In this thesis, components and parameters based power models (PMs) are produced to measure the power consumption (PC) of cloud radio access network (CRAN) architecture. In components PM, the power figure of each component within C-RAN is evaluated. After, this model is parametrised such that the computation complexity of each component is converted to a straightforward, but accurate method, called parameterised PM. This model compares cooling and total PC of traditional LTE architecture with C-RAN. This comparison considered different parameters such as, utilised bandwidth, number of antenna, base band units (BBUs) and remote radio heads (RRHs). This model draws about 33% reduction in power. Next, this PC model is updated to serve and exhibit the cost of integrating software defined networks (SDNs) with C-RAN. Alongside, modelling the power cost of the control plane units in the core network (CN), such as serving gateway (SGW), packet gateway (PGW) and mobility management entity (MME). Although there is power cost, the proposed model shows the directions to mitigate it. Consequently, a simplified PM is proposed for virtualisation based C-RAN. In this model, the power cost of server virtualisation by hosting several virtual machines (VMs) is shown, in a time and cost effective way. The total reduction in the PC was about 75%, due to short-cutting the number of active servers in the network. Alongside, the latency cost due to such technique is modelled. Finally, to enable efficient virtualisation technology, live migrating the VMs amongst the servers is vital. However, this advantageous situation is concurrent with VM's migration time and power cost. Therefore, a model is proposed to calculate the power cost of VM's live migration, and shows the effect of such decision upon the total PC of the network/C-RAN. The proposed work converts the complexity of other proposed PMs, to a simplified and costless method. Concurrently, the time cost is added to the imposed virtualisation's time cost to formulate the total delay expected prior to these techniques' execution.

The range and number of new applications and services are growing at an unprecedented rate. Computer networks need to be able to provide connectivity for these services and meet their constantly changing demands. This requires not only support of new network protocols and security requirements, but often architectural redesigns for long-term improvements to efficiency, speed, throughput, cost, and security. Networks are now facing a drastic increase in size and are required to carry a constantly growing amount of heterogeneous traffic. Unfortunately such dynamism greatly complicates security of not only the end nodes in the network, but also of the nodes of the network itself. To make matters worse, just as applications are being developed at faster and faster rates, attacks are becoming more pervasive and complex. Networks need to be able to understand the impact of these attacks and protect against them. Network control devices, such as routers, firewalls, censorship devices, and base stations, are elements of the network that make decisions on how traffic is handled. Although network control devices are expected to act according to specifications, there can be various reasons why they do not in practice. Protocols could be flawed, ambiguous or incomplete, developers could introduce unintended bugs, or attackers may find vulnerabilities in the devices and exploit them. Malfunction could intentionally or unintentionally threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of end nodes and the data that passes through the network. It can also impact the availability and performance of the control devices themselves and the security policies of the network. The fast-paced evolution and scalability of current and future networks create a dynamic environment for which it is difficult to develop automated tools for testing new protocols and components. At the same time, they make the function of such tools vital for discovering implementation flaws and protocol vulnerabilities as networks become larger and more complex, and as new and potentially unrefined architectures become adopted. This thesis will present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a set of tools designed for understanding implementation of network control nodes and how they react to changes in traffic characteristics as networks evolve. We will first introduce Firecycle, a test bed for analyzing the impact of large-scale attacks and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) traffic on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. We will then discuss Autosonda, a tool for automatically discovering rule implementation and finding triggering traffic features in censorship devices. This thesis provides the following contributions: 1. The design, implementation, and evaluation of two tools to discover models of network control nodes in two scenarios of evolving networks, mobile network and censored internet 2. First existing test bed for analysis of large-scale attacks and impact of traffic scalability on LTE mobile networks 3. First existing test bed for LTE networks that can be scaled to arbitrary size and that deploys traffic models based on real traffic traces taken from a tier-1 operator 4. An analysis of traffic models of various categories of Internet of Things (IoT) devices 5. First study demonstrating the impact of M2M scalability and signaling overload on the packet core of LTE mobile networks 6. A specification for modeling of censorship device decision models 7. A means for automating the discovery of features utilized in censorship device decision models, comparison of these models, and their rule discovery

