The CRC is an ethical foundation documents to strengthen children's position in the family law process and ensure that both the child's needs and rights are met. According to article 12 all children have the right to participate in processes and decisions that affect them, where their opinions should be given weight in accordance to their age and maturity. Even to meet the child's best interests (article 3) should be the main target at each crucial decision on issues affecting children. The definition of the child's best changes in time and place and leads to individual assessments needs to be made based on the needs of each child, by their individual interests and situation. In practice it may also be deemed to be a dilemma to consider both articles, tension may arise when the child ́s will and the best interests of the child do not correspond. Based on theories of child's status as an actor or non-actor in the assessment through the different perspectives: care logic and legal logic, we want to understand how assessors in different cases of access account to the articles that determine their decisions. Our study has been conducted through a qualitative research with textual analysis of five Swedish cases from District Court and Court of Appeal from the years 2015-2016. The outcome of the study shows that two logics (care logic and legal logic) generates in the assessments of the child ́s best and that their decisions is depending on which one of those thats dominate. The results also shows that the children ́s will depends on its age and maturity which also determine the children ́s influence and status as actors or non-actors in the legal process of access

Quantitative aspects of systems, like the maximal consumption of resources, can be modeled by weighted automata. The usual approach is to weight transitions with elements of a semiring and to define the behavior of the weighted automaton by mul- tiplying the transition weights along a run. In this thesis, we define and investigate a new class of weighted automata over unranked trees which are defined over valuation monoids. By turning to valuation monoids we use a more general cost model: the weight of a run is now determined by a global valuation function. Besides the binary cost functions implementable via semirings, valuation functions enable us to cope with average and discounting. We first investigate the supports of weighted unranked tree automata over valuation monoids, i.e., the languages of all words which are evalu- ated to a non-zero value. We will furthermore consider the support of several other weighted automata models over different structures, like words and ranked trees. Next we prove a Nivat-like theorem for the new weighted unranked tree automata. More- over, we give a logical characterization for them. We show that weighted unranked tree automata are expressively equivalent to a weighted MSO logic for unranked trees. This solves an open problem posed by Droste and Vogler. Finally, we present a Kleene- type result for weighted ranked tree automata over valuation monoids.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A teoria do objeto de Emil Lask - J Resende.pdf: 1357581 bytes, checksum: aa3206cca43099b9aee518f3bbdc405e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of the present work is to introduce the object theory developed by Emil Lask in his Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1910). Even if such theory is not its goal, it works as auxiliary support in the attainment of book´s aim: to hold categorically the validity (Geltung) and save it from all hypostases forms, through that Lask deepens and transforms the value theory (Werttheorie) of Windelband and Rickert indeed under the critics of Husserl and the influence of the Lebensphilosophie. The present work will just expose and analyse the objectivity (Gegenständlichkeit) species developed by Lask, among which is included, for instance, objects as the tree, the green, the being, the beautiful, the ethical, the language and the numbers. In fact such objectivity is a sense theory completely independent of subjectivity / Este trabalho visa apresentar a teoria do objeto que Emil Lask desenvolve na sua obra Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1910). Apesar de não ser a meta de Lask, esta teoria do objeto se desenvolve como instrumento auxiliar na consecução do objetivo da obra: tratar categorialmente a validade (Geltung) e livra-la de todas as formas de hipóstase, através do que Lask aprofunda e transforma a teoria do valor (Werttheorie) de Windelband e Rickert em face das críticas de Husserl e da influência da Lebensphilosophie. O presente trabalho limita-se à exposição e análise das espécies de objetualidade (Gegenständlichkeit) desenvolvidas por Lask, dentro das quais se incluem, por exemplo, objetos como a árvore, o verde, o ser, o belo, o ético, a linguagem e os números. Objetualidade esta que em última instância se constitui numa teoria do sentido totalmente independente da subjetividade

