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Concreto de alto desempenho em ambientes com baixas temperaturas / High performance concrete in low temperature environmentSandra Maria de Lima 06 March 2006 (has links)
O objetivo de colaborar com o equacionamento da problemática do crescimento populacional por meio de uma proposta viável economicamente, e com vantagens tecnológicas com vistas à durabilidade para a armazenagem de gêneros alimentícios em baixas temperaturas motivou o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, na qual se propõe o uso do concreto como material alternativo para a construção de sistemas de guarda e conservação de alimentos. A partir de um adequado método de dosagem e da tecnologia desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisadores do Laboratório de Materiais Avançados à Base de Cimento, foram elaborados dois concretos diferenciados pela incorporação ou não de ar. A durabilidade do concreto para ambientes com baixas temperaturas tem sido relacionada a um sistema de vazios de ar com volume de 6 '+ OU -' 1 % e adequado espaçamento entre as bolhas de ar. O desempenho desses concretos em ambientes com baixas temperaturas foi avaliado acondicionando-os em uma câmara fria com temperatura de - 35 ± 2 graus Celsius. A sanidade dos corpos-de-prova foi monitorada por meio de ensaios não destrutivos (i.e. determinação da freqüência natural). O período de exposição foi de trinta e cinco dias, sendo que após o sétimo dia ocorreu a estabilização dos valores da freqüência natural dos corpos-de-prova. Os dois tipos de concretos ensaiados - com ar incorporado e sem ar incorporado - mostraram-se resistentes nestas condições de ensaio. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os concretos, de acordo com o método utilizado, atendem a todos os requisitos para os quais foram projetados / The aim to collaborate with the set out of the world population increase problem, using a feasible and economical proposal, with technology advantages, destined to store foodstuff in low temperatures, motivated the development of this research, that suggests concrete as an alternative material to storage and conservation foodstuff system construction. Starting from the concrete design with an adequate method, and based on the technology developed by worker group of Laboratory of Advanced Cement Based Materials, were designed two kinds of concrete: with and without incorporated air. The durability of concrete in low temperatures environment were related to air voids system with 6 '+ OU -' 1% of air content, and to adequate spacing between air voids. The concrete behaviour in low temperatures environment was evaluated placing the specimens in a cold chamber, whose temperatures were about -35 '+ OU -' 2 Celsius degrees. The integrity of the specimens was evaluated by non-destructive method (determination of natural frequency). The exposure period of the specimens was thirty five days, but at seventh day the natural frequencies values were stabilized. Both kind of concrete were resistant in this condition. The obtained results show that concretes, in conformity to the used methodology, performed all requirement for that were designed
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Espalhamento Raman dependente da temperatura em cristais de Ãcido DL-aspÃrtico. / Temperature Dependent Raman Scattering on DL-Aspartic Acid CrystalsCÃsar Rodrigues Fernandes 19 February 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta dissertaÃÃo sÃo apresentados resultados de espalhamento Raman em cristais de Ãcido DL-aspÃrtico sob diversas condiÃÃes de temperatura. O Ãcido DL-aspÃrtico (C4H7NO4) cristaliza-se no grupo espacial C2h6 com oito molÃculas por cÃlula unitÃria, existindo portanto 128 Ãtomos na cÃlula unitÃria que darÃo origem a 384 modos normais de vibraÃÃo. Destes um total de 192 modos sÃo Raman ativos, que poderiam ser observados nos espectros nÃo polarizados, mas que por diversos fatores apenas parte desses modos à observada. Fez-se a identificaÃÃo tentativa de todos os modos normais de vibraÃÃo que aparecem no intervalo espectral entre 50 e 3200cm-1 e um estudo com variaÃÃo de temperatura entre 10 e 433K. O intervalo compreendido entre 0 e 150 cm-1 à de extrema importÃncia para detecÃÃes de transiÃÃes de fase estrutural pois contÃm os modos de vibraÃÃo da rede. No caso do Ãcido DL-aspÃrtico