The thesis is based on the assumption that reasoning functions in its context. The locus of this context is the subject-in-act. The subject-in-act observes, wonders, asks questions, judges and makes justifications. In the functioning of reasoning, she uses the basic set of these cognitional operations rather than pure logical form or the empirical content alone to reach conclusions. Our contention is that logic cannot function on its own without the subject-in-act. Hitherto, efforts have been made to show that any knowledge system is based on either purely axiomatic and mathematical formulations or deductive tautologies and inductive reasoning or empirical convictions based on probability. The thesis attempts to argue that reasoning is not possible without the interventions of the set of cognitional operations. In the thesis we take as an example the early Wittgenstein's attempt to give a foundation for our knowing or the identity of what can be known, using atomic or elementary propositions. Wittgenstein' s own later repudiation of this introduces the idea that logic, and language are relative to social context. In Wittgenstein's second phase, we focus on the analysis of understanding in terms of "following a rule." This idea is later taken up by Winch in relation to his point of inter-cultural learning but he does not give us the method of how to achieve that learning. Lonergan introduces the idea of "self-appropriation" which we interpret by the idea of the "subject-in-act." It is this subject-in-act that forms a foundation for all possible understanding, explaining and knowing. Barden picks up from Winch and addresses precisely the issue of traditions and cultural differences. We want to argue that traditions and context are important in a sense that they serve as a starting point in our search for knowledge but in themselves, are not ultimately foundational. What is ultimately foundational is not a set of propositions, or rules to be followed, or social practice, but the subject-in-act. / Thesis (Ph.D)-University of Durban-Westville, 2004.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1992. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [261]-267).

Frege and Husserl are both recognized for their significant contributions to the overthrowing of logical psychologism, at least in its 19th century forms. Between Frege's profound impact on modern logic that extended the influence of his anti-psychologism and Husserl's extensive attempts at the refutation of logical psychologism in the Prolegomena to Logical Investigations, these arguments are generally understood as successful. This paper attempts to account for the development of these two anti-psychologistic conceptions of logical objects and for some of the basic differences between them. It identifies some problems that are common to strongly anti-psychologistic conceptions of logic and compares the extent to which Frege's and Husserl's views are open to these problems. Accordingly, this paper is divided into two parts. Part I develops a conception of the problems of logical psychologism as they are distinctively understood by each philosopher, out of the explicit arguments and criticisms made against the view in the texts. This conception is in each case informed by the overall historical trajectories of each philosopher's philosophical development. Part II examines the two views in light of common problems of anti-psychologism.

Caryl Churchill’s play, Love and Information, presents a shift in focus from unstable personal and political identity towards unstable logical identity, a philosophical concept that takes identity out of the realm of identity politics.. As a new play Love and Information has understandably been subject to very little scholarly analysis. This thesis situates the play within Churchill’s corpus in order to consider how the depersonalized identities of this play fit within the broader scope of Churchill’s work. Anchored in Elin Diamond’s study of gender identity in Churchill’s corpus, this thesis will further incorporate theories of logical identity as well as theories of language in order to define what I argue is Churchill’s shift towards logical identity. Through a study of both the text of Love and Information and the 2014 New York première, I conclude that Love and Information represents a shift in focus while Churchill maintains her playwriting methodology.

