[No abstract available] / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Computer simulations are widely used in the truck industry in order to provide assistance in the product development. Bolt joints are common in trucks. A bolt fracture usually has a great influence on how a truck structure will behave in a crash. Therefore, when simulating truck crashes it is important to be able to predict when bolt fracture occurs. A material model for 10.9 bolts has been calibrated and validated by using the finite element software LS-DYNA. The material model consists of a failure strain surface, which depends on the triaxiality, Lode parameter and the element size. In this thesis, the calibrated material model is referred to as the bolt model. A good agreement to predict the force at fracture in bolts between simulation model results and physical test results has been obtained. Still, further validation is needed to evaluate the bolt model completely.

Thesis--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1878. / The entire thesis text is included in file. Holograph [Handwritten and illustrated in entirety by author]. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed September 12, 2008) L. R. Grabill determined to be Lee R. Grabill from the "1874-1990 MSM-UMR Alumni Directory".

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008. / "August, 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-194). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

The mechanism of metal material failure due to inelastic cyclic deformations is commonly described as Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF). Fracture in steel structures caused by earthquakes can be associated with this mechanism. Mathematical expressions describing the material deterioration due to LCF are often referred to as LCF laws. The accurate determination of the safety of steel structures against earthquake-induced failure requires the use of LCF laws which have been sufficiently validated with experimental test data. The present study combined experimental testing and computational simulation to enhance the understanding of structural steel fracture due to LCF. The experiments were conducted in specimens extracted from the flat and corner regions of two rectangular steel hollow sections with different thickness. A total of 60 cylindrical specimens with a circumferential notch were subjected to different combinations of axial and torsional loading. The loading protocols and notch geometry were designed to produce different stress states at the location of fracture initiation. Finite element analyses were conducted to obtain the stress state and inelastic strains at the fracture initiation location. This information was then used for the calibration of five existing LCF laws. The calibration also allowed the comparative evaluation of the capability of the different laws to capture fracture initiation for different stress states, with a single set of values for the various parameters. The accuracy of the calibrated LCF laws to predict fracture initiation in a large-scale test was also investigated. To this end, a test was conducted on a rectangular steel tube subjected to cyclic axial loading. A finite element analysis of this test was conducted, and predictions of the instant and location of fracture initiation using the calibrated LCF laws were compared with the experimental observations. / Doctor of Philosophy / The mechanism of material failure due to repeated cycles of large deformations is denoted as Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF); this failure mechanism can occur in steel structures subjected to loading conditions such as those induced by earthquakes. Mathematical expressions that evaluate the material deterioration due to LCF are often used to predict the instant and location of fracture initiation in small-scale and large-scale tests. An experimental program was conducted for the study of fracture associated with LCF. A total of 60 specimens were fabricated with material extracted from the flat and corner regions of two rectangular steel tubes; the applied loads elongated and/or twisted the specimens until they ruptured. Computational simulations of these tests were conducted to obtain key information at the location of the observed fracture initiation. This information was used to adjust five mathematical expressions suggested by previous researchers that could predict the same instant of fracture initiation observed in the experiments. The accuracy of the predictions from each of these mathematical expressions was evaluated. The accuracy of these mathematical expressions to predict fracture initiation in a large-scale test was also investigated. To this end, an experiment was conducted on a rectangular steel tube subjected to repeated cycles of deformation. A computational simulation of this test was also developed, and predictions of the instant and location of fracture initiation were compared with the experimental observations.