<p>In this thesis we use the syntactic-semantic method of constructive type theory to give meaning to classical logic, in particular Gentzen's LK.</p><p>We interpret a derivation of a classical sequent as a derivation of a contradiction from the assumptions that the antecedent formulas are true and that the succedent formulas are false, where the concepts of truth and falsity are taken to conform to the corresponding constructive concepts, using function types to encode falsity. This representation brings LK to a manageable form that allows us to split the succedent rules into parts. In this way, every succedent rule gives rise to a natural deduction style introduction rule. These introduction rules, taken together with the antecedent rules adapted to natural deduction, yield a natural deduction calculus whose subsequent interpretation in constructive type theory gives meaning to classical logic.</p><p>The Gentzen-Prawitz inversion principle holds for the introduction and elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus and allows for a corresponding notion of convertibility. We take the introduction rules to determine the meanings of the logical constants of classical logic and use the induced type-theoretic elimination rules to interpret the elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus. This produces an interpretation injective with respect to convertibility, contrary to an analogous translation into intuitionistic predicate logic.</p><p>From the interpretation in constructive type theory and the interpretation of cut by explicit substitution, we derive a full precision contraction relation for a natural deduction version of LK. We use a term notation to formalize the contraction relation and the corresponding cut-elimination procedure.</p><p>The interpretation can be read as a Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov (BHK) semantics that justifies classical logic. The BHK semantics utilizes a notion of classical proof and a corresponding notion of classical truth akin to Kolmogorov's notion of pseudotruth. We also consider a second BHK semantics, more closely connected with Kolmogorov's double-negation translation.</p><p>The first interpretation reinterprets the consequence relation while keeping the constructive interpretation of truth, whereas the second interpretation reinterprets the notion of truth while keeping the constructive interpretation of the consequence relation. The first and second interpretations act on derivations in much the same way as Plotkin's call-by-value and call-by-name continuation-passing-style translations, respectively.</p><p>We conclude that classical logic can be given a constructive semantics by laying down introduction rules for the classical logical constants. This semantics constitutes a proof interpretation of classical logic.</p>

<p>Genom att analysera domstolsmaterialet från rättegången mot fildelningssiten The Pirat Bay, i relation till en idéhistorisk diskussion om äganderätt, har uppsatsen funnit att den liberala tanketraditionen och dess juridiska institutioner står inför en betydelseglidning vad gället begreppsparet ”Egendom” och ”Stöld”. Det har visat sig att Lockes naturtillstånd, varseblivningen av ”det oändliga” på jorden, har skiftat plats; från ”naturen” ut till ”cyberspace”, vilket har resulterat i att fildelningstekniken skapat en ny matematik som omöjliggör tidigare egendomsdefinition.</p>

In this thesis we use the syntactic-semantic method of constructive type theory to give meaning to classical logic, in particular Gentzen's LK. We interpret a derivation of a classical sequent as a derivation of a contradiction from the assumptions that the antecedent formulas are true and that the succedent formulas are false, where the concepts of truth and falsity are taken to conform to the corresponding constructive concepts, using function types to encode falsity. This representation brings LK to a manageable form that allows us to split the succedent rules into parts. In this way, every succedent rule gives rise to a natural deduction style introduction rule. These introduction rules, taken together with the antecedent rules adapted to natural deduction, yield a natural deduction calculus whose subsequent interpretation in constructive type theory gives meaning to classical logic. The Gentzen-Prawitz inversion principle holds for the introduction and elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus and allows for a corresponding notion of convertibility. We take the introduction rules to determine the meanings of the logical constants of classical logic and use the induced type-theoretic elimination rules to interpret the elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus. This produces an interpretation injective with respect to convertibility, contrary to an analogous translation into intuitionistic predicate logic. From the interpretation in constructive type theory and the interpretation of cut by explicit substitution, we derive a full precision contraction relation for a natural deduction version of LK. We use a term notation to formalize the contraction relation and the corresponding cut-elimination procedure. The interpretation can be read as a Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov (BHK) semantics that justifies classical logic. The BHK semantics utilizes a notion of classical proof and a corresponding notion of classical truth akin to Kolmogorov's notion of pseudotruth. We also consider a second BHK semantics, more closely connected with Kolmogorov's double-negation translation. The first interpretation reinterprets the consequence relation while keeping the constructive interpretation of truth, whereas the second interpretation reinterprets the notion of truth while keeping the constructive interpretation of the consequence relation. The first and second interpretations act on derivations in much the same way as Plotkin's call-by-value and call-by-name continuation-passing-style translations, respectively. We conclude that classical logic can be given a constructive semantics by laying down introduction rules for the classical logical constants. This semantics constitutes a proof interpretation of classical logic.

Genom att analysera domstolsmaterialet från rättegången mot fildelningssiten The Pirat Bay, i relation till en idéhistorisk diskussion om äganderätt, har uppsatsen funnit att den liberala tanketraditionen och dess juridiska institutioner står inför en betydelseglidning vad gället begreppsparet ”Egendom” och ”Stöld”. Det har visat sig att Lockes naturtillstånd, varseblivningen av ”det oändliga” på jorden, har skiftat plats; från ”naturen” ut till ”cyberspace”, vilket har resulterat i att fildelningstekniken skapat en ny matematik som omöjliggör tidigare egendomsdefinition.

