As fraturas dos ossos longos são geralmente provocadas por esforços dinâmicos de impacto (choque). O esclarecimento do comportamento de ossos submetidos a testes controlados de impacto pode representar um aprofundamento no conhecimento geral sobre as questões que envolvem a ocorrência das fraturas. Os testes de impacto são, de modo geral, realizados por meio de uma máquina especificamente desenvolvida, provida de um martelo pendular que incide sobre corpos de prova do material testado. Porém, as máquinas de impacto disponíveis no mercado são projetadas para ensaiar materiais com dimensões definidas de acordo com a norma relativa ao tipo de material, que não são adaptadas para materiais biológicos. Os materiais biológicos são em geral anisotrópicos, o que impede a confecção de corpos de prova com formas e dimensões rigorosamente padronizadas, como acontece com os materiais não biológicos. Desta forma, uma máquina de ensaio de impacto para materiais biológicos deve ser, necessariamente, especificamente desenvolvida para essa finalidade, com a principal característica de que os apoios dos corpos de prova possam ser mudados de forma e posição conforme as necessidades de cada material em teste. Foi o objetivo deste trabalho, projetar, construir e testar, comparativamente a outra máquina comercialmente disponível, uma máquina de ensaio de impacto especificamente destinada a materiais biológicos, com possibilidade de variação dos vãos entre os apoios dos corpos de prova, o que flexibiliza o ensaio de acordo com as características de cada material. / Fractures of long bones are generally caused by dynamic impact loads (shock). Studying clearing the behaviour of bones submitted to controlled impact tests may contribute to deepen the general knowledge on the phenomena involving the event of fractures. The impact tests are usually carried out with a specially designed machine, provided with a pendulum hammer which strikes on specimens of the tested material. However, the commercially available impact testing machines are designed for isotropic materials, of definite shape and dimensions according to standards specific for each material, which are not adapted for biologic materials. The biologic materials are in general anisotropic by nature, what prevents the construction of test pieces with rigorously standardised shape and dimensions, as it happens with non-biological materials. Therefore, especially designed impact testing machine should be developed for this purpose. lts a main characteristic would be that the test pieces supports can be changed and moved, to adapt to their shapes and dimensions. The design, development and test of as impact testing machine specifically designed for bone, comparing it to another conmercially available machine, was the aim of this work machine developed enables the variation of the distance between the test piece supports, which allows to carry out tests according to the physical characteristics of any test piece.

The objective of the thesis: to evaluate patients’ who are ill with metastasic tumor of long bones (os longum) and have an X-ray – confirmed diagnose of pathological bone break comfort of living. Tasks for the research: 1. To examine patients’ who are ill with metastasic tumor of long bones and have an X-ray – confirmed diagnose of pathological bone break comfort of living, singularities of nursing and their change during the term of research. 2. To compare comfort of living and singularities of nursing of patients’ who are ill with metastasic tumor of long bones and have an X-ray – confirmed diagnose of pathological bone break with those of the control group. 3. To determine factors having impact on comfort of living and nursing of patients’ who are ill with metastasic tumor of long bones and have an X-ray – confirmed diagnose of pathological bone break. 4. To supply with the recommendations for development of nursing of the patients ill with metastasic tumor of long bones. Exploratory group – patients of Orthopedics and Trauma Clinics at the Kaunas University of Medicine Clinics ill with metastasic tumor of long bones and have an X-ray – confirmed diagnose of pathological bone break. Control group (control) - patients of Orthopedics and Trauma Clinics at the Kaunas University of Medicine Clinics suffering from analogous break of long bone but in absence of metastasic tumor of long bones. Results: After summing the collected data up and analyzing it a conclusion was drawn... [to full text]