Syrén, Susanne (2010). Det outsagda och ohörsammade lidandet. Tillvaron för personer med långvarig psykossjukdom och deras närstående (Being in the world with long term psychotic illness – the unspoken and unheard suffering), Linnaeus University Dissertations No 6/2010. ISBN: 978-91-86491-07-9. Written in Swedish with a summary in English. Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to describe the lived experience of being in the world with long term psychotic illness. This is described from three perspectives; the perspective of persons diagnosed with long term psychotic disorder; the perspective of their relatives; and a family perspective. Method: Three studies were conducted guided by a reflective lifeworld approach grounded in phenomenology. The data were generated through individual, group, and family interviews. Data were analyzed for essential meanings of being in the world. Results: Persons with long term psychotic illness live in a borderland of paradoxes between the usual and unusual. For the ill persons the existence is incomprehensible and defenceless with feelings of not being at home in the body and in the world. They search for themselves in a care context that is contradictory, simultaneously good and hostile. These experiences are mostly unspoken, a struggle with doubts about having health or illness, what is good or evil, and about being usual or unusual. The relatives exist in a dilemma of the possible and impossible, a continual infinite struggle. Co-existing with their ill family member is a communion and a longing for togetherness is prominent. Relatives struggle with responsibilities for themselves and for their ill family member. In these unheard struggles the relatives yearn for participation in the formal care context. Family interviews with persons with long term psychotic illness and their relatives revealed a co-existence hovering between chaos and boredom while striving for a peaceful and quiet life. Thefamilies search for constancy and predictability in the presence of incomprehensible and threatening dangers. The experience of being a We balances the unshared meanings of being in the world and the loss of being able to experience and do things together. The experience of being a We keeps their individual existence and co- existence from falling apart.Conclusion: Persons with long term psychotic illness and their relatives have to withstand extensive existential suffering, which is unspoken and unheard. Formal caring should be existential caring, supporting the ill person’s comprehensibility and understanding of life, and feelings and experiences of being at home. Further, relatives should be acknowledged both as persons and carers and invited to participate in formal care. These results also point to the importance of strengthening feelings of togetherness and of being a We through systemic oriented existential conversations, where the ill person, their relative and a formal carer converse together.

The aim of this thesis is to point out recent development in the field of debt creation, its concordance with academic practice and to outline feasible utilization of financial modeling in the area of government deficits. The effort is to put institutional operation of debt management into context of recent history of financial markets and to verify its success. The process of debt portfolio management with use of advanced financial tools is shown on the sample of Czech debt manager. From the observation of the overall environment we can state the effort to develop efficient domestic debt market and the conception of long-term strategies based on risk management principles and to draw a set of specific recommendations applicable both to local and general conditions.