Reliability of low-level operating-system (OS) code is an indispensable requirement. This includes functional properties from the safety-liveness spectrum, but also quantitative properties stating, e.g., that the average waiting time on locks is sufficiently small or that the energy requirement of a certain system call is below a given threshold with a high probability. This paper reports on our experiences made in a running project where the goal is to apply probabilistic model checking techniques and to align the results of the model checker with measurements to predict quantitative properties of low-level OS code.

Reliability in terms of functional properties from the safety-liveness spectrum is an indispensable requirement of low-level operating-system (OS) code. However, with evermore complex and thus less predictable hardware, quantitative and probabilistic guarantees become more and more important. Probabilistic model checking is one technique to automatically obtain these guarantees. First experiences with the automated quantitative analysis of low-level operating-system code confirm the expectation that the naive probabilistic model checking approach rapidly reaches its limits when increasing the numbers of processes. This paper reports on our work-in-progress to tackle the state explosion problem for low-level OS-code caused by the exponential blow-up of the model size when the number of processes grows. We studied the symmetry reduction approach and carried out our experiments with a simple test-and-test-and-set lock case study as a representative example for a wide range of protocols with natural inter-process dependencies and long-run properties. We quickly see a state-space explosion for scenarios where inter-process dependencies are insignificant. However, once inter-process dependencies dominate the picture models with hundred and more processes can be constructed and analysed.

This thesis investigates the fabrication and integration of nanoscale field-effect transistors based on individual semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Such devices hold great potential for integrated circuits with large integration densities that can be manufactured on glass or flexible plastic substrates. A process to fabricate arrays of individually addressable carbon-nanotube transistors has been developed, and the electrical characteristics of a large number of transistors has been measured and analyzed. A low-temperature-processed gate dielectric with a thickness of about 6 nm has been developed that allows the transistors and circuits to operate with voltages of about 1.5 V. The transistors show excellent electrical properties, including a large transconductance (up to 10 µS), a large On/Off ratio (>10^4), a steep subthreshold swing (65 mV/decade), and negligible leakage currents (~10^-13 A). For the realization of unipolar logic circuits, monolithically integrated load resistors based on high-resistance metallic carbon nanotubes or vacuum-evaporated carbon films have been developed and analyzed by four-probe and transmission line measurements. A variety of combinational logic circuits, such as inverters, NAND gates and NOR gates, as well as a sequential logic circuit based on carbon-nanotube transistors and monolithically integrated resistors have been fabricated on glass substrates and their static and dynamic characteristics have been measured. Optimized inverters operate with frequencies as high as 2 MHz and switching delay time constants as short as 12 ns. / Thema dieser Arbeit ist die Herstellung und Integration von Feldeffekt-Transistoren auf der Grundlage einzelner halbleitender Kohlenstoffnanoröhren. Solche Bauelemente sind zum Beispiel für die Realisierung integrierter Schaltungen mit hoher Integrationsdichte auf Glassubstraten oder auf flexiblen Kunststofffolien von Interesse. Zunächst wurde ein Herstellungsverfahren für die Anfertigung einer großen Anzahl solcher Transistoren auf Glas- oder Kunststoffsubstraten entwickelt, und deren elektrische Eigenschaften wurden gemessen und ausgewertet. Das Gate-Dielektrikum dieser Transistoren hat eine Schichtdicke von etwa 6 nm, so das die Versorgungsspannungen bei etwa 1.5 V liegen. Die Transistoren haben sehr gute elektrische Parameter, z.B. einen großen Durchgangsleitwert (bis zu 10 µS), ein großes Modulationsverhältnis (>10^4), einen steilen Unterschwellanstieg (65 mV/Dekade) und vernachlässigbar kleine Leckströme (~10^-13 A). Für die Realisierung unipolarer Logikschaltungen wurden monolithisch integrierte Lastwiderstände auf der Grundlage metallischer Kohlenstoffnanoröhren mit großem Widerstand oder mittels Vakuumabscheidung erzeugter Kohlenstoffschichten entwickelt und u. a. mittels Vierpunkt- und Transferlängen-Messungen analysiert. Eine Reihe kombinatorischer Schaltungen, z.B. Inverter, NAND-Gatter und NOR-Gatter, sowie eine sequentielle Logikschaltung wurden auf Glassubstraten hergestellt, und deren statische und dynamische Parameter wurden gemessen. Optimierte Inverter arbeiten bei Frequenzen von bis zu 2 MHz und haben Signalverzögerungen von lediglich 12 ns.