The purpose of this study is to determine the individual and accumulative effect of yellow and white corn meal, cowpeas (black-eyes), fortified oleomargarine, salt pork, molasses, peanuts, cabbage, irradiated evaporated milk, tomatoes, and sweet potatoes upon the nutritional value of the resulting diets.

Les dispositifs de diagnostics à bas coût au point d'intervention reposent notamment sur la microfluidique et un support adapté. La mousse polymère dispose de propriétés mécaniques et structurales particulières (porosité, élasticitédots) qui la distinguent des autres matériaux utilisés en microfluidique (PDMS, papier, matières plastiques, verre, siliciumdots). Cette thèse porte sur l'investigation systématique des différentes potentialités offertes par la mousse polymère en tant que nouveau support pour la microfluidique. Un procédé de mise en forme est tout d'abord proposé permettant la réalisation d'un microsystème fluidique. Ce nouveau procédé repose sur l'utilisation conjointe d'une mousse polymère et d'un élastomère afin de réaliser des systèmes fluidiques très élastiques, conservant les propriétés structurales initiales de la mousse. Basé sur une technique d'emboutissage contrôlée et reproductible, le procédé est compatible avec une production industrielle. Un modèle numérique associé permet aussi son optimisation. Les dispositifs microfluidiques en mousse ainsi réalisés possèdent, en plus de la capillarité, un atout déterminant : la possibilité d'une compression manuelle ou d'un actionnement péristaltique externes pour un contrôle des écoulements microfluidiques sans contamination. L'actionnement péristaltique est compatible avec un fonctionnement en pompe et en vanne. Une modélisation par approche nodale permet de reproduire dynamiquement le comportement des écoulements dans des canaux fluidiques en mousse. En vue d'une intégration dans des systèmes portables à bas coût, les étapes fondamentales d'un test de diagnostic (récupération et préparation d'un échantillon, détection) sont validées. On montre que la filtration est possible pour des objets de quelques dizaines de micromètres. Les dispositifs en mousse peuvent aussi être fonctionnalisés chimiquement pour optimiser la capture de cibles biologiques. La détection d'éléments biologiques est également possible en fluorescence ou par colorimétrie à partir d'une amplification isotherme de l'ADN. Enfin, un prototype de typage sanguin donne accès au groupe sanguin d'un échantillon de sang total en quelques minutes. Ce dernier test est mené sur un dispositif intégré qui met en valeur l'essentiel des avantages d'un dispositif en mousse : robustesse, simplicité d'utilisation, embarquement de réactifs, association de différents matériaux, déplacement d'un échantillon biologique par compression externe contrôlée par un opérateur, lecture directe d'un résultat de test en quelques minutes. / Microfluidics and an appropriate substrate are essentials for the design of low-cost point-of-care diagnostic devices. The particular mechanical and structural properties (porosity, elasticitydots) of polymeric foam are unique among the other widespread materials in microfluidics (PDMS, paper, plastic materials, glass, silicondots). A systematic screening of the different capabilities provided by polymeric foam as a new substrate for microfluidics is offered in this thesis. First off, a shaping process is proposed for the production of fluidic microsystems. This new process relies on the combined usage of a polymeric foam and an elastomer to produce highly elastic fluidic systems that keep the initial structural properties of the foam. Based on a controlled and repeatable embossing technic, the process is compatible with industrial production. A coupled numerical model also allows its optimization. The resulting foam microfluidic devices have, besides capillarity, a decisive asset : the option of a manual compression or an external peristaltic actuation for a contamination-free control of the microfluidic flows. The peristaltic actuation can function as a pump and as a valve. A lumped elements model enables a dynamic reproduction of the fluidic behavior inside the foam channels. To ensure proper integration in low-cost portable devices, the fundamental stages of a diagnostic test (retrieval and preparation of a sample, detection) are validated. We show that filtration of objects of only a few tens of micrometers in size is possible. The foam devices can also be chemically functionalized to optimise the capture of specific biological targets. The fluorescent or colorimetric detection of biological elements is equally possible by means of isothermal DNA amplification. Finally, a blood typing prototype gives access to the blood group of a whole blood sample in a few minutes. This last test is carried on an integrated device which highlights the main benefits of a foam device : robustness, user-friendly, embedded reagents, multiple materials combination, transport of a biological sample by external compression controlled by an operator, direct readout of a result in a few minutes.