Dans une perspective mondiale de décarbonisation de la production énergétique et de croissance de la production d’électricité d’origine nucléaire, la disponibilité des ressources d’uranium est un enjeu majeur. Les technologies futures qui permettront aux réacteurs nucléaires de s’affranchir de l’uranium naturel mettront du temps à être pleinement déployées. Nous analysons donc les conditions de disponibilité de l’uranium au XXIe siècle. Les deux premières sont liées au coût de production : ce sont l’accessibilité technique et l’intérêt économique. Nous les étudions en modélisant les ressources ultimes d’uranium (quantités découvertes et non découvertes) et leurs coûts. Cette méthode s’appuie sur un découpage régional du monde, la connaissance actuelle des gisements et un filtre économique. Elle permet d’établir une courbe d’offre de long terme où les quantités d’uranium techniquement accessibles sont fonction du coût de production. Les principales incertitudes de ces estimations ont été identifiées et l’on montre qu’en l’absence de découpage régional, les ressources ultimes sont sous-estimées. Les autres conditions de disponibilité de l’uranium prises en compte sont liées aux dynamiques de marché que crée la confrontation de l’offre et de la demande. Nous les étudions en les modélisant sous la forme de contraintes dynamiques dans un modèle de marché en équilibre partiel. Ce modèle est déterministe et les acteurs y sont représentés par région. Il permet de tenir compte, par exemple, de la corrélation à court terme entre le prix et les dépenses d’exploration, qui fait l’objet d’une étude économétrique spécifique. À plus long terme, les contraintes modélisées incluent l’anticipation de la demande par les consommateurs et de la raréfaction progressive des ressources ultimes les moins chères. Par une série de simulations prospectives, nous montrons que le rythme de croissance de la demande d’uranium au XXIe siècle et son anticipation ont une forte influence sur la hausse du prix à long terme. À l’inverse, les incertitudes liées à l’estimation des ressources ultimes ont une influence limitée. Nous soulignons également l’évolution inégale du poids des différentes régions dans la production mondiale. Enfin, certaines variations de l’offre (arrêt de la production d’une région par exemple) ou de la demande (croissance irrégulière ou introduction de nouvelles technologies) ont également une influence significative sur l’évolution du prix à long terme ou sa cyclicité. / From a global perspective, a low-carbon path to development driven by a growth of nuclear power production raises issues about the availability of uranium resources. Future technologies allowing nuclear reactors to overcome the need for natural uranium will take time to fully deploy. To address these issues, we analyze the conditions of availability of uranium in the 21st century.The first two conditions are technical accessibility and economic interest, both related to the cost of production. We study them using a model that estimates the ultimate uranium resources (amounts of both discovered and undiscovered resources) and their costs. This model splits the world into regions and the resource estimate for each region derives from the present knowledge of the deposits and economic filtering. The output is a long-term supply curve that illustrates the quantities of uranium that are technically accessible as a function of their cost of production. We identify the main uncertainties of these estimates and we show that with no regional breakdown, the ultimate resources are underestimated.The other conditions of availability of uranium covered in our study are related to the market dynamics, i.e. they derive from the supply and demand clearing mechanism. To assess their influence, they are introduced as dynamic constraints in a partial equilibrium model. This model of the uranium market is deterministic, and market players are represented by regions. For instance, it takes into account the short-term correlation between price and exploration expenditures, which is the subject of a dedicate econometric study. In the longer term, constraints include anticipation of demand by consumers and a gradual depletion of the cheapest ultimate resources.Through a series of prospective simulations, we demonstrate the strong influence on long term-price trends of both the growth rate of demand during the 21st century and its anticipation. Conversely, the uncertainties related to the estimation of ultimate resources have limited influence. We also underline the uneven evolution of market shares between regions. Finally, particular changes in supply (production shutdown in one of the regions, for example) or in demand (irregular growth or introduction of new technology) also have a significant influence on the evolution of the long-term price or its cyclicity.