ocorreu uma inversÃo de intensidade para os modos em 82 e 87 cm-1, considerando os extremos do intervalo de temperatura medido. Tal inversÃo foi interpretada como uma pequena mudanÃa conformacional, nada associado a transiÃÃo. Com exceÃÃo desse fato nÃo ocorreram anomalias, nem aparecimento ou surgimento de modos nessa regiÃo, o que apontou para a estabilidade do material. Outro evento ocorreu nessa regiÃo: as bandas em 116 e 132 cm-1, bastante distintas a baixÃssimas temperaturas (< 150 K) tornam-se indistinguÃveis a 200 K. Tal fato nÃo pode ser associado a uma transiÃÃo de fase pois o prÃprio alargamento das linhas, consequÃncia do aumento da temperatura, implica a superposiÃÃo dos modos. Some-se a isso o fato de que nas vibraÃÃes de torÃÃo do NH3 e rocking do CO2â (modos associados Ãs ligaÃÃes de hidrogÃnio) ter-se observado linearidade nas curvas frequÃncia-temperatura. Por fim realizou-se um estudo de calorimetria diferencial de varredura, confirmando-se o que havia sido observado pela espectroscopia Raman â a estabilidade da estrutura em todo o intervalo de temperatura investigado. / This dissertation presents the results of Raman scattering in crystals of DL-aspartic acid under various temperature conditions. The DL-aspartic acid (C4H7NO4) crystallizes in space group C2h6 with eight molecules per unit cell, so there are 128 atoms in the unit cell that give rise to 384 normal modes of vibration. Of these modes a total of 192 modes are Raman active, which could be observed in not polarized spectra, but by various factors only some of these modes are observed. We did an attempt identification of all normal modes of vibration that appears in the spectral range between 50 and 3200cm-1 and a study with variation in temperature between 10 and 433 K. The interval between 0 and 150 cm-1 is extremely important for detection of phase transitions because it contains the structural modes of vibration of the lattice. In the case of DL-aspartic acid there was a reversal of intensity for the modes at 82 and 87 cm-1, in considering the extremes of temperature interval measured. This reversal was interpreted as a small conformational change, not associated with a phase transition. With exception of this reversal there were not anomalies, not appearance or disappearance of modes in this region, which pointed to the stability of the material. Another event occurred in this region: the bands at 116 and 132 cm-1, very different at very low temperatures (< 150 K) become indistinguishable at 200 K. This fact can not be associated with a phase transition because the broadening of bands, arising from increasing temperatures, implies the superposition of modes. Added to this there is the fact that the torsional vibrations of the NH3+ and rocking of CO2- (modes associated with hydrogen bonds) behaved linearly in frequency-temperature curves. Finally we did a study of differential scanning calorimetry, which confirmed what had been observed by Raman spectroscopy - the stability of the structure throughout the temperature range investigated.
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Espectroscopia Raman na L-valina deuterada a baixas temperaturas. / Raman Spectroscophy in deuterated L-valine at low temperaturesFelipe Moreira Barboza 29 February 2012 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A deuteraÃÃo de uma determinada amostra permite fazer a identificaÃÃo de vÃrios tipos de vibraÃÃes, comparando-se o espectro vibracional com o de uma amostra hidrogenada. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento vibracional da L-valina-d8 (99,8 Ãtomo % D) atravÃs da tÃcnica de espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente revisitou-se o assinalamento de todos os modos vibracionais ativos no Raman, comparando-se com um estudo previamente realizado. Em particular foram identificadas diversas bandas associadas a vibraÃÃes do tipo estiramento do NH3+ e estiramento do CH3, entre outros, que sÃo observadas na regiÃo entre 2000 e 2400 cm-1. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi realizado um estudo via espalhamento Raman dos modos vibracionais do cristal no intervalo de temperatura entre 100 e 300 K. Sabe-se da literatura que a L-valina hidrogenada apresenta uma transiÃÃo de fase em torno de 110 K. Uma vez que nos cristais deuterados as ligaÃÃes de hidrogÃnio via o efeito Uhbehlode tendem a ser mais fracas, uma anÃlise comparativa entre as amostras hidrogenada e deuterada se faz necessÃrio. Em particular, num estudo realizado na L-alanina descobriu-se que a deuteraÃÃo induz a formaÃÃo de uma nova fase em baixas temperaturas. No caso da L-valina, pelo menos no intervalo de temperatura investigado, nÃo foi possÃvel observar nenhuma mudanÃa nos espectros Raman que pudessem ser associadas a uma transiÃÃo de fase estrutural. De fato, tanto na regiÃo dos modos externos, quanto na regiÃo dos modos internos nenhuma grande modificaÃÃo à verificada. Isso implica que a estrutura da L-valina-d8 à estÃvel no intervalo de 100-300 K. Uma discussÃo acerca da diferenÃa do comportamento a baixas temperaturas dos cristais de L-valina e de L-alanina nas formas hidrogenadas e deuteradas à tambÃm fornecida no presente trabalho. / Deuteration allows the identification of several species of vibrations, through the comparison of vibrational spectra of the deutered and hydrogeneted samples. In this work we base studied the vibrational properties of L-valine-d8 (99,8 % atom % D) through the Raman spectroscopy technique. At first, the assignment of all Raman active vibratonal mades of L-valine was revisited, and a comparison with a previous work was done. In particular, several bands associated to stretching of NH_3^+ and stretching of CH3, among others, which are observed in the interval 2000 â 2400 cm-1 were assigned. In the second part of the work, again using Raman spectroscopy, it was studied the vibrational modes of the crystal in the temperature range 100 â 300 K. It is known from literature that hydrogenated L-valine undergoes a phase transition at about 110 K. It also known that in deuterated crystals hydrogen bands - through Ubbehlode effect â tend to be less strange and, as a consequence, a comparative analyses between the deuterated and hydrogenated samples is very important. In a previous work on L-alanine it was observed that deutaration induces a new phase at low temperatures. In the investigation on L-valine, at least in the temperature range studied, it was not possible to note any change in the Raman spectra which could be associated to a structural phase transition. Both in the external modes region any great change is verified. As a consequence, we can infer that L-valine-d8 is stable between 100 and 300 K. A discussion about the difference behaviors at low temperatures of L-valine and L-alanine (both deuterated and hydrogenated) is also furnished in the present work.
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Estudo de espalhamento Raman nos Ãcidos palmÃtico e esteÃrico: forma C / Study from Raman scattering in the palmitic and stearic acids: C formFrancisco Ferreira de Sousa 08 December 2010 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho visa estudar as propriedades vibracionais dos cristais dos Ãcidos palmÃtico e esteÃrico via espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente foi obtida a cristalizaÃÃo dos dois Ãcidos graxos utilizando o mÃtodo por evaporaÃÃo lenta do solvente usando dois solventes com nÃveis diferentes de polaridade (etanol e clorofÃrmio) em duas diferentes temperaturas sendo uma ~16 oC e a outra ~0 oC. Sendo assim, obtiveram-se cristais simples com duas formas polimÃrficas conhecidas na literatura como formas Bm e C, ambas na simetria monoclÃnica com grupo espacial P21/a (C52h) com Z=4, as quais foram confirmadas por meio da tÃcnica de difraÃÃo de raios X. Em seguida, com o intuito de avaliar a estabilidade termodinÃmica dos cristais escolhidos para este estudo, foram realizadas medidas de espectros Raman tanto em condiÃÃes ambiente como em baixas temperaturas e altas pressÃes. Primeiramente, com objetivo de se determinar os modos normais de vibraÃÃo do material, foram feitos experimentos de espectroscopia Raman polarizado nos cristais de Ãcidos esteÃrico e palmÃtico ambos na forma C em duas diferentes geometrias de espalhamento, neste caso, nas polarizaÃÃes Z(YY)Z e Z(XX)Z, na regiÃo espectral 30â3000 cm-1. Para isto, foram feitas as respectivas classificaÃÃes dos modos Raman ativos utilizando-se resultados disponÃveis na literatura especializada de molÃculas de Ãcidos esteÃrico, palmÃtico e olÃico e com auxÃlio de alguns aminoÃcidos. Como segundo propÃsito, estudou-se o comportamento dos espectros Raman (polarizados) do cristal de Ãcido esteÃrico na forma C como funÃÃo da