Le « low cost » est aujourd'hui un concept très mobilisé en innovation et dans le développement de nouveaux produits, à la fois dans la presse en général et dans la littérature scientifique. En sciences de gestion, le concept est aussi bien employé en stratégie qu'en marketing et dans le développement de nouveaux produits. Néanmoins, les managers ont souvent des difficultés à concevoir des produits low cost, à cause du manque d'un modèle de conception pour le low cost. Nos travaux montrent que tous les produits low cost existants ne suivent pas les mêmes règles de conception, et nous proposons un modèle de conception pour le low cost dissociant deux stratégies : le low cost adapté et le low cost innovant. Dans la stratégie de low cost adapté, le produit est reconçu à partir d'un produit existant en enlevant les fonctions non-essentielles. Dans le cas du low cost innovant, une solution complète est conçue pour un besoin défini avec un objectif de coût. Le low cost innovant permet donc de proposer des produits à plus faible coût, mais avec une valeur pour le client plus élevée que les produits existants. Au-delà des règles de conception d'un produit, nous montrons à travers une étude longitudinale effectuée dans le secteur du transport public urbain, les possibilités ouvertes par le low cost innovant pour renouveler l'identité d'objets stabilisés. L'étude de cas souligne trois résultats principaux: 1 / la légitimation du low cost adapté par une stratégie qui combine les deux approches; 2 / la performance de l'approche low cost repose sur la performance de la stratégie d'innovation au-delà des produits et sur sa capacité à renouveler l'identité du transport public; 3 / le low cost renforce les capacités dynamiques d'innovation quand il est utilisé comme outil pour redéfinir les limites de la recherche et de l'espace de conception des organisations, ainsi que comme un outil pour créer de nouveaux partenariats. Enfin, l'étude d'un tel contexte industriel, comme un réseau de valeur complexe, a souligné combien la conception low cost aide à surmonter les obstacles à l'innovation des écosystèmes renouvelant l'identité des objets, proposant de nouveaux partenariats, conduisant les entreprises à redéfinir et reconfigurer leur écosystème ainsi que leur processus de création de valeur. / “Low cost” is nowadays a very mobilized concept in innovation and new product development both in the general press and in the scientific literature. In management sciences, theconcept is widely mobilized in strategy, marketing as well as new product development. However, there seems to be a lack of a design model for such an approach, making difficult for managers to implement the development of low cost offers. Our work shows that existent low cost products had followed different design rules that could be modelled. We propose a low cost design model that distinguishes two approaches: low cost adaptation and smart low cost design. In low cost adaptation approach, the product is designed through a “no-frills” approach to a regular product: the aim here is to reduce the performance of the existent product on secondary needs to reduce the reference cost. In the smart low cost design approach, a new solution is designed for an existing need with a cost goal. Thus, this specific design approach allows creating products with lower cost and higher value than regular products.Beyond the design rules of a product, we show the possibilities opened by smart low cost design to renew the dominant design through a longitudinal study done in the urban public transport sector. The case study underlined three main results: 1/ legitimization of a low cost adaptation needs a dual strategy that combines both approaches; 2/ the performance of low cost strategy relies on the strategy performance beyond products and its capacity to renew the public transport's dominant design; 3/ Low cost approach supports the dynamic capability for innovation when low cost is used as a tool to redefine the organizations' research and design space limits, as well as a tool to create new partnerships.Finally, the study of such industrial context, as a complex value network, underlined how low cost design help to overcome ecosystem barriers to innovation and propose new partnerships, leading firms to redesign and reconfigure their ecosystem and the value creation process.

