Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 N94 / Master of Science

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Group work is pervading modern society's life with potentially huge advantages but also the peril of motivational losses. This master thesis focuses on the latter ones, namely on free-riding and social loafing, in the educational context. I conducted a field research at the Institute of Economic Studies at Charles University in Prague. The results are set into context with existing studies from the US, scrutinizing the generalizability of these studies. Students of this sample consider teamwork as relatively neutral, appreciate the possibility to learn from each other the strongest and consider free-riding as the biggest disadvantage. Free-riders are described as poorly prepared, having trouble to complete work at home and delivering poor quality work. As remedy, students prefer to be able to pick a team on their own. This thesis can partially confirm prior research but also contradicts some anterior findings since free-riders in this thesis are not described as behaving distractively and students do not primarily want instructors to grade them on their individual performance.

A dissertação aborda atributos das redes de média e baixa tensão que estão sujeitos a incerteza em sua determinação e são requeridos pelo modelo simplificado de cálculo das perdas técnicas, aqui denominado como MSCPRO, e que foi utilizado pela ANEEL ao longo do 2º ciclo de revisão tarifária para cálculo das perdas técnicas regulatórias das distribuidoras de energia. Para as redes de média tensão, devem ser determinados atributos de suas redes como, por exemplo, ângulo de ação e área de atuação, que possuem subjetividade em sua determinação. Já para a baixa tensão, deve ser realizada a classificação de cada rede em uma das cinco tipologias otimizadas utilizadas pelo modelo MSCPRO no cálculo das perdas técnicas deste segmento. Diante disto, é proposta nesta dissertação, para o segmento de redes de média tensão, uma metodologia para determinação de atributos sujeitos à incerteza que melhor descrevem as redes reais a partir da análise da distribuição das cargas. Ademais, é proposta uma formulação genérica para alimentadores cujo tronco é composto por mais de um tipo de cabo. Já para as redes de baixa tensão, são propostas quatro diferentes técnicas que se apoiam basicamente em modelo heurístico, classificadores hierárquicos e modelos estatísticos de agrupamento aglomerativo para classificação destas redes em uma das cinco tipologias otimizadas. / The dissertation discusses about descriptors attributes of medium and low voltage networks which are subject to uncertainty in their determination and are required the calculation of technical losses by the simplified model, here so-called as MSCPRO, and was used by ANEEL during the 2º tariff cycle review for calculation of regulatory technical losses of power distributors. For medium voltage networks, it must be determined some network attributes, such as, action angle and area which do not have specific methodology for its determination. As for the low voltage networks, the classification should be performed for each one of the five optimized network types used by the model MSCPRO in the calculation of technical losses in this segment. Given this, it is proposed in this dissertation, for the segment of medium voltage networks, a methodology for determining descriptors attributes subject to uncertainty that best describe real networks from the analysis of the loads distribution. Furthermore, it is proposed a generic formulation for feeders whose trunk is composed of more than one type of cable. For low voltage networks, it is proposed four different techniques that are mainly based on heuristic model, hierarchical classifiers and statistical models for agglomerative clustering classification of these networks into one of five types optimized.

Este trabalho analisa o efeito da descarbonetação nas perdas magnéticas de aços elétricos semiprocessados, após recozimento final, descarbonetante e/ou não-descarbonetante. Neste trabalho foi utilizado um aço de baixo carbono (600ppm de C) encruado a 4-6% de deformação, tipo COSCORE 55O. Foi notado que o recozimento descarbonetante reduz rapidamente (poucos minutos de tratamento térmico) o teor de carbono do aço a níveis baixos (abaixo de 100ppm de C), reduzindo também as Perdas magnéticas totais (abaixo de 10W/Kg). Verifica-se que recozimentos de 20 e 40 minutos são tempos suficientes para produzir aços com baixas Perdas e baixo teor de C. É mostrado também que recozimento descarbonetante influencia na recristalização de aços carbono encruado. Verificou-se que, durante recozimento descarbonetante, o espaçamento entre as lâminas influenciou a microestrutura e as perdas magnéticas do material. A análise de Textura cristalográfica do material revela que quanto maior o nível de umidade do ensaio, maior a redução da intensidade de fibra Gama, (111)//DN, e aumento da intensidade de textura cristalográfica Goss, ou seja, grãos com orientação cristalográfica, (110)// de grande intensidade é obtido. / This work analyzes the effects of decarburizing annealing on the magnetic, microstructure and texture properties of semiprocessed electrical steels after annealing. A rolles low-carbon electrical steel (0,06%wt/wt Carbon) sheet was used in the experiments. It was verified that decarburizing annealings decrease quickly carbon content (after few minutes of thermal treatment) to levels lower than 100ppm, and after annealing the magnetic losses fastly decreases until below 10W/Kg. It was seen that decarburizing annealings for 20 and 40 minutes are enough to produce low magnetic losses and low carbon content steels. The annealings resulted in low magnetic losses steels whenever microstructure recrystallization has occurred, associated with decarburization. It was noticed that, during decarburizing annealing, the spacing between sheets affected the microstructure and magnetic losses of the material. Crystallographic texture analysis of material reveals that the bigger the annealing humidity, Gama fiber, (111)//DN, decreases and Goss texture, (110)//, increases.