Les pièces des structures aéronautiques telles que les arbres des turboréacteurs, les roues, les freins ou les trains d’atterrissage sont fabriquées avec des aciers à très haute résistance. Leur structure martensitique, renforcée par des précipités de taille inférieure au micromètre, confère à ces aciers une excellente résistance : leur limite d'élasticité peut dépasser les 1900 MPa et leur résistance mécanique atteindre les 2300 MPa. Ces matériaux sont choisis pour ces excellentes propriétés mécaniques sur la base de leur comportement en traction. Toutefois, leur déformation à striction (maximum de la charge) est de quelques pourcents seulement. Les méthodes de dimensionnement sous chargement critique actuelles considèrent qu’aucun point de la structure ne doit être soumis à une déformation supérieure à la déformation à striction. Ce type d’approche est ici très conservatrice puisque les aciers THR continuent de se déformer plastiquement, ceci jusqu’à plusieurs dizaines de pourcent après le début de la striction. L’objet de ces travaux est de définir un modèle d’amorçage de la rupture applicable au dimensionnement de ces structures pour un acier type : le ML340. Ce matériau est actuellement utilisé dans les arbres de turboréacteur LEAP.Le comportement élasto-plastique du matériau a été étudié grâce à des essais menés sur différents types d’éprouvettes : tractions lisses, axisymétriques entaillées, déformation plane, plates entaillées, traction-torsion. Un modèle simple de von Mises à écrouissage isotrope permet de reproduire l’ensemble de la base. Ce modèle est ajusté sur les essais de traction pour lesquels un suivi optique de la variation du diamètre minium a été mis en place. La loi d’ ́écrouissage est ensuite ajustée en prenant en compte à la fois l'élongation et la variation du diamètre. On montre en particulier que l'extrapolation du comportement, méthode consistant à prolonger les données obtenues avant l'apparition de la striction, peut conduire à une mauvaise prédiction du comportement des éprouvettes.La base expérimentale a également été employée pour étudier l’amorçage de la rupture. L’observation des faciès montre un mode de rupture ductile avec des cupules fines. Cependant, l'initiation est brutale pour tous les essais et le développement de l’endommagement en volume reste très limité, voire nul. Ces constatations conduisent à proposer l’emploi d’un critère d’amorçage découplé : ce modèle fait intervenir la triaxialité des contraintes et le paramètre de Lode. Cette double dépendance est nécessaire pour bien décrire la rupture sur toute la base expérimentale. L’identification des paramètres du modèle se base sur l'évaluation des champs mécaniques à partir des simulations élasto-plastiques par éléments finis représentant les essais. Le modèle est également capable de prédire les emplacements des points d’amorçages observés, ces informations peuvent être utilisées pour ajuster plus finement le modèle. / Aeronautical structures such as jet engines shafts, wheels, brakes or landing gears are made of Ultra High Strenth Steels (UHSS). Due to their hard martensitic matrix reinforced with second phase particles, such steels exhibit extreme mechanical resistance, their yield strength can overcome 1900 MPa and their ultimate tensile strength can reach 2300 MPa. Such materials are selected based on their tensile properties, however strain at necking (maximum load) is only few percent. Conventional certified design methods assume that failure occurs when a given point of the structure reaches this strain. Regarding UHSS this approach is very conservative; those materials are still able to bear large strains after necking start. The aim of this work is to define a failure initiation model able to predict ductile failure of such structures for extremes loadings. The ML340 steel, material of LEAP jet-engine shafts, have been selected for this study.Elasto-plastic behavior is investigated with various mechanical tests. Uniaxial tensile test were performed on round bars specimens, either smooth or notch, and flat specimens, either u notched or plane strain. Traction/torsion and compression/torsion biaxial tests were performed on tubes specimens. A simple isotropic von Mises plasticity model was found sufficient to describe mechanical behavior of this experimental database. This model was calibrated based on round smooth tensile tests, a longitudinal extensometer and a non contact method, measuring diameter reduction, were used in order to monitor strains. Hardening law was adjust with both sets of data using a reverse method, hence material striction is take into account during the identification. Identification method extrapolating plastic behavior based on tensile data measured before the striction begining is shown to overperdict plastic behavior.Failure initiation was also investigated through fracture tests. Every fractography display very fine dimples related to ductile fracture, however fracture apears to be very brutal and very few damage was observed underneath fracture surface. As a result an uncoupled fracture initiation model is proposed, damage indicator is driven by both stress triaxiality and a Lode parameter. This dual dependency is necessary in order to represent fracture for the whole database. Model parameters identification relies on the evaluation of local stress state for each test, this could be achieved with 3D elasto-plastic simulations. As a result fracture model was able to predict correct fracture initiation point positions observed on round tensile tests and flat u notch tests.