Le marché du véhicule électrique (VE) en Chine est en pleine effervescence, mais les constructeurs occidentaux peinent à y déployer leurs produits. Pourtant, les crédits d’émissions carbone générés par les ventes de VE sont nécessaires à la survie de leur business de véhicules thermiques dans ce marché. Dès lors, quelles sont les pistes stratégiques à fort potentiel pour les constructeurs étrangers ?En collaboration avec Renault et basée sur cinq missions en Chine entre 2012 et 2016, cette thèse CIFRE dresse d’abord un état de l’art de l’opaque marché du VE en Chine, à la fois généré top-down par des initiatives gouvernementales et bottom-up par des VE low-cost et illégaux, les Micro VE. Nous réalisons une typologie des modèles, des usages, des prix et des territoires de déploiement. Alors que le marché subventionné – hors haut de gamme – ne parvient pas à séduire les consommateurs, c’est en bas du marché officiel et chez les Micro VE illégaux qu’un marché naturel se développe, avec plus d’un million de Micro VE vendus sans aides à l’achat à des particuliers depuis 2009.Dans ce contexte institutionnel spécifique et face à cette double incertitude produit et marché, en appui sur les théories de conception innovante, nous développons un cadre théorique d’exploration stratégique basé sur la combinaison systématique de variables stratégiques et leur évaluation. Nous identifions ainsi deux pistes innovantes et non encore engagées par les constructeurs étrangers : « l’autopartage électrique » et le « VE low-cost ».Sur le volet « autopartage électrique », nous comparons Autolib’ (Paris) et United Journey (Shenzhen), deux systèmes en libre-service basés sur des stations qui semblent pointer vers la mobilité du futur et attirent l’attention des autorités chinoises. Toutefois, en plus de la fragilité des modèles d’affaires, cette piste semble difficile à poursuivre pour les acteurs étrangers dû aux protectionnismes locaux et à la complexité des partenariats publics-privés en Chine, souvent basés sur des réseaux d’institutions informelles.Sur le volet « VE low cost », nous approfondissons les connaissances sur le marché illégal des Micro VE. Une enquête de terrain approfondie dans la province du Shandong permet de caractériser le marché ainsi que les scenarios réglementaires de sa légalisation. Ce marché répond à des besoins véritables de mobilité dans les villes chinoises de rang inférieurs. Ces territoires montrent des environnements sociotechniques à forte compatibilité avec le VE. Il y a peu de stations essence, de transports publics et le stationnement y est facile. Les Micro VE sont chargés sur prises 220 V classiques – ce qui résout le problème d’infrastructures de charge – et permettent une véritable mobilité de proximité plus performante que les deux roues électriques. Mais les forces en faveur d’une légalisation du marché des Micro VE ont le potentiel de le détruire, injectant de la technologie et des normes, et donc augmentant les prix. Une opportunité, semble-t-il, pour les acteurs occidentaux maîtrisant le design-to-cost.Enfin, nous caractérisons la globalisation du programme VE de Renault en Chine, au sein de la triple alliance avec Nissan et le partenaire chinois Dongfeng, ainsi que l’ambidextrie organisationnelle qui l’accompagne. Après des tentatives « d’exploitation » de la gamme VE existante en Chine, le président de l’Alliance Renault-Nissan initie un projet « d’exploration », Kwid EV, un VE low cost pour la Chine. C’est l’occasion pour cette thèse de contribuer aux hypothèses initiales sur le bas du marché VE Chine et de caractériser l’hybridation de lignée qui s’opère chez Renault, entre lignée VE (Europe) et lignée low-cost (Kwid en Inde), entre deux parties de l’organisation auparavant disjointes. Le monde devient ainsi un terrain d’expérimentation pour l’innovation en réseau, avec des marchés tests comme la Chine. Il s’agit alors de réussir le premier coup avant d’innover à l’envers. / The electric vehicle (EV) market in China is booming, but Western manufacturers are struggling to deploy their models in the world’s largest automotive market. However, carbon credits generated by EV sales are necessary for the survival of their gasoline car business in this market. Thus, what are the high potential strategic opportunities for foreign manufacturers?In collaboration with Renault and based on five missions in China between 2012 and 2016, this CIFRE research first draws a state of the art of the opaque EV market in China, a market generated top-down by government initiatives and bottom-up by a low-cost and illegal EV market (Micro EV). We make a typology of models, usages, prices and deployment territories. While the subsidized market – except for premium cars – fails to appeal to consumers, it is instead at the bottom of the official market and within the illegal Micro EV market that a natural market is developing, with more than a million Micro EV sold, without purchase incentives, to private owners since 2009.In this specific institutional context and taking into account this double product and market uncertainty, we build on innovative design theories to develop a theoretical framework for strategic exploration based on the systematic combination of strategic variables and their evaluation. We identify two innovative routes not yet engaged by foreign manufacturers: "electric carsharing" and "low-cost VE".On the "electric car sharing" side, we compare Autolib’ (Paris) and United Journey (Shenzhen), two self-service stations-based systems that seem to pave the road to the mobility of the future and definitely attract the attention of Chinese authorities because of the technologies involved. However, in addition to the fragility of the business models, this opportunity seems difficult for foreign firms to pursue due to local protectionism and the complexity of public-private partnerships in China, often based on networks of informal institutions.On the "low cost EV" side, we are deepening our knowledge of the illegal micro EV market. A field survey in Shandong Province characterizes the market as well as the regulatory scenarios of its legalization. This market responds to real mobility needs in Chinese lower-tier cities. These territories’ socio-technical environments demonstrate strong compatibility with EV. There are fewer gas stations and public transportation systems than in big cities, and parking is easier. Micro EV are charged thanks to conventional 220 V outlets – which essentially solves the problem of charging infrastructures – and allow a true proximity mobility that is more efficient than electric two-wheelers. But the forces in favor of legalizing the Micro EV market have the potential to destroy it, injecting technology and standards, and thus raising prices. An opportunity, it seems, for Western players mastering design-to-cost methodologies.Finally, we characterize the globalization of Renault's EV program in China, within the triple alliance with Nissan and the Chinese partner Dongfeng, as well as the organizational ambidexterity that accompanies it. After attempts to "exploit" the existing EV range in China, the President of the Renault-Nissan Alliance initiates the launch of an "exploratory" project, Kwid EV, a low-cost EV for China. This is the opportunity for this research to contribute to the initial hypotheses about the lower-end of the Chinese EV market and to characterize the lineage hybridization that takes place at Renault, between the EV lineage (European EV) and the low-cost lineage (Kwid in India), between two disjoined parts of the organization. The world becomes a testing ground for networked innovation, with test markets like China. Then, the goal is to make this first shot succeed before reversing the innovation.