A dissertação aborda atributos das redes de média e baixa tensão que estão sujeitos a incerteza em sua determinação e são requeridos pelo modelo simplificado de cálculo das perdas técnicas, aqui denominado como MSCPRO, e que foi utilizado pela ANEEL ao longo do 2º ciclo de revisão tarifária para cálculo das perdas técnicas regulatórias das distribuidoras de energia. Para as redes de média tensão, devem ser determinados atributos de suas redes como, por exemplo, ângulo de ação e área de atuação, que possuem subjetividade em sua determinação. Já para a baixa tensão, deve ser realizada a classificação de cada rede em uma das cinco tipologias otimizadas utilizadas pelo modelo MSCPRO no cálculo das perdas técnicas deste segmento. Diante disto, é proposta nesta dissertação, para o segmento de redes de média tensão, uma metodologia para determinação de atributos sujeitos à incerteza que melhor descrevem as redes reais a partir da análise da distribuição das cargas. Ademais, é proposta uma formulação genérica para alimentadores cujo tronco é composto por mais de um tipo de cabo. Já para as redes de baixa tensão, são propostas quatro diferentes técnicas que se apoiam basicamente em modelo heurístico, classificadores hierárquicos e modelos estatísticos de agrupamento aglomerativo para classificação destas redes em uma das cinco tipologias otimizadas. / The dissertation discusses about descriptors attributes of medium and low voltage networks which are subject to uncertainty in their determination and are required the calculation of technical losses by the simplified model, here so-called as MSCPRO, and was used by ANEEL during the 2º tariff cycle review for calculation of regulatory technical losses of power distributors. For medium voltage networks, it must be determined some network attributes, such as, action angle and area which do not have specific methodology for its determination. As for the low voltage networks, the classification should be performed for each one of the five optimized network types used by the model MSCPRO in the calculation of technical losses in this segment. Given this, it is proposed in this dissertation, for the segment of medium voltage networks, a methodology for determining descriptors attributes subject to uncertainty that best describe real networks from the analysis of the loads distribution. Furthermore, it is proposed a generic formulation for feeders whose trunk is composed of more than one type of cable. For low voltage networks, it is proposed four different techniques that are mainly based on heuristic model, hierarchical classifiers and statistical models for agglomerative clustering classification of these networks into one of five types optimized.

The current study uses a lottery-based paradigm to examine how risk taking is affected by two specific types of good and bad experiences, luck and fortune. Though the terms are often used interchangeably, we suggest that they refer to two separate aspects of risk. Fortune refers to the overall positivity or negativity of the overall context, whereas luck refers to the probability of a better or worse outcome. To make the lottery context fortunate or unfortunate, a set of mixed-valence control lotteries were surrounded by all gain (good fortune) or all loss lotteries (bad fortune). To make the lotteries lucky or unlucky, the proportion of better outcomes received was fixed to be well above (good luck) or well below (bad luck) 50%. Results of the study suggest that, fortune, but not luck, had a significant influence on risk taking behaviors. Participants who experienced good fortune decreased risk taking, and those who experienced bad fortune increased risk taking. When asked, however, participants were unable to differentiate between the luck and fortune manipulations. Gains and losses due to fortune were undifferentiated from gains and losses due to luck. Yet, it was found that the number of gain outcomes received, which was determined by the luck-fortune combination, largely determined subjective experiences of luck and fortune. Consistent with the somatic marker and hedonic editing hypotheses, more gain outcomes led to a heightened sense of good luck and good fortune. Following on SPA (security/ potential aspiration) theory, we suggest that these differences in risk taking behavior in response to fortune may be due to increased attention to goals emphasizing security versus potential.

<p>The energy audit is a very interesting and complex work. The building energy audit is defined as a process to evaluate where the energy used in the building structure and to identify the opportunities of reduce energy consumptions. In this paper, it is a first time detailed study of energy audit for me. In this research, the object is to find is it necessary to improve the ventilation systems. So the first step is to estimate how much energy consumed in the building and to find out the saving potential.The major mission in this thesis is that to make a basic energy audit which is include the heat losses from the building and the heat supply in the building. The major heat losses are transmission losses, ventilation losses, heat losses from hot tap water and infiltration losses. In this project the first three types of heat losses could be find out by some useful methods but the infiltration losses is hard to measure. On the other side, the heat supply are composed by district heating , free heating from people inside, free heating from electricity applications and sun irradiation.To make an accurate and complete energy audit is essential for finding out where the energy consumption could be reduced. And this is what I am going to do in this thesis work.</p>

The study explores the experience of individuals who have lost a number of close people in their life, through death, over the course of their adult lifetime. Twelve individual interviews (11 women, 1 man) are presented in narrative form and explored for their content and meaning. The experience of multiple loss was revealed to be unique and varied for each participant and each loss was experienced independently from the others, concomitant on the relationship to the deceased, the nature and timing of the death and the relevance to the participant’s identity. Similar themes occurred across and within cases that are attributable to having lost a number of close others. Common effects were seen in participants’ experiential knowledge of grief and its vicissitudes, death and its processes, and life and its meaningfulness. Participants believed that their losses have had a profound effect on them, changing their lives immutably. Changes were perceived in terms of impact on the way they view the world, themselves and their relationships. Individuals perceived both positive and negative effects. Analogous with current research and theories in the field many of the participants reported experiencing personal growth as a result of their losses. The present study extends past research findings by attributing these effects to the accumulation of losses. A model for understanding the process of meaning-making in multiple loss was devised. Respondents were apt to process one death at a time, incorporate its meanings and effects on them, compare the effects to each other by contrasting the distinct experiences, and create a framework for meaning that was mutable. There were typical features of these meanings that were characteristic to the tone of the narrative. Stories of multiple loss tended to have an unresolved, a transformational or a growth related tone. An enhanced model of meaning- making in loss is described that augments current models of meaning-making in coping with loss. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.