endogène des juridictions et en particulier ses propriétés ségrégatives suite à l'introduction de différents facteurs susceptibles de les intensifier ou de les réduire. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une revue de la littérature sur la formation endogène de juridictions basée sur les intuitions formulées par Tiebout: les ménages choisissent leur commune en fonction de la quantité de bien public disponible et du montant de taxe à y acquitter. Les différentes modélisations de ces hypothèses, les conditions sous lesquelles un équilibre existera, les possibles définitions de la ségrégation et les facteurs pro et anti-ségrégation développés par la littérature sont résumés et confrontés. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'introduction d'un gouvernement central mettant en oeuvre une politique de péréquation fiscale suivant un objectif bien-êtriste. Le gouvernement central peut ainsi taxer les ménages et/ou certaines communes afin de verser des subventions à d'autres communes. Bien que la péréquation fiscale soit susceptible de modifier l'ensemble des structures de juridictions stables, la condition nécessaire et suffisante pour que toute structure de juridictions stable soit ségrégée n'est pas affectée par l'introduction du gouvernement central si celui-ci cherche à maximiser une fonction de bien-être social utilitariste généralisée. La présence d'un marché compétitif du logement et l'existence de plusieurs biens publics locaux sont introduites dans le chapitre 3. Si la condition nécessaire et suffisante à la ségrégation de toute structure de juridictions stable n'est pas affectée par l'introduction du marché du logement, et reste nécessaire s'il existe plusieurs biens publics locaux, une hypothèse sur les préférences doit être ajoutée pour que la condition reste suffisante. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre relaxe l'hypothèse selon laquelle un bien public local ne souffre pas de problèmes de congestion et ne peut être consommé que par les membres de la juridiction qui le produit. Ainsi, s'il semble apparaître que la congestion favorise la ségrégation, alors que l'existence d'externalités positives générées par le bien public d'une juridiction dans les autres juridictions la réduit, la condition nécessaire et suffisante à la ségrégation de toute structure de juridictions stable est robuste à cette généralisation du modèle. / This thesis analyzes the endogenous formation of jurisdictions and in particular its segregative properties after the introduction of several factors that may mitigate or increase them. The first chapter is devoted to a survey of the literature on the endogenous formation of jurisdictions based on Tiebout's intuitions: households choose their place of residence according to a trade-off between the available amount of public good and the tax rate. The different models of these assumptions, the conditions under which an equilibrium exists, the possible definitions of segregation and the factors pro and anti-segregation developed in the literature are summarized and compared. The second chapter examines the impact of the introduction of a welfarist central government implementing a equalization payments policy. The central government can tax the household and/or certain jurisdictions in order to subsidize other jurisdictions. Although the equalization payments policy is likely to modify stable jurisdictions structures, the necessary and sufficient condition to have any stable jurisdiction structure segregated is not affected by the introduction of the central government if it pursues a generalized utilitarian objective. The presence of a competitive housing market and the existence of several local public goods are introduced in Chapter 3. If the necessary and sufficient condition for the segregation of any stable jurisdiction structure is not affected by the introduction of the housing market, and remains necessary if there are several local public goods, an additional assumption on the preference must be made for the condition to remain sufficient. Finally, the fourth chapter relaxes the assumption that a local public good does not suffer from congestion and can be consumed only by the members of the jurisdiction that produces it. Although it seems that the congestion favors segregation, while the existence of positive externalities generated by a jurisdiction's public good in other jurisdictions mitigates them, the necessary and sufficient condition to ensure the segregation of any stable jurisdictions structure is robust to this generalization of the model.

Local public transport companies provide important mobility services to the general public. Although these services are usually subsidised, companies rely on revenues generated by ticket sales. Therefore, fare evasion (i.e., people using a transport service without paying for it) and ticket forgery (the production of an illegal ticket facsimile) have considerable influence on the companies' economic sustainability. As existing research regarding the economic perspective is limited, this paper presents a Delphi study that investigates the phenomena with a survey of experts in public transport companies and transport associations in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The findings of the survey provide insights into the overall perception and discuss relevant aspects of both fare evasion and ticket forgery, thereby not only highlighting practical implications, but also helping policy makers shape adequate policies for public transport in societies.

由於經濟社會的發展，促成了都市的緊密生活關係與外部效果的擴大 ，結果將使大都市與相鄰城鎮、郊區形成一個都市化的都會地區。由於都 會區內各地方政府位階不同，必然導致彼此間在職權和轄區方面的衝突， 因此，恐不易透過協調合作方式來解決根本的問題，乃有將台北縣、基隆 市併入台北市，擴大行政區域之議。台北市行政區域擴大後，大台北都會 區將面臨財政收支同時增加的現象。本文研究的目的，即在探討合併後財 政收支的可能能情形，並針對支出大於收入的財政負擔，參酌其他地方政 府之整體區域均衡發展，對中央、省、直轄市間的財政收支劃分預作調整 規劃，輔以收入方面之開源及支出方面之節流擬議，以期解決大台北都會 區之財政困境。