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mundialmente mais incidente em mulheres, representando a causa mais frequente de morte feminina por câncer, excetuando-se os tumores de pele não melanoma. O conhecimento da dinâmica de óbitos ao logo do tempo em pacientes com tal neoplasia é de grande importância para auxílio na definição de tratamentos e de políticas de prevenção. Modelos de risco que contemplem parâmetros com referência a situações de longa duração e diferentes funções de risco podem ser úteis nesse contexto. O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar as propriedades de um particular modelo, o modelo Weibull Modificado Exponenciado de Longa Duração (WMELD), para aplicação na avaliação de risco e sobrevida de mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama atendidas no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. As propriedades avaliadas neste estudo consideraram métodos de estimação pontual de Máxima Verossimilhança e estimação intervalar via teoria assintótica, reamostragem bootstrap e verossimilhança perlada. Critérios de seleção de modelos foram considerados: Teste de Razão de Verossimilhanças (TRV), critério de Akaike (AIC) e critério de Informação de Bayes (BIC), bem como métodos gráficos para avaliar a qualidade do ajuste do modelo: gráfico TTT na presença de censuras com intervalo de confiança bootstrap paramétrico. Foram realizados estudos de simulação de Monte Carlo em diferentes cenários do modelo WMELD, considerando Vício, Erro Quadrático Médio (EQM) e Custo dos estimadores pontuais, Probabilidade de Cobertura e Amplitude Média dos intervalos de confiança. Em relação ao estudo das propriedades do modelo, as estimativas pontuais de máxima verossimilhança apresentaram vício e EQM baixos e mais próximos de zero quanto maior o tamanho amostral e menor a proporção de pacientes imunes. Os intervalos construídos com base em reamostragem bootstrap mostraram-se mais adequados em relação à probabilidade de cobertura e amplitude média, com vantagem para o bootstrap paramétrico. AIC e TRV alcançaram poder discriminativo superior ao BIC, porém os três métodos apresentam-se defasados para pequenos tamanhos amostrais e valores dos parâmetros próximos do valor de nulidade. Os métodos de inferência com melhor desempenho nesse estudo foram considerados para avaliar os fatores associados ao risco e sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de mama atendidas no HCFMRP. Com o ajuste do modelo WMELD, mostraram-se associados à sobrevida os fatores: Estadiamento, Faixa Etária e Quantidade de tratamentos. A sobrevida em oito anos ou mais foi maior quanto menor o estadiamento e os óbitos ocorreram de forma mais acelerada ao longo do tempo em estadiamentos avançados. Pacientes com menos de 35 anos de idade nos estadiamentos II e III e com mais de 75 anos no estadiamento III têm menor sobrevida do que as pacientes com 35 a 75 anos. Pacientes que realizaram menos tratamentos nos estadiamentos III ou IV vão a óbito mais rapidamente do que pacientes que zeram mais tratamentos, porém a sobrevida após oito ou mais anos é igual nos dois grupos. Adicionalmente, e fundamental no contexto da clínica médica, o modelo WMELD apresenta interpretações relevantes em relação a seus parâmetros na dinâmica do processo de ocorrência de óbitos ao longo do tempo. Verificamos que os parâmetros , e p levam informações sobre o tempo de vida, já os parâmetros, e descrevem o comportamento do risco de óbito. / Breast cancer is the world\'s most common cancer in women, representing the most frequent cause of female death from cancer, except for non-melanoma skin tumors. Knowledge of the death dynamics over time in patients with such cancer is very important to support definition of treatments and prevention policies. Hazard models that include parameters with reference to long-term situations and dierent hazard functions can be useful in this context. This paper aims to investigate the properties of a particular model, Exponentiated Modified Weibull Model for long-term survivors (EMWLT), for use in risk of death and survival assessment of women diagnosed with breast cancer and treated at Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP), São Paulo. The properties evaluated in this study considered point estimation methods of Maximum Likelihood and interval estimation through asymptotic theory, bootstrap resampling and profile likelihood. Model selection criteria were considered: Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT), Akaike Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), as well graphical methods to assess the quality of the model fit: TTT plot in the presence of censorship with an parametric bootstrap confidence interval. Monte Carlo simulation studies were performed in diferent model\'s scenarios considering Bias, Mean Square Error (MSE) and Cost of point estimators, Coverage Probability and Average Size of confidence intervals. Regarding the study of model properties, the point estimates of maximum likelihood showed lower and closer to zero bias and MSE the larger the sample size and the lower the proportion of immune patients. The intervals constructed based on bootstrap resampling seemed more appropriated in relation to the coverage probability and average size, advantageously the parametric bootstrap. AIC and LRT reached a higher discriminative power than BIC; however, all of these three methods seemed lagged for small sample sizes and close to null values of parameters. The inference methods with better performance in this study were considered to evaluate the factors associated with risk of death and survival in patients with breast cancer treated at HCFMRP. By adjusting the EMWLT model, the following were associated to survival: Staging, Age Group and Number of treatments. The survival of eight years or more was higher as the lower the staging was; and the deaths occurred more rapidly over time in advanced staging. Patients under 35 years old in stages II and III and older than 75 years in staging III had lower survival than patients aged 35 to 75 years. Patients who underwent fewer treatments in staging III or IV die earlier than patients who underwent more treatments, but survival after eight years or more is equal in both groups. In addition, the EMWLT model showed to be fundamental in clinical medicine presenting relevant interpretations regarding its parameters in the dynamics of the process of occurrence of deaths over time. We verified that the parameters , and p have information about the lifetime, on the other hand the parameters, and describe the risk of death behavior.