As fraturas dos ossos longos são geralmente provocadas por esforços dinâmicos de impacto (choque). O esclarecimento do comportamento de ossos submetidos a testes controlados de impacto pode representar um aprofundamento no conhecimento geral sobre as questões que envolvem a ocorrência das fraturas. Os testes de impacto são, de modo geral, realizados por meio de uma máquina especificamente desenvolvida, provida de um martelo pendular que incide sobre corpos de prova do material testado. Porém, as máquinas de impacto disponíveis no mercado são projetadas para ensaiar materiais com dimensões definidas de acordo com a norma relativa ao tipo de material, que não são adaptadas para materiais biológicos. Os materiais biológicos são em geral anisotrópicos, o que impede a confecção de corpos de prova com formas e dimensões rigorosamente padronizadas, como acontece com os materiais não biológicos. Desta forma, uma máquina de ensaio de impacto para materiais biológicos deve ser, necessariamente, especificamente desenvolvida para essa finalidade, com a principal característica de que os apoios dos corpos de prova possam ser mudados de forma e posição conforme as necessidades de cada material em teste. Foi o objetivo deste trabalho, projetar, construir e testar, comparativamente a outra máquina comercialmente disponível, uma máquina de ensaio de impacto especificamente destinada a materiais biológicos, com possibilidade de variação dos vãos entre os apoios dos corpos de prova, o que flexibiliza o ensaio de acordo com as características de cada material. / Fractures of long bones are generally caused by dynamic impact loads (shock). Studying clearing the behaviour of bones submitted to controlled impact tests may contribute to deepen the general knowledge on the phenomena involving the event of fractures. The impact tests are usually carried out with a specially designed machine, provided with a pendulum hammer which strikes on specimens of the tested material. However, the commercially available impact testing machines are designed for isotropic materials, of definite shape and dimensions according to standards specific for each material, which are not adapted for biologic materials. The biologic materials are in general anisotropic by nature, what prevents the construction of test pieces with rigorously standardised shape and dimensions, as it happens with non-biological materials. Therefore, especially designed impact testing machine should be developed for this purpose. lts a main characteristic would be that the test pieces supports can be changed and moved, to adapt to their shapes and dimensions. The design, development and test of as impact testing machine specifically designed for bone, comparing it to another conmercially available machine, was the aim of this work machine developed enables the variation of the distance between the test piece supports, which allows to carry out tests according to the physical characteristics of any test piece.

O omento maior tem sido utilizado com grande eficácia na medicina e em cirurgias torácicas, urogenitais, neurológicas, vasculares e respiratórias por sua natureza única, versátil e suas propriedades de imunidade, drenagem, adesão, vascularização e hemostasia bem conhecidas. Tem sido aplicado em humanos, como uma importante fonte de vascularização para áreas distantes, como flap pediculado ou livre, dentre elas, tórax, cabeça, pescoço e porções proximais de extremidades. As pesquisas com flap pediculado de omento maior, na cirurgia veterinária como indutor angiogênico e imunogênico são poucas, entretanto, suas propriedades de adesão e drenagem são conhecidas e utilizadas em procedimentos cirúrgicos com excelentes resultados. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi criar retalho pediculado de omento maior, mensurando o comprimento durante as etapas de criação e avaliando a possibilidade de alcance para ossos longos (fêmur, tíbia, úmero e rádio e ulna) através de túnel subcutâneo. Foram utilizados 30 cadáveres de cães frescos com 10 a 30 quilos de massa corpórea, sem discriminação de idade, sexo ou raça. Os resultados foram satisfatórios e 100% dos animais alcançaram a metáfise distal dos ossos avaliados. A média de comprimento do omento em camada dupla, dos 30 animais avaliados foi de 30,87 cm, da camada simples de 54,37 cm e do flap em L 92,7 cm. Com a extensão máxima do omento foi possível alcançar as metáfises distais de todos os ossos propostos (fêmur, tíbia/fíbula, úmero e rádio/ulna), com comprimento médio excedente de 29,87 cm para fêmur, 20,73 cm para tíbia/fíbula, 25,13 cm para úmero e 16,27 cm para rádio/ulna As variáveis peso flap em L avaliadas estatisticamente apresentaram