Esta pesquisa se dedicou à introdução dos jogos lógicos na sala de aula, em específico, ela busca a investigação das dificuldades encontradas pelos alunos com os diferentes estilos de jogos apresentados e quais são os raciocínios lógicos utilizados para a resolução dos problemas propostos. Buscamos os benefícios que estes jogos podem trazer para o ensino e a aprendizagem na sala de aula. Aliado a isso também trabalhamos a parte geométrica dos tabuleiros, e com isso os alunos utilizaram como ferramentas a régua e o compasso para a construção dos tabuleiros apresentados.. Para tanto, a metodologia de pesquisa escolhida foi o Estudo de Caso, de acordo com Fiorentini e Lorenzato (2006), Ventura (2007) e Gil (2002). O referencial teórico é baseado nos trabalhos de Macedo (2007), Grando (2011), Skovsmose (2000), Huizinga (2000), Kishimoto (2006), Zuin (2001), bem como os PCNs e outros artigos/livros relacionados aos jogos lógicos e as construções geométricas com a régua e o compasso. As atividades foram desenvolvidas com uma turma do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de em uma Escola Municipal de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2015. Em especial sugerimos que é possível a inserção desses materiais a fim de serem usados como ferramentas de auxílio no ensino aprendizagem de matemática contribuindo positivamente para a formação dos alunos. Os registros coletados no estudo de caso possibilitaram a validação da proposta. / The present research has focused on the introduction of the logical games in the class. It aims to pin point difficulties presented by the students on the different styles of games proposed and a logical ratiocination is required to solve the tasks proposed. The benefits of the games along with the teaching and learning in the classroom was the goal. Additionally, the geometric segment of board games have been investigated and students used tools as ruler and compass to the construction of the boards presented. Therefore, the chosen researching methodology was the Case Study, according to Fiorentini e Lorenzato (2006), Ventura (2007) e Gil (2002). The theoretical referential is based on Works from Macedo (2007), Grando (2011), Skovsmose (2000), Huizinga (2000), Kishimoto (2006), Zuin (2001), along with the PCNs and others articles/books related to logical games and geometric constructions with a ruler and a compass. The activities were performed by a 9th grade group of the Elementary School in a Municipal School in Porto Alegre, in 2015. We showed in particular that is possible the insertion of these materials in order to be used as a sustenance tool on Mathematics Learning contributing positively to students formation. The data collected in the case study enabled the authentication of the proposal.

Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar a paraconsistentização de lógicas, que consiste em encontrar, para uma dada lógica, sua contraparte paraconsistente. A estratégia geral utilizada para tal tarefa é: ao encontrar premissas inconsistentes, faça inferências a partir de seus subconjuntos consistentes. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos dois métodos de paraconsistentização. O primeiro consiste na utilização do arcabouço teórico da Teoria de Categorias, enquanto que o segundo faz uso da teoria da prova e da noção de estruturas valorativas. Após a apresentação dos métodos, algumas propriedades formais de ambas as propostas foram investigadas. Em particular, provou-se que a paraconsistentização preserva correção e completude, isto é, se a lógica inicial for correta e completa, sua contraparte paraconsistente também o será. Também foram estabelecidas as condições suficientes que uma lógica deve satisfazer para poder ser paraconsistentizada. A partir destes resultados, os dois métodos propostos foram comparados com outras abordagens desenvolvidas para raciocinar a partir de conjuntos inconsistentes. Por fim, a tese analisa o debate entre pluralismo e monismo lógico investigando, especificamente, as contribuições da paraconsistentização para tal discussão. / This thesis aims to study the paraconsistentization of logics, which consists in finding, for a given logic, its paraconsistent counterpart. The general strategy used for this task is the following: when finding inconsistent premises, one must draw inferences from its consistent subsets. For this, two methods of paraconsistentization were developed. The first consists in using the framework of Category Theory, while the second one makes use of proof theory and the notion of valuation structure. After their presentation, some formal properties of both proposals were investigated. In particular, it was proved that paraconsistentization preserves soundness and completeness, that is, if the initial logic is sound and complete, its paraconsistent counterpart will also be. The sufficient conditions that a logic must satisfy in order for it to be paraconsistentized were also established. From these results, the two proposed methods were compared with other approaches developed to reason from inconsistent sets. Finally, the thesis analyses the debate between pluralism and logical monism investigating, specifically, the contributions of paraconsistentization to this discussion.

The dissertation aims to set out a methodological framework conducive to further research into the demarcation problem of logical constants through a critical examination of the principal proposals for the problem. Logical constants should be characterised so as the essential values of logic, i.e., necessity, normativity and formality, are secured. Formality is central to the proposed framework in consideration of its relation to validity / necessity and normativity are established with reference to formality. Logical constanthood is analysed into logicality and constanthood to explore the conditions and constraints on logical form. On the purpose of their determination, a Wittgensteinian stance is endorsed, focusing on the view of language as a reflexive autonomous realm. The autonomy of language unfolds a specific viewpoint that indicates that logical form is existentially grounded in the possibilities presented by the autonomy. v Gentzen&rsquo / s natural deduction and sequent calculi are adopted as the proper perspectives to discuss the relations of logicality and constanthood to formalisation. Logical constants are required to be fixed so that the resultant logical form is sterile of content and semantically inert with respect to argument content. In addition to the conditions of harmony in logical form, mutual disharmony is introduced. Analytic and grammatical truths are specified as constraints to logical form. In particular, the conservativeness condition is found to be irrelevant to logical form. The framework incorporates methodological pluralism as a probe into the understanding of logicality. The dissertation suggests a bidimensional programme of research related to formal conditions and the Wittgensteinian grammatical constraints.