The purpose of this dissertation was to determine if a periodized strength and conditioning program resulted in long-term adaptations in NCAA Division I women’s volleyball athletes, and if these changes related to the team’s competitive performance. Specifically, this dissertation serves to: 1.) describe the changes in body composition and performance variables of 2 female volleyball athletes over a 4-year collegiate career, 2.) determine the degree and magnitude of change in performance variables after about 1, 2, and 3 years of periodized resistance training, and 3.) infer if volleyball performance characteristics are related to a team’s competitive success. The following are major findings of this dissertation. 1.) Positive changes in vertical jump height, strength, and explosiveness may be possible throughout 4 years of collegiate volleyball training even with increased body mass and percent body fat. Moreover, impaired ability to perform heavy lower-body resistance training exercises due to chronic injury negatively impacts long-term physical performance adaptations over 4 years. 2.) A combination of traditional resistance training exercises and weightlifting variations at various loads, in addition to volleyball practice, appear to be effective at increasing maximal strength by 44% and vertical jump height by 20%-30% in NCAA Division I women’s volleyball athletes after about two and half years of training. Furthermore, these characteristics can be improved in the absence of additional plyometric training outside of normal volleyball-specific practice. 3.) A rating percentage index RPI ranking ratio and unweighted match score ratio appear to be better predictors of overall team competitive season success than a weighted match score ratio. On the contrary, a weighted match score ratio may be better for determining an association between team match performance and volleyball-specific fitness. A considerable amount of research is needed to develop a volleyball-specific performance index that best quantifies team performance and whether or not a measurable association exists between improved fitness characteristics and increased overall team competitive success. The findings of this dissertation provide evidence that analyzing and monitoring volleyball-related performance variables over time can assist the sport performance group in making training based decisions as well as promote the successful development of an athlete.

Excerpt: National Public Radio’s All Things Considered recently featured a piece by Annie Baxter called “Fear Is The Biggest Hurdle For Some Job Seekers” (February 16, 2012). This feature presented a hurdle that most people probably do not realize exists; namely, that for many long-term job-seekers, the fear of going back to work is quite real and intimidating.

This dissertation evaluated whether Visual Working Memory (VWM) is a distinct memory system or if it is an activated state of Visual Long Term Memory (VLTM). These two positions suggest different roles for VLTM representations in the performance of VWM. If VWM representations are an activated state of VLTM representations, it seems plausible that strong VLTM representations should facilitate VWM performance. However, if the two representations are actually distinct, it seems less likely that a facilitation interaction between VLTM and VWM representations should be observed. Five experiments were conducted in which participants learned a set of trained stimuli over two days of training. Participant performance with the trained stimuli was compared to performance with novel stimuli on a subsequent VWM change detection task to determine the plausibility of VLTM-VWM interactions. The first and second experiments revealed a LTM facilitation effect that could not be explained by priming, but the third experiment suggested that this facilitation effect was mediated by non-visual representations. The fourth and fifth experiments parceled out the contributions of non-visual memory representations, and failed to demonstrate any evidence of VLTM-VWM performance interactions. These results, in conjunction with other examples from the literature, all converged on the conclusion that VLTM-VWM facilitation interactions are relatively implausible. As such, it was concluded that VWM and VLTM representations are discreet.

No description available.