temperatura desde a temperatura ambiente atà 8 K na regiÃo espectral 30â3000 cm-1. A partir das mudanÃas observadas em vÃrias regiÃes espectrais atravÃs do experimento de resfriamento, notou-se pelo menos duas transiÃÃes de fase para o cristal, Ãs quais propomos que sejam a primeira delas do grupo fator C2h para C2 (210â180 K) e a segunda transiÃÃo (30â8 K) deste Ãltimo grupo para outro correspondente a um de maior simetria. Adicionalmente, analisou-se a evoluÃÃo das bandas Raman variando a pressÃo de 0,0 GPa atà cerca de 9,5 GPa tambÃm do cristal de Ãcido esteÃrico na forma C em trÃs regiÃes distintas: 25â200 cm-1, 800â1200 cm-1 e 2800â3100 cm-1. Nesta etapa, verificaram-se modificaÃÃes muito claras nos modos externos (intermoleculares), assim como, nos modos internos da molÃcula (intramoleculares) dentro do intervalo de 0,0 atà ~2,5 GPa, as quais foram associadas à mudanÃas conformacionais; para valores acima atà 3,3 GPa em que o cristal deve sofrer uma transiÃÃo de primeira ordem; e entre 3,3 e 3,8 GPa, onde o mesmo sofre mais uma transiÃÃo de natureza conformacional. Adicionalmente, os estudos de espectroscopia Raman do cristal de Ãcido palmÃtico na forma C em altas pressÃes foram desenvolvidos na regiÃo espectral entre 25 e 3120 cm-1 variando a pressÃo de 0,0 atà 21,0 GPa. Foram observadas modificaÃÃes pronunciadas em todas as regiÃes do espectro medido, notadamente na regiÃo dos modos da rede cristalina. Tais modificaÃÃes, possivelmente estejam associadas à uma sÃrie de transiÃÃes de fase sofridas pelo cristal que podem ser traduzidas como transiÃÃes de primeira ordem e de segunda ordem que acontecem prÃximos (ou dentro) dos seguintes intervalos de pressÃo [0;1,0] GPa, [3,0;5,5] GPa e [5,5;9,7] GPa. AlÃm disso, as anomalias observadas somente nos modos internos ~14,0 GPa foram atribuÃdas à mudanÃas conformacionais e que talvez sejam decorrentes de rotaÃÃes na molÃcula; algumas modificaÃÃes observadas acima de 18,0 GPa foram consideradas como um inÃcio de um processo de perda da cristalinidade do material, mas de modo a permitir que o cristal volte a sua estrutura original à pressÃo atmosfÃrica. / In this work vibrational properties of crystals of palmitic and stearic acids have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. Initially we were able to crystallize the fatty acids using the method of slow evaporation of the solvent. Two solvents with different levels of polarity (ethanol and chloroform) were used at two different controlled temperatures at ~ 16 oC and another at ~ 0 oC. Thus, we obtained single crystals with two polymorphic phases known in the literature as Bm and C forms, both with monoclinic symmetry of space group P21/a (C52h ) with Z=4, which were identified by technique of X-ray diffraction. In order to evaluate the thermodynamic stability of the crystals obtained in this study, we measured Raman spectra at room conditions, low temperatures and high pressures. Firstly, in order to determine the vibration normal modes of the crystals of stearic and palmitic acids both in the C form, experiments were performed using polarized Raman spectroscopy at room conditions in two different scattering geometries, in this case, Z(YY)Z and Z(XX)Z at the spectral range between 30 and 3000 cm-1. The mode assignment of the observed bands associated to the Raman active modes was done based on Raman data correlations already published for compounds such as stearic, palmitic and oleic acids among others. Secondly, the behavior of the polarized Raman spectra of the stearic acid crystal in C form was studied as function of the temperature from room temperature down to 8 K in the 30-3000 cm-1 spectral region. From the changes observed in several spectral regions on cooling, it was noticed at least two phase transitions undergone by the crystal: a first transition is related to change of the point group C2h to C2 (210-180 K); and the second transition (30-8 K) from the latter group to another corresponding to a higher symmetry. Additionally, we analyzed the evolution of the Raman bands of the crystal of stearic acid in the C form by varying the pressure from 0.0 GPa up to about 9.5 GPa in three different spectral regions: 25-200 cm-1, 800-1200 cm-1 and 2800-3100 cm-1. With increase of the pressure, various modifications have been observed in both the external and the internal modes and they were understood as follows: from 0.0 up to ~2.5 GPa, the crystal presents conformational changes; for values above 3.3 GPa the crystal undergoes one first order phase transition; and between 3.3-3.8 GPa, it undergoes another phase transition of conformational nature. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy studies on palmitic acid crystal in the C form at high pressures have been performed in the spectral region between 25 and 3120 cm-1, by varying the pressure from 0.0 up to 21.0 GPa. Pronounced modifications were observed in all regions of the measured spectra, especially in the region of the lattice modes. Such modifications, are possibly associated with a series of phase transitions undergone by the crystal that can be understood as first and second order transitions that occurs near (or within) the following pressure intervals [0;1.0] GPa, [3.0;5.5] GPa and [5.5;9.7] GPa. Furthermore, anomalies are observed in internal modes at about 14.0 GPa; they were associated with conformational changes and possibly are related with rotations of the molecule. Some modifications above of 18.0 GPa were considered as beginning of a process of loss of crystallinity, although the process allows the crystal recovers its original structure at atmospheric pressure.
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Caracterização da aptidão climática da região da Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul para a viticultura / Characterization of the climatic aptitude of region of the Campanha region of Rio Grande do Sul for the viticultureBrixner, Gabriel Franke 26 February 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / The climatic characterization of the producing regions with potential for vitiviniculture becomes a demand of modern viticulture. Among the new frontiers of modern viticulture it is highlighted the Campanha region located in Rio Grande do Sul, being driven for presenting soil and climatic conditions favorable for growing grapes vines. This new culture lacks studies of interference of climatic conditions in the
development of the plants in the region. The dissertation aims to characterize the suitability of the climate of the region Campaign of Rio Grande do Sul for viticulture. The work was divided into three chapters, the first being a study on the estimation of the evapotranspiration by different methods and its application in the Dryness Index (DI) for the municipalities of Campanha, aiming to identify alternatives methods to the
standard one (Penman-Monteith) used in the DI. In the second chapter, it was performed the climatic characterization of the region through the Geoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System, aiming to identify the thermal and hydric
availability of the municipalities of the region under study. In the third chapter, it was held a study of the risk of frost and the duration of phenological subperiods of Cabernet Sauvignon in the Campanha region. In these chapters, we used daily
meteorological data, the period from 1961 to 2010, for Alegrete, Bagé, Quaraí, São Gabriel, Santana do Livramento and Uruguaiana as availability of municipalities. It was found that the Thornthwaite, Camargo, Makkink and Blaney-Criddle methods present optimal performance in estimation of the evapotranspiration compared to standard when the using it with DI. It was used the Thornthwaite method for the
estimation of the evapotranspiration throughout the Campanha, allowing to analyze a longer period of DI in the region, being this class of the wet type, having hydric
availability for cultivation. The index of night cold is of the class of temperate nights in Campanha, however there are variations among municipalities, months and years analyzed. Regarding the heliothermal index, Uruguaiana is of the very hot kind and the other municipalities are of the hot kind, having high thermal availability, combined with climatic conditions that favor the ripening of the grapes with satisfactory condition for winemaking. Regarding the risk of frost, Uruguaiana and São Gabriel in early September have low risk of frost formation at 5% level, while in the other municipalities the last date occurs in early October, characterized as spring frosts. It is also possible to see that Cabernet Sauvignon showed variations in the total number of days in relation to sprouting periods, as well as between municipalities Campaign. / A caracterização climática de regiões produtoras com potencial para a vitivinicultura torna-se uma demanda da viticultura moderna. Dentre as novas fronteiras da viticultura destaca-se a região da Campanha localizada no Rio Grande do Sul, impulsionada por apresentar condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis ao cultivo de videiras viníferas. Trata-se de uma cultura nova que carece de estudos sobre a interferência das condições climáticas no desenvolvimento das plantas na região. A dissertação objetiva caracterizar a aptidão climática da região da Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul para a viticultura. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos, sendo o primeiro um estudo sobre a estimativa da evapotranspiração por diferentes métodos e sua aplicação no Índice de Seca (IS) para os municípios da Campanha, objetivando identificar métodos alternativos ao método padrão (Penman-Monteith) empregado no IS. No segundo capítulo, foi realizada a caracterização climática da região por meio do Sistema CCM Geovitícola, visando identificar a disponibilidade térmica e hídrica dos municípios da região. No terceiro capítulo, foi realizado um
estudo do risco de geada e duração dos subperíodos fenológicos da Cabernet Sauvignon na região da Campanha. Nestes três capítulos, foram utilizados dados meteorológicos diários, do período de 1961 a 2010, para Alegrete, Bagé, Quaraí, São Gabriel, Santana do Livramento e Uruguaiana, conforme disponibilidade dos municípios. Constatou-se que os métodos Thornthwaite, Camargo, Makkink, Blaney- Criddle apresentam desempenho ótimo, na estimativa da evapotranspiração em relação ao padrão, quando empregado ao IS. Foi utilizado o método de Thornthwaite para estimativa da evapotranspiração em toda Campanha, possibilitando analisar um período maior do IS na região, sendo este da classe do tipo úmido, apresentando disponibilidade hídrica para o cultivo. O índice de frio noturno é da classe de noites temperadas, porém observa-se variações entre os municípios,
meses e anos analisados. Quanto ao índice heliotérmico, Uruguaiana é do tipo muito quente e os demais municípios do tipo quente, apresentando elevada disponibilidade térmica, aliada a condições climáticas que propiciam a maturação das uvas com condições satisfatórias para vinificação. Quanto ao risco de geada, Uruguaiana e São Gabriel no início de setembro apresentam baixo risco de formação de geada ao nível de 5%, enquanto que nos demais a última data ocorre no início de outubro, caracterizando-se como geadas primaveris. É também possível constatar que a Cabernet Sauvignon apresentou variações no número total de dias em relação às épocas de brotação, bem como, entre os municípios da Campanha.
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Krizová připravenost vybrané zoologické zahrady / Crisis readiness to selected of the zooKUCHYŇKOVÁ, Ivana January 2019 (has links)
The introduction of the theoretical part is devoted to the analysis of threats, another part to the rescue of animals. In the next part, I focused on zoological gardens and evacuation of animals. The last chapter of the theoretical part deals with the evacuation of selected species of animals. When selecting individual species, I focused on those that are most represented in Dvorec Zoo. The aim of my thesis was to create an analysis of the preparedness of the selected zoo to selected crisis situations and to identify the risks of evacuation of the zoo. In order to achieve these goals, I have set research questions - how is the zoo prepared for selected crisis situations? And what are the possible risks associated with evacuating selected species? In the second part of my thesis I focused on the research itself, which included an interview with the director of Dvorec Zoo. Based on the interview and my own observation I processed the KARS method. The KARS method has identified 6 risks that could compromise the operation of Dvorec Zoo. These risks include extreme wind, large-scale gas supply disruption, large-scale electricity supply disruption, snow calamity, and extremely low temperatures. Based on the identified risks, I created a plan for MU solution for Dvorec Zoo. In the MU solution plan, I focused primarily on the impacts on operation, planned measures, procedures and responsible people. Dvorec Zoo will, of course, be provided with this plan.