correlação positiva moderada nos grupos apresentados. Concluiu-se que em cães é possível levar o flap pediculado de omento maior através de túnel subcutâneo para metáfise distal de ossos longos sem tensão e que quanto maior o peso do animal, maior o comprimento do flap em L dos animais avaliados em cada grupo. / The greater omentum has been successfully used in human medicine in different surgical approaches such as thoracic, urogenital, neurological, vascular, and respiratory. The high usefulness of omentum is due to its singular nature and versatility, as well as its known different properties such as immunologic, drainage, adhesion, angiogenic and haemostatic. It has been used in human medicine such as a pediculated or free flap as an important vascular inductor for different areas. Among the sites that it has been used to increase blood flow by its angiogenic properties, little the thorax, head and neck, and proximal and distal extremities may be sited. Research on immunogenic and angiogenics inductor properties of the flap in Veterinary Medicine have been made, however, its adhesive and draining properties are well known and have been used with excellent results in surgery. An experimental study to obtain a pediculated flap of greater omentum and conduct it as far as possible through a subcutaneous tunnel in order to reach long bones (femur, tibia, umero, radius and ulna). Was designed during the experiment, the obtained different flaps were measured and the possibility of reaching proximal to distal long bone sites was checked. For the experiment 30 fresh body (10 to 30 kg of corporal weight) from dead dogs without predilection to age, or sex were used. Animals of all breeds were included except condrosdistrophics breeds. In addition, dogs with signs of abdominal surgery, abdominal adherences, or other anatomic dysfunctions of the greater omentum were excluded from the experiment. The results were satisfactor and in 100% of the cases the flap reached the distal half of the evaluated bones. The averages of the different flap lengths were: 30.87 cm when double layer was used; 54.37 cm in simple layer; and 92.7 cm when the flap was made in an L shape. With the largest extension of the omentum, it was possible to reach the distal metaphises of all studied bones (femur, tibia/fibula, humerus, and radius/ulna). The exceeding length average was 29.87 cm for the femur, 20.73 cm for the tibia/fibula, 25.13 cm for the humerus, and 16.27 cm for the radius/ulna. The variation body-weight-flap variety statistically evaluated showed moderate positive correlation on the presented groups. In conclusion, the omentum pediclulated flap may be passed through the subcutaneous tunnel until the distal metaphisis of the long bones of dogs without tension. Animals with carger bodyl weight have the largest length of the L- shaped flap.

SANTRAUKA Šio darbo tikslas – atlikti rudųjų lapių ir usūrinių šunų priekinės galūnės ilgųjų kaulų morfometrinę analizę. Pagal gautus duomenis nustatyti skirtumus esančius tarp rūšių ir lyčių. Tyrimui panaudoti LSMU Veterinarijos akademijos Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje sukaupti 12 – os suaugusių usūrinių šunų ir rudųjų lapių ilgieji kaulai: iš jų usūrinių šunų – 6 (3 patelės, 3 patinai), rudųjų lapių – 6 (3 patelės, 3 patinai). Atsiţvelgiant į tai, kad nebuvo pastebėta esminių ilgio ir pločio skirtumų tarp kaitės ir dešinės pusės galūnių, buvo tiriamos tik kairės pusės galūnės. Tirtas petikaulis, dilbio kaulai (stipinkaulis ir alkūnkaulis), plaštakos kaulai. Kaulai išmatuoti pagal (Bisaillon A., De Roth L., 1979) metodiką, naudojant mechaninį slankmatį 0,01 mm tikslumu. Pagal gautus duomenis išmatuoti septyni kaulų indeksai. Išmatavus ir palyginus usūrinių šunų ir rudųjų lapių patinų ir patelių ilguosius kaulus nustatyta, kad lapių patinų petikaulis, dilbio ir plaštakos kaulai ilgesni nei lapių patelių. Tarp kaulų pločio reikšmingų skirtumų nebuvo aptikta. Usūrinių šunų patinų petikaulis ir stipinkaulis ilgesnis nei usūrinių šunų patelių. Usūrinių šunų patelių alkūnkaulis ilgesnis nei usūrinių šunų patinų. Plaštakos kaulų ilgis ir plotis skyrėsi neţymiai. Palyginus tarprūšiniu poţiūriu, lapių patinų ilgieji kaulai ilgesni nei usūrinių šunų patinų. Tarp kaulų pločio esminių skirtumų nebuvo. Lapių patelių petikaulis ir dilbio kaulai ilgesni nei usūrinių šunų patelių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Aim of this work – to perform morphometric analysis of the long bones of the foreleg of raccoon dogs and red foxes. To determine the differences between the sorts and sexes according to the