Ce travail vise à améliorer la compréhension et la modélisation de la rupture des matériaux métalliques à gradient de propriétés. L'application se fait sur des pignons en acier 20MnB5 carbonitrurés insérés dans un "recliner", mécanisme de sécurité des siègesautomobiles. Le traitement de carbonitruration consisteà enrichir en carbone et azote une couche externe despièces en les chauffant dans le domaine austénitiquedans une atmosphère riche en ces deux éléments. Puisles pièces sont trempées afin de déclencher unetransformation martensitique. On obtient ainsi unmatériau à gradient de propriétés, intéressant pour despièces de transmission de puissance comme lesengrenages. Ce projet a commencé par l’analyse de larupture de mécanismes de sièges en test industriel. Celaa confirmé le double comportement à rupture binaire dumatériau : fragile sur une couche externe, ductile àl’intérieur. Un banc d’essai, spécialement conçu pour ceprojet, soumet une dent à un effort latéral jusqu’àrupture complète. Des observations in situ sonteffectuées et la courbe force-déplacement estenregistrée, montrant la diversité de comportement enfonction de la profondeur d'engagement des dents et dela présence ou non de la couche carbonitrurée. Desessais de traction, de flexion 4 points et de cisaillementsur éprouvettes papillons sont utilisés pour mesurer lespropriétés plastiques et calibrer les critères de rupturede la couche carbonitrurée comme de l'acier de base. Laplasticité de Von Mises avec une loi d'écrouissagesimple rend très bien compte de tous ces essaismécaniques. Différents critères de rupture ductile issusde la littérature sont calibrés; ils ne parviennent pas àreprésenter correctement tous les essais réalisés.Un critère plus adapté est donc proposé enconclusion de cette campagne expérimentale. Lasimulation de la rupture dans LS-Dyna est réaliséeavec une technique d'érosion d'éléments dont leslimitations sont discutées. La comparaison avec larupture de dent expérimentale permet d'évaluer lescritères numériques identifiés et d'analyser leslimites actuelles de la simulation, en particulier lanécessité de prendre en compte plus finement àl'avenir le gradient de propriétés mécaniques ainsique les contraintes résiduelles de compression dela couche carbonitrurée. / This work aims at a better understanding and modeling of the failure of gradient metallic materials. It is applied to carbonitrided pinions made out of 20MnB5 steel, inserted in a "recliner", a safety mechanism of automotive seats. Carbonitriding induces high surface hardness while preserving significant core ductility. The experimental analysis of the fracture behavior of seat recliners in an industrial test confirmed the dual failure behavior of the component : brittle external layer, ductile core material. A test bench has been specifically designed for the project: one tooth is submitted to a lateral force until complete failure. In situ observations are performed and the load-displacement curve recorded, showing a variety of behaviors as a function of the teeth engagement depth and of the presence or not of the carbonitrided layer. Experimental tests with various tress states were conducted to measure plastic properties as well as to calibrate fracture criteria, for the carbonitrided layer and for the core steel. Von Mises plasticity and a simple strain hardening curve fit very well all these experiments. As fracture criteria from the literature were unable to predict failure correctly for all the mechanical tests, an adapted criterion has therefore been proposed as an outcome of this extensive mechanical testing campaign. Fracture simulation in LS Dyna has been performed using the element erosion technique, the limitations of which are discussed. Comparison with the experimental tooth fracture measurements allows evaluation of the proposed failure criteria, and enables to stress out and discuss the present limits of the simulation, concluding that it will be necessary in future work to account more finely for the mechanical property gradient together with the compressive residual stresses in the carbonitrided layer.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2014. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2014-05-08T15:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_CarolinaFernandaBurbanoSandoval.pdf: 5982715 bytes, checksum: 0d4ae79565cf281776fff34b00101be2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2014-08-04T13:09:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_CarolinaFernandaBurbanoSandoval.pdf: 5982715 bytes, checksum: 0d4ae79565cf281776fff34b00101be2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-04T13:09:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_CarolinaFernandaBurbanoSandoval.pdf: 5982715 bytes, checksum: 0d4ae79565cf281776fff34b00101be2 (MD5) / Neste trabalho serão analisados os critérios tradicionais de projeto, bem como, critérios mais recentes, com intuito de se verificar a influência dos mesmos no processo de dimensionamento de componentes mecânicos, como uma estrutura de proteção veicular do tipo Roll Over Protection Structure-ROPS. Como primeira parte do trabalho, será feita uma revisão bibliográfica dos critérios de projeto de von Mises, Tresca, Mohr- Coulomb e Bai & Wierzbichi, bem como, uma análise dos principais tipos de estrutura de proteção veicular do tipo ROPS, existentes no mercado. Em uma segunda etapa, serão então implementados numericamente os quatro modelos constitutivos destacados acima em um programa acadêmico de elementos finitos desenvolvido em linguagem FORTRAN 90, onde o método da decomposição do operador e a integração impicita de Euler serão aplicados. Posteriormente, será escolhido um protótipo de estrutura ROPS com o intuito de se estudar a influencia dos modelos constitutivos no dimensionamento da estrutura, a modelagem em CAD do componente é realizada em ferramenta comercial GID-11 onde são também geradas as malhas de elemento finitos e bem como a analise do pos-procesado de resultados. Como etapa final, serão analisados dados como a distribuição da tensão equivalente ao longo da estrutura, bem como, o nível deformação plástica equivalente e dados elasto-plásticos como o nível de triaxialidade e o ângulo de Lode normalizado. Possíveis mudanças de forma, dimensões físicas e mudanças de materiais estruturais serão também alvo de análise. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / In this work, it is analyzed the traditional and advanced criteria of project, in order to check their influence on the process of design of mechanical components, such as, the roll over protection structure-ROPS. In the first part of the work, a bibliographic review of the project criteria of von Mises, Tresca, Mohr-Coulomb and Bai & Wierzbicki is done, as well as, on the main types of ROPS, developed in the market. In a second step, numerical algorithms are suggested for the constitutive models under study and implemented in an academic finite element framework developed in FORTRAN 90 language, where the operator split methodology and the backward Euler scheme are applied. Furthermore, a roll over protection structure is taken, in order to performing the numerical simulations and analyzing the influence of important elasto-plastic parameters on the mechanical behavior of materials and the design of the structure. The CAD modeling component is held in GID-11 commercial tool which are also generated finite element meshes as well as the analysis and the post-processed results. With a final step, the distribution data as of the equivalent stress along the structure will be analyzed as well the level of equivalent plastic strain and elastic-plastic parameters, such as the level of triaxiality and the normalized Lode angle. Possible changes in the form, physical dimensions and changes in structural materials are also being analyzed.