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Qubit control-pulse circuits in SOS-CMOS technology for a Si:P quantum computerEkanayake, Sobhath Ramesh, Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW January 2008 (has links)
Microelectronics has shaped the world beyond what was thought possible at the time of its advent. One area of current research in this field is on the solid-state Si:P-based quantum computer (QC). In this machine, each qubit requires an individually addressed fast control-pulse for non-adiabatic drive and measure operations. Additionally, it is increasingly becoming important to be able to interface nanoelectronics with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this work, I have designed and demonstrated full-custom mixed-mode and full-digital fast control-pulse generators fabricated in a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) CMOS commercial foundry process ?? a radio-frequency (RF) CMOS technology. These circuits are, fundamentally, fast monostable multivibrators. Initially, after the design specifications were decided upon, I characterized NFET and PFET devices and a n+-diffusion resistor from 500 nm and 250 nm commercial SOS-CMOS processes. Measuring their conductance curves at 300 300 K, 4.2 2 K, and sub-K (30 30 mK base to 1000 1000 mK) showed that they function with desirable behaviour although exhibiting some deviations from their 300 300 K characteristics. The mixed-mode first generation control-pulse generator was demonstrated showing that it produced dwell-time adjustable pulses with 100 100 ps rise-times at 300 K, 4.2 2 K, and sub-K with a power dissipation of 12 12 uW at 100 100 MHz. The full-digital second generation control-pulse generator was demonstrated showing accurately adjustable dwell-times settable via a control-word streamed synchronously to a shift-register. The design was based on a ripple-counter with provisions for internal or external clocking. This research has demonstrated that SOS-CMOS technology is highly feasible for the fabrication of control microelectronics for a Si:P-based QC. I have demonstrated full-custom SOS-CMOS mixed-mode and full-digital control circuits at 300 300 K, 4.2 2 K, and sub-K which suitable for qubit control.
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Der Einfluss von Wasser und Wasserstoffbrücken auf Reaktionen in Lavaldüsenexpansionen / The influence of water and hydrogen bonds on reactions in Laval nozzle expansionsLießmann, Matthias 08 November 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Kinetik und Dynamik bei tiefen Temperaturen in Lavaldüsenexpansionen / Kinetics and Dynamics at low Temperature in Laval Nozzle ExpansionsHansmann, Björn 02 May 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Qubit control-pulse circuits in SOS-CMOS technology for a Si:P quantum computerEkanayake, Sobhath Ramesh, Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW January 2008 (has links)
Microelectronics has shaped the world beyond what was thought possible at the time of its advent. One area of current research in this field is on the solid-state Si:P-based quantum computer (QC). In this machine, each qubit requires an individually addressed fast control-pulse for non-adiabatic drive and measure operations. Additionally, it is increasingly becoming important to be able to interface nanoelectronics with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this work, I have designed and demonstrated full-custom mixed-mode and full-digital fast control-pulse generators fabricated in a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) CMOS commercial foundry process ?? a radio-frequency (RF) CMOS technology. These circuits are, fundamentally, fast monostable multivibrators. Initially, after the design specifications were decided upon, I characterized NFET and PFET devices and a n+-diffusion resistor from 500 nm and 250 nm commercial SOS-CMOS processes. Measuring their conductance curves at 300 300 K, 4.2 2 K, and sub-K (30 30 mK base to 1000 1000 mK) showed that they function with desirable behaviour although exhibiting some deviations from their 300 300 K characteristics. The mixed-mode first generation control-pulse generator was demonstrated showing that it produced dwell-time adjustable pulses with 100 100 ps rise-times at 300 K, 4.2 2 K, and sub-K with a power dissipation of 12 12 uW at 100 100 MHz. The full-digital second generation control-pulse generator was demonstrated showing accurately adjustable dwell-times settable via a control-word streamed synchronously to a shift-register. The design was based on a ripple-counter with provisions for internal or external clocking. This research has demonstrated that SOS-CMOS technology is highly feasible for the fabrication of control microelectronics for a Si:P-based QC. I have demonstrated full-custom SOS-CMOS mixed-mode and full-digital control circuits at 300 300 K, 4.2 2 K, and sub-K which suitable for qubit control.
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