data got. Long bones of 12 adult raccoon dogs and red foxes, kept at the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Academy of Veterinary of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, have been analysed: 6 – of raccoon dogs (3 females, 3 males), 6 – of red foxes (3 females, 3 males). Humerus, forearm bones (radius and ulna), and metacarpal bones have been investigated. Bones have been measured according to (Bisaillon A., De Roth L., 1979) method, using mechanical calliper (precision of 0.1 mm). Seven indexes of the bones have been measured according to the data got. When the long bones of female and male raccoon dogs and red foxes have been measured and compared, it has been determined that humerus, forearm and metacarpal bones of the male foxes are longer compared to the female foxes. Significant differences of the bone width have not been determined. Humerus and radius of the male raccoon dogs are longer compared to the female raccoon dogs. Ulna of the female raccoon dogs is longer compared to the male raccoon dogs. Length and width of the metacarpal bones were different marginally. When compared according to the interspecific point of view, long bones of the male foxes are longer than bones of the raccoon dogs. There were no essential differences between widths of the bones... [to full text]

As fraturas de ossos longos são frequentes na rotina de pequenos animais, geralmente decorrentes de injúrias de alto impacto, como quedas, acidentes automobilísticos e projéteis. Os fixadores esqueléticos externos são versáteis, podendo ser utilizados em diferentes montagens, como linear, circular, híbrida, unilateral, bilateral, uniplanar, multiplanar, sendo amplamente utilizado em fraturas de rádio e tíbia. O presente trabalho avaliou a utilização de fixador esquelético externo híbrido (FEEH) em fraturas metafisárias de rádio e tíbia em cães atendidos na rotina do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Foram incluídos 13 animais neste estudo, cinco com fratura de tíbia e oito com fratura de rádio. Os FEEH, com anel inteiro ou semianel e uma barra, foram pré-montados de acordo com tamanho do animal e localização da fratura. Após redução, aberta ou fechada, foram inseridos os fios de Kirschner no fragmento curto, de maneira divergente, presos ao anel e três pinos de Shanz no fragmento longo fixados à barra por presilhas. Não houve intercorrências transoperatórias. Todos os casos atingiram a consolidação óssea. Os FEEH foram retirados entre cinco e 10 semanas de pós-operatório. As complicações encontradas foram tratos de drenagem (5), complicação resolvida reduzindo intervalo entre curativos, de semanal para diário, desvio angular (4), sendo dois com desvio valgo, um recurvatum e um tanto valgo quanto recurvatum quebra de fio (2), reação periosteal (2). Todos os animais apresentaram uso funcional do membro ao final do período de avaliação. O FEEH foi efetivo para o tratamento de fraturas metafisárias de rádio e tíbia na amostra estudada. / The presence of long bones fractured is often in pets’ routine, these fractures usually happen due to high impact injuries, as falling, automobile accidents and projectiles. The external skeletal fixators are versatile, then they can be used in different assemblies as linear, circle, hybrid, unilateral, bilateral, uniplanar and multiplanar, having wide requisition to radius and tibia. This paper evaluates the uses of hybrid external skeletal fixator (HESF) on metaphyseal fractures of radius and tibia in dogs that were rescued at Hospital of Veterinary Clinics at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Thirteen dogs were evaluated: five presenting tibial fractures and eight showing radius fractures. The HESF, with full ring or semiring and a sidebar, were pre-assembled in accordance with animal size and fracture site. After reduction, open or closed, the Kirschner wire were inserted in the short fragment, divergently, fixed to the ring and three Schanz pins in large fragment, fixed to the bar. There were not intraoperative complications. All cases reached the bone healing. The HESF were taken off between five and ten weeks postoperative. The noted complications were: drainage tract (4), complication resolved reducing interval between dressings, weekly to daily, angular detour (4), two valgus, one recurvatum and one valgus and recurvatum, wire breaking (2) and periosteal reaction. At the end of evaluation period, all animals presented functional use of the member. In this studied sample, HESF was effective on treatment of metaphyseal fractures of radius and tibia.