Porphyry copper deposits represent one of the largest copper reserves on Earth. They typically contain large, low-grade reserves of primary ore and higher-grade, supergene enrichment blankets of sulfide and oxide ores. Understanding the mineralogy of porphyry copper ores and ores related to porphyry copper systems is exceedingly important for several reasons, foremost of which are the information provided by ore mineral parageneses, assemblages, and mineral chemistry on evolution of these magmatic-hydrothermal systems, and information on mineral processing characteristics of the ores. The focus of this work is to better understand the mineralogy of supergene copper sulfides in porphyry copper systems and hypogene base metal lodes related to porphyry copper systems, and use this mineralogical knowledge to improve our understanding of the processes responsible for ore formation. The objectives of this study are accomplished by two means: focusing on the crystallography and crystal chemistry of minerals, and then applying this mineralogical knowledge to a supergene sulfide enrichment blanket and hypogene massive sulfides from base metal lodes in southeastern Arizona. The discovery of a new mineral, natropalermoite, NaSr2Al4(PO4)4(OH)4, provided the opportunity to use single-crystal X-ray diffraction to solve a crystal structure, and electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) to study the crystal chemistry of natropalermoite and how the accommodation of Na in the structure changes lengthens the unit cell along [010] and shortens it along [100] and [001] compared to its lithium analogue, palermoite. Solution of the crystal structure of the mineral nickelskutterudite, (Ni,Co,Fe)As3, allowed for the investigation of anion deficiency in minerals of the skutterudite group, a problem whose solution has eluded researchers for nearly 100 years. Two skutterudite (CoAs3) and two nickelskutterudite samples were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, EPMA, and procrystal electron density. The results showed fully-occupied anion sites and a cation surplus, which was accommodated in the icosahedral site, proving that minerals of the skutterudite group are not anion deficient. This mineralogical knowledge was applied to the supergene enrichment blanket in the Western Copper section of the Morenci mine, Greenlee County, and hypogene massive sulfide deposits associated with a porphyry copper deposit at Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona. This is one of very few studies of supergene sulfide blankets ever completed. One drill hole through the supergene blanket at Western Copper was examined using ore microscopy and EPMA. Results showed dominant (Cu+Fe):S ratios of 1.80 ± 0.05, 1.92 ± 0.03, and 1.10 ± 0.10, with higher (Cu+Fe):S dominant high in the blanket and low ratios dominant near the base of the blanket. These values were interpreted to be controlled by activity of Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ in solution. Massive sulfide deposits at Bisbee were investigated using ore microscopy and EPMA in order to correct the previous conflicting reports of the mineralogy and paragenesis of this famous district and interpret constraints on conditions of ore-forming fluids. Results show four types of ore: chalcopyrite-rich with hematite and/or pyrite, bornite-rich, chalcocite-rich, and a Zn-Pb association. Chalcopyrite-rich ores formed first, followed by bornite-rich and chalcocite-rich ores. All ores were formed at relatively shallow depths from oxidized, moderately sulfur-rich fluids; early fluids were higher temperature and later fluids were lower temperature and considerably more sulfidized. Zinc-lead ores formed early and were continuously dissolved and reprecipitated distal to Cu-mineralization. These patterns are similar to many other base-metal lode districts worldwide, however Bisbee contains more Zn-Pb ore than other districts with hematite-containing ores and less than those without hematite.

No description available.