The primary metrics associated with a logic gate's performance are speed, power, and area. We define a gate as a specific CMOS transistor level implementation of a particu- lar boolean function in a specific fabrication technology at a constant rail voltage, constant length, and where the ratio of any two transistor widths are constant. Asking how fast a gate switches then is highly situational; it changes with load capacitance, choice of inputs, input slew rate, and the size of the gate. Predicting how much energy the gate consumes depends on the time frame, how many times the gate has switched in this time frame, input selection, input slew rate, load capacitance, and gate width. Logical Effort (LE) predicts gate delay with a simple linear equation: d = t(gh+p). Where g and p are gate and input dependent parameters independent of load size and gate size, and h is the ratio of output ca- pacitance to input capacitance (directly related to gate width), and t is a process dependent conversion factor. The product, gh, then is the delay associated with driving a subsequent gate, and p is the delay of the gate driving itself. The prediction ignores input slew rate and the linear dependence fails for very large values of h, but for input slew rates on the same order as the output slew rate, and for reasonable fan-outs, LE provides remarkably accurate predictions of gate switching time. The methodology goes on to solve for the widths nec- essary for each gate in an arbitrary logic path to minimize delay. Designs can quickly be compared, analyzed and optimized. By breaking down delay into components, one is able to intuitively choose better logic implementations, if parasitic delay is dominating, often a better implementation is one with smaller fan-in gates and less logic depth, if effort delay is dominating then then higher logic depth can lead to faster results. What the method does not do is predict the power consumption ramifications of all of these choices. What about minimizing power on non-critical paths, for instance? To our knowledge, no methodology exists to predict power consumption in a similar fashion. We propose a power prediction methodology, Logical Power (LP), compatible with LE that breaks down power consumption into dynamic, static, and short-circuit com- ponents with linear equations dependent on h. This would allow a compact and efficient way to characterize a gate that scales with its environment, as well as to allow designers optimizing with LE to consider not only the speed ramifications of individual gate sizings but power as well. For instance given a target path delay higher than the theoretical mini- mum predicted by LE, sizings could be chosen with LE and LP that minimize power that still result in meeting the target delay. The other major contribution of this work is a new short-circuit power measurement technique for simulation that more accurately distinguishes between short-circuit and the parasitic portions of dynamic power in total active power dissipation than all known tech- niques.

This dissertation presents a new systematic approach to flip-flop design using Internal Clock Gating, (ICG), and Adaptive Body-Bias, (ABB), in order to reduce power consumption. The process requires careful transistor resizing in order to maintain signal integrity and the functionality of the flip-flop at the target frequency.A novel flip-flop architecture, based on the Transmission Gate Flip-Flop, (TGFF), which incorporated ICG and ABB techniques, was designed. This architecture was simulated intensively in order to determine under what conditions its use is appropriate. In addition, it was necessary to establish a methodology for creating a standard testbench and environment setup for the required Hspice simulations. Software tools were written in C++ and Perl in order to facilitate the interface between Cadence Design Tools and Hspice.The new flip-flop, which was named the Low-Power Flip-Flop, (LPFF), was compared to the Transmission-Gate Flip-Flop, (TGFF), and to the Transmission-Gate with Clock-Gating Flip-Flop, (TGCGFF). Comprehensive Hspice simulations of the three flip-flop designs, implemented with Bsim3v3 transistor models for TSMC 180 nm technology, were used as the means of comparison.Simulations demonstrated that the new flip-flop is appropriate for applications that require low switching activity. In such a situation the LPFF consumes 7.8% to 95.7% less power than the TGFF and 0.8% to 23.7% less power than the TGCGFF. Power savings obtained by the LPFF increase as the length of the period with no switching activity increases, especially when the input data is all zeros. The trade-off is an increase in the D-to-Q delays and in the flip-flop area. The LPFF presented D-to-Q delays of 60% to 69% longer than the delays of the TGFF and 9% to 11% longer than the delays of the TGCGFF. The LPFF cells require an area that is 15% to 34% larger than the TGFF cells and 6% to 17% larger than the TGCGFF cells.