As fraturas de ossos longos são frequentes na rotina de pequenos animais, geralmente decorrentes de injúrias de alto impacto, como quedas, acidentes automobilísticos e projéteis. Os fixadores esqueléticos externos são versáteis, podendo ser utilizados em diferentes montagens, como linear, circular, híbrida, unilateral, bilateral, uniplanar, multiplanar, sendo amplamente utilizado em fraturas de rádio e tíbia. O presente trabalho avaliou a utilização de fixador esquelético externo híbrido (FEEH) em fraturas metafisárias de rádio e tíbia em cães atendidos na rotina do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Foram incluídos 13 animais neste estudo, cinco com fratura de tíbia e oito com fratura de rádio. Os FEEH, com anel inteiro ou semianel e uma barra, foram pré-montados de acordo com tamanho do animal e localização da fratura. Após redução, aberta ou fechada, foram inseridos os fios de Kirschner no fragmento curto, de maneira divergente, presos ao anel e três pinos de Shanz no fragmento longo fixados à barra por presilhas. Não houve intercorrências transoperatórias. Todos os casos atingiram a consolidação óssea. Os FEEH foram retirados entre cinco e 10 semanas de pós-operatório. As complicações encontradas foram tratos de drenagem (5), complicação resolvida reduzindo intervalo entre curativos, de semanal para diário, desvio angular (4), sendo dois com desvio valgo, um recurvatum e um tanto valgo quanto recurvatum quebra de fio (2), reação periosteal (2). Todos os animais apresentaram uso funcional do membro ao final do período de avaliação. O FEEH foi efetivo para o tratamento de fraturas metafisárias de rádio e tíbia na amostra estudada. / The presence of long bones fractured is often in pets’ routine, these fractures usually happen due to high impact injuries, as falling, automobile accidents and projectiles. The external skeletal fixators are versatile, then they can be used in different assemblies as linear, circle, hybrid, unilateral, bilateral, uniplanar and multiplanar, having wide requisition to radius and tibia. This paper evaluates the uses of hybrid external skeletal fixator (HESF) on metaphyseal fractures of radius and tibia in dogs that were rescued at Hospital of Veterinary Clinics at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Thirteen dogs were evaluated: five presenting tibial fractures and eight showing radius fractures. The HESF, with full ring or semiring and a sidebar, were pre-assembled in accordance with animal size and fracture site. After reduction, open or closed, the Kirschner wire were inserted in the short fragment, divergently, fixed to the ring and three Schanz pins in large fragment, fixed to the bar. There were not intraoperative complications. All cases reached the bone healing. The HESF were taken off between five and ten weeks postoperative. The noted complications were: drainage tract (4), complication resolved reducing interval between dressings, weekly to daily, angular detour (4), two valgus, one recurvatum and one valgus and recurvatum, wire breaking (2) and periosteal reaction. At the end of evaluation period, all animals presented functional use of the member. In this studied sample, HESF was effective on treatment of metaphyseal fractures of radius and tibia.

As fraturas de ossos longos são frequentes na rotina de pequenos animais, geralmente decorrentes de injúrias de alto impacto, como quedas, acidentes automobilísticos e projéteis. Os fixadores esqueléticos externos são versáteis, podendo ser utilizados em diferentes montagens, como linear, circular, híbrida, unilateral, bilateral, uniplanar, multiplanar, sendo amplamente utilizado em fraturas de rádio e tíbia. O presente trabalho avaliou a utilização de fixador esquelético externo híbrido (FEEH) em fraturas metafisárias de rádio e tíbia em cães atendidos na rotina do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Foram incluídos 13 animais neste estudo, cinco com fratura de tíbia e oito com fratura de rádio. Os FEEH, com anel inteiro ou semianel e uma barra, foram pré-montados de acordo com tamanho do animal e localização da fratura. Após redução, aberta ou fechada, foram inseridos os fios de Kirschner no fragmento curto, de maneira divergente, presos ao anel e três pinos de Shanz no fragmento longo fixados à barra por presilhas. Não houve intercorrências transoperatórias. Todos os casos atingiram a consolidação óssea. Os FEEH foram retirados entre cinco e 10 semanas de pós-operatório. As complicações encontradas foram tratos de drenagem (5), complicação resolvida reduzindo intervalo entre curativos, de semanal para diário, desvio angular (4), sendo