This degree project is about sustainable low-cost housing in Ethiopia with a focus on CSSB-technology, which is one method of constructing houses. The project allowed me to visit Ethiopia during seven weeks in 2010, to observe, gather information and to perform tests regarding the specific subject. It is a sub-project to a larger research project initiated in 2002 at Halmstad University in an attempt to introduce low-cost housing technologies for the Kambaata Region in Ethiopia. The aim of the research project has been to develop and test new, sustainable, low-cost building technologies intended for the population, with regard to local traditions, needs and affordability. / Sustainable Low-Cost Housing for the Kambaata region in Ethiopia

While 3.3 billion people flew worldwide in 2014 a large number of these were from developed countries. It is emerging countries which offer the greatest potential for future air traffic growth, with forecasts suggesting that 7.3 billion people will fly by 2034. The greatest proportion of this traffic will be in the Asia-Pacific region where there is already high low-cost carrier penetration. Given increasing price-based competition within short-haul markets, there are many significant challenges in terms of how Asian network airlines respond to LCC competition, and a popular response is the use of low-cost subsidiaries. Thus, the aims of this research are to establish the sources of competitive advantage of Asian airlines generally, and to examine the competitive responses of Asian network airlines and the strategic capabilities of them in competing with low-cost carriers, with a particular focus upon the use of low-cost subsidiaries. This research is underpinned with competitive advantage theory, particularly the resource-based view which concerns the internal environment of firms where each firm possesses a collection of unique resources and capabilities that provide the foundation for competitive strategy. For this research, data were collected from 49 senior airline management personnel using questionnaire surveys, resource surveys, and semi-structured interviews. The data were then analysed using VRIN analysis, the importance and difficulty of 37 competitive responses, strategic capability analysis, and the product and organisational architecture model. The results found that both a strong strategy and stable leadership are crucial. The strategies of Asian network airlines must be flexible to respond appropriately to competitive threats as they materialise, with this responsiveness contributing to the attainment of competitive advantage. Out of an analysed 36 intangible resources, the top resources for competitive advantage and responding to competitive threats for Asian airlines generally are slots, brand, and product and service reputation, with the importance of these based more on being hard to copy than valuable. Each analysed airline business model has a relatively distinct core bundle of intangible resources which explains the internal sources of their competitive advantage. The need for Asian network airlines to strengthen their competitive advantage and their ability to compete is because low-cost carriers impact them in many ways, most notably through a reduction in market share and reduced yields given the key motivation of customers within short-haul markets and economy class is now price and value-for-money. Asian network airlines are most likely to respond to low-cost carriers if they focus upon their core markets, grow their market share, and target the core higher-yielding passengers on which network airlines rely. In such instances, Asian network airlines should respond by focusing more on their brands and meeting the needs of their core targeted market segments. There is a strong positive correlation between profit margin and the strategic capability to compete with low-cost carriers. Yet, Asian network airlines have relatively weak capabilities overall. While Vietnam Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, and Garuda Indonesia are reasonably well placed to compete, network airlines from Northeast Asia, in particular, must strengthen their capabilities especially as Japan, China, and Taiwan are witnessing fast low-cost carrier growth. However, the possession of a strong capability does not mean it is fully or properly leveraged. To compete more effectively with low-cost carriers, the most important competitive responses, based upon analysis of 37 responses, are the ability of management to quickly introduce changes, leveraging brand strength, and increasing aircraft utilisation. Based on the relationship between the importance and difficulty of responses, the most crucial responses for competitive advantage of Asian network airlines are reducing costs to within 30% of LCCs and increasing aircraft utilisation. If achieved, these should lead to meaningful sustained advantage. Low-cost subsidiaries are easier to implement than for network airlines to significantly reduce costs, change to one fleet, or reduce the use of direct distribution, which may explain their popularity within Asia and them being a borderline very essential competitive response. For network airlines, low-cost subsidiaries are a more effective way to compete with low-cost carriers, to participate in the growth of the budget segment, a means of operating uneconomic routes, and to remove unprofitable customers. Network airlines can then focus upon their core market segments and their core competencies. However, their creation is reactive and not proactive which undermines their effectiveness, likewise that low-cost subsidiaries suffer from poor profitability, higher costs, and much smaller size and scale than their key low-cost competitors. This research recommends that Asian network airlines strengthen their existing and primary sources of competitive advantage while pursuing new sources of advantage. While the strategic capabilities of Asian network airlines have strengthened over time, it is essential that they are further strengthened and fully acted upon given increasing competitiveness. The use of low-cost subsidiaries will continue, but it is crucial for themselves and their parent network airlines that they improve their ability to compete and thereby their performance.

The master thesis is focused on the area of low-cost aviation in Europe. Discusses the economics of air carriers and analyzes statistical data on which compares the functioning of selected carriers. In submitted paper there are simultaneously analyzed the destinations network and selected European routes for particular air carriers. Analyses are supplemented by proposals for future possible ways to improve the functioning of the economy. In conclusion is proposed the new model of low-cost air carrier, which is based on a new system of pricing of tickets.

No description available.

Artificiell intelligens syftar på en maskins förmåga att fatta egna beslut. Maskinen skall sedan utföra en handling baserat på beslutet, allt detta utan människans inblandning. Positionsnoggrannheten för fartyg är något som på senare tid ställs allt högre krav på, inte minst i offshoreindustrin. Med hjälp av ett Dynamic Positioning system kan högre noggrannhet uppnås. I detta projekt undersöks vilket system som är lämpligast att använda för ett positioneringssystem för en modell av skolfartyget Calmare Nyckel. Projektet utvärderar positionering med hjälp av fyra accesspunkter jämnt fördelat över två nätverk. Projektet belyser en rad olika tekniker baserade på datasignaler som sedan moduleras av en hårdvaruenhet. Då projektet är av så kallat low-cost resulterade valet i en ESP32 och WiFi som teknik. Laborationer påvisade ett väl fungerande system. Uppmätt noggrannhet var dock inte tillräcklig för att använda rakt av i det fortsatta projektet. / Artificial intelligence is a machines ability to make its own decisions. The machine is then supposed to take action based on the decision, this without the involvement of a human. The positional accuracy for ships is something that has become increasingly more demanding, especially in the offshore industry. With the aid of a Dynamic positioning system, a great accuracy can be achieved. This undertaking investigates which system that will be most suited to use for a positioning system aimed for a model of the ship, Calmare Nyckel. The project evaluates positioning with the aid of four access points evenly distributed over two networks. The project illustrates a number of different techniques based on data signals, which are then modulated by a hardware unit. Because of the low-cost aim, this resulted in the usage of ESP32 and WiFi as the systems of choice. Laborations in the undertaking proved a well working system. Measured accuracy, however, was not sufficient to use directly in the continued project.

The term global climate change is omnipresent since the beginning of the last decade. Changes in the global climate are associated with an increase in heavy rainfalls that can cause nearly unpredictable flash floods. Consequently, spatio-temporally high-resolution monitoring of rivers becomes increasingly important. Water gauging stations continuously and precisely measure water levels. However, they are rather expensive in purchase and maintenance and are preferably installed at water bodies relevant for water management. Small-scale catchments remain often ungauged. In order to increase the data density of hydrometric monitoring networks and thus to improve the prediction quality of flood events, new, flexible and cost-effective water level measurement technologies are required. They should be oriented towards the accuracy requirements of conventional measurement systems and facilitate the observation of water levels at virtually any time, even at the smallest rivers. A possible solution is the development of a photogrammetric smartphone application (app) for crowdsourcing water levels, which merely requires voluntary users to take pictures of a river section to determine the water level. Today’s smartphones integrate high-resolution cameras, a variety of sensors, powerful processors, and mass storage. However, they are designed for the mass market and use low-cost hardware that cannot comply with the quality of