dois com desvio valgo, um recurvatum e um tanto valgo quanto recurvatum quebra de fio (2), reação periosteal (2). Todos os animais apresentaram uso funcional do membro ao final do período de avaliação. O FEEH foi efetivo para o tratamento de fraturas metafisárias de rádio e tíbia na amostra estudada. / The presence of long bones fractured is often in pets’ routine, these fractures usually happen due to high impact injuries, as falling, automobile accidents and projectiles. The external skeletal fixators are versatile, then they can be used in different assemblies as linear, circle, hybrid, unilateral, bilateral, uniplanar and multiplanar, having wide requisition to radius and tibia. This paper evaluates the uses of hybrid external skeletal fixator (HESF) on metaphyseal fractures of radius and tibia in dogs that were rescued at Hospital of Veterinary Clinics at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Thirteen dogs were evaluated: five presenting tibial fractures and eight showing radius fractures. The HESF, with full ring or semiring and a sidebar, were pre-assembled in accordance with animal size and fracture site. After reduction, open or closed, the Kirschner wire were inserted in the short fragment, divergently, fixed to the ring and three Schanz pins in large fragment, fixed to the bar. There were not intraoperative complications. All cases reached the bone healing. The HESF were taken off between five and ten weeks postoperative. The noted complications were: drainage tract (4), complication resolved reducing interval between dressings, weekly to daily, angular detour (4), two valgus, one recurvatum and one valgus and recurvatum, wire breaking (2) and periosteal reaction. At the end of evaluation period, all animals presented functional use of the member. In this studied sample, HESF was effective on treatment of metaphyseal fractures of radius and tibia.

O omento maior tem sido utilizado com grande eficácia na medicina e em cirurgias torácicas, urogenitais, neurológicas, vasculares e respiratórias por sua natureza única, versátil e suas propriedades de imunidade, drenagem, adesão, vascularização e hemostasia bem conhecidas. Tem sido aplicado em humanos, como uma importante fonte de vascularização para áreas distantes, como flap pediculado ou livre, dentre elas, tórax, cabeça, pescoço e porções proximais de extremidades. As pesquisas com flap pediculado de omento maior, na cirurgia veterinária como indutor angiogênico e imunogênico são poucas, entretanto, suas propriedades de adesão e drenagem são conhecidas e utilizadas em procedimentos cirúrgicos com excelentes resultados. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi criar retalho pediculado de omento maior, mensurando o comprimento durante as etapas de criação e avaliando a possibilidade de alcance para ossos longos (fêmur, tíbia, úmero e rádio e ulna) através de túnel subcutâneo. Foram utilizados 30 cadáveres de cães frescos com 10 a 30 quilos de massa corpórea, sem discriminação de idade, sexo ou raça. Os resultados foram satisfatórios e 100% dos animais alcançaram a metáfise distal dos ossos avaliados. A média de comprimento do omento em camada dupla, dos 30 animais avaliados foi de 30,87 cm, da camada simples de 54,37 cm e do flap em L 92,7 cm. Com a extensão máxima do omento foi possível alcançar as metáfises distais de todos os ossos propostos (fêmur, tíbia/fíbula, úmero e rádio/ulna), com comprimento médio excedente de 29,87 cm para fêmur, 20,73 cm para tíbia/fíbula, 25,13 cm para úmero e 16,27 cm para rádio/ulna As variáveis peso flap em L avaliadas estatisticamente apresentaram correlação positiva moderada nos grupos apresentados. Concluiu-se que em cães é possível levar o flap pediculado de omento maior através de túnel subcutâneo para metáfise distal de ossos longos sem tensão e que quanto maior o peso do animal, maior o comprimento do flap em L dos animais avaliados em cada grupo. / The greater omentum has been successfully used in human medicine in different surgical approaches such as thoracic, urogenital, neurological, vascular, and respiratory. The high usefulness of omentum is due to its singular nature and versatility, as well as its known different properties such as immunologic, drainage, adhesion, angiogenic and haemostatic. It has been used in human medicine such as a pediculated or free flap as an important vascular inductor for different areas. Among the sites that it has been used to increase blood flow by its angiogenic properties, little the thorax, head and neck, and proximal and distal extremities may be sited. Research on immunogenic and angiogenics inductor properties of the flap in Veterinary Medicine have been made, however, its adhesive and draining properties are well known and have been used with excellent results in surgery. An experimental study to obtain a pediculated flap of greater omentum and conduct it as far as possible through a subcutaneous tunnel in order to reach long bones (femur, tibia, umero, radius and ulna). Was designed during the experiment, the obtained different flaps were measured and the possibility of reaching proximal to distal long bone sites was checked. For the experiment 30 fresh body (10 to 30 kg of corporal weight) from dead dogs without predilection to age, or sex were used. Animals of all breeds were included except condrosdistrophics breeds. In addition, dogs with signs of abdominal surgery, abdominal adherences, or other anatomic dysfunctions of the greater omentum were excluded from the experiment. The results were satisfactor and in 100% of the cases the flap reached the distal half of the evaluated bones. The averages of the different flap lengths were: 30.87 cm when double layer was used; 54.37 cm in simple layer; and 92.7 cm when the flap was made in an L shape. With the largest extension of the omentum, it was possible to reach the distal metaphises of all studied bones (femur, tibia/fibula, humerus, and radius/ulna). The exceeding length average was 29.87 cm for the femur, 20.73 cm for the tibia/fibula, 25.13 cm for the humerus, and 16.27 cm for the radius/ulna. The variation body-weight-flap variety statistically evaluated showed moderate positive correlation on the presented groups. In conclusion, the omentum pediclulated flap may be passed through the subcutaneous tunnel until the distal metaphisis of the long bones of dogs without tension. Animals with carger bodyl weight have the largest length of the L- shaped flap.

Se déplacer dans l’eau ou sur terre implique de faire face à des contraintes mécaniques extrêmement différentes. L’eau est sensiblement plus dense et visqueuse que l’air et, par le fait, la locomotion aquatique est dominée par la traînée et la poussée d’Archimède alors que la locomotion terrestre est dominée par la gravité et l’inertie. Si les adaptations les plus extrêmes à la locomotion dans chacun de ces milieux sont bien documentées, les espèces semi-aquatiques qui se déplacent fréquemment dans ces deux milieux restent peu étudiées.Les mustélidés présentent une large diversité de spécialisations locomotrices tant du point de vue du type de milieu fréquenté que du point de vue du degré de spécialisation.Cela inclut trois événements indépendants d’apparition d’un mode de vie semi-aquatique avec pour représentants actuels : le vison d’Europe, le vison Américain et les loutres. En utilisant la morphométrie géométrique pour quantifier l’ensemble de la forme de l’humérus, du radius, de l’ulna, du fémur, du tibia et de la fibula, j’ai étudié les différences morphologiques de l’appareil locomoteur des mustélidés terrestres et semi-aquatiques. Étant donné que les visons et les loutres font face aux mêmes contraintes fonctionnelles liées à une locomotion à la fois terrestre et aquatique, j’ai testé si leur morphologie convergeait. Enfin, étant donné la différence de contraintes fonctionnelles induites par les deux milieux, j’ai testé si le milieu de locomotion avait un impact homogène sur l’appareil locomoteur ou si une spécialisation de certains os pouvait être observée.Si les visons diffèrent peu de leurs parents terrestres, les loutres montrent d’importantes différences en termes de taille, forme et proportions relatives des os. Les visons présentent une morphologie similaire à celle observée chez tous les Mustelinae.Néanmoins, la morphologie de l’humérus est convergente entre les deux visons, avec une courbure plus grande que chez leurs parents terrestres. La morphologie des visons résulte de spécialisations récentes de la morphologie versatile propre aux Mustelinae, leur mode de nage est similaire à celui des Mustelinae terrestres et ils ne montrent que de subtiles différenciations morphologiques.A l’opposé, les loutres présentent des os longs dont la forme diffère nettement de celle de leurs parents terrestres. De plus, elles montrent une grande diversité de formes, en opposition avec l’hypothèse qui voudrait que de fortes contraintes fonctionnelles, telles que celles induites par la locomotion aquatique, devraient conduire à un nombre limité de réponses évolutives possibles. Les loutres montrent un ensemble de caractéristiques morphologiques en lien avec la locomotion aquatique: des os robustes, avec de larges épiphyses, un stylopode court relativement au zeugopode et un grand bras de levier pour les extenseurs du coude. Seule la loutre de mer (Enhydra lutris) montre une spécialisation différente entre les pattes avant et arrière. Les pattes arrière sont dédiées à la locomotion aquatique avec un grand bras de levier pour les muscles de la hanche et un pied transformé en palette natatoire. La patte avant, en revanche, présente une ulna gracile, avec un processus olécrane court et un radius courbé cranialement, produisant un patronde co-variation unique. Ces particularités permettent de plus grands degrés de liberté dans les mouvements de l’avant-bras, et de fait, les capacités de manipulation uniques chez cette espèce.Ainsi les mustélidés semi-aquatiques présentent une diversité qui n’était pas attendue étant donné la différence de contraintes mécaniques imposées par la locomotion dans l’eau et sur terre. Les mustélidés semi-aquatiques semblent avoir évolué depuis une morphologie ancestrale versatile jusqu’à des formes très spécialisées,où la réduction progressive de la locomotion terrestre a permis une spécialisation différente entre les membres antérieurs et postérieurs. / Moving in water and on land implies coping with drastically different mechanicalconstraints. Water is substantially more dense and viscous than air and thus aquaticlocomotion is dominated by drag and buoyancy when terrestrial locomotion is dominatedby gravity and inertia. If extreme adaptations to locomotion in each of thesetwo media are well described, semi-aquatic species that move extensively in bothmedia remain poorly studied.Mustelids presents a large diversity of locomotor specializations involving differentkinds of locomotor environments and different degrees of specialization. It encompassthree independent evolutions of a semi-aquatic lifestyle: the European mink,the American mink, and the otters. Using geometric morphometrics to quantify theshape of the entire humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula I investigated morphologicaldifferences in the locomotor apparatus of terrestrial and semi-aquaticmustelids. As both minks and otters face functional pressures resulting from bothaquatic and terrestrial locomotion, I tested whether their morphology converged.Finally, considering the differences in the functional requirements of the two media,I explored whether the locomotor ecology has a homogeneous impact on thelocomotor apparatus or whether a functional specialization of certain parts can beobserved.Whereas minks show low morphological differentiation from their terrestrial relatives,otters diverged a lot in both shape, size, and the relative proportions of thelimb bones. Minks present a morphology that is similar to the one observed in otherMustelinae. Nevertheless, the shape of the humerus is convergent between thetwo minks, and shows a greater curvature than in their terrestrial relatives. Minksresult from recent specializations of the versatile morphology of Mustelinae witha swimming mode similar to the one of the terrestrial Mustelinae and only subtlemodifications of their long bone morphology.Conversely, otters present a long bone shape that is strongly divergent from theone of their terrestrial relatives. Additionally, they show very diverse long boneshapes in opposition to the hypothesis stating that strong functional requirements,as the ones induced by aquatic locomotion, should induce a limited number of potentialevolutionary responses. Otters show morphological features that are related to aquatic locomotion: robust bones with broad epiphyses, a short stylopodrelative to the zeugopod, and a long in-lever for elbow extensors. Only the sea otter(Enhydra lutris) presents a functional specialization that differs between hind andforelimb. The hind limb is dedicated to aquatic locomotion with a strong in-lever forthe hip muscles, and the feet that are modified into swimming paddles. Meanwhile,the forelimb presents a relatively gracile ulna with a short olecranon process and aradius that is curved more cranially, resulting in a drastic change in the pattern ofco-variation. These features are interpreted as providing greater degrees of freedomin the movements of the forearm, which allows the unique manipulative skillsof this species.Thus semi-aquatic mustelids present a diversity that was not expected given thestrong differences in the mechanical constraints imposed during locomotion in waterversus on land. Semi-aquatic mustelids appear to have evolved from the versatileancestral locomotor apparatus to highly specialized forms, where the progressivereduction of terrestrial locomotion allowed differential adaptation of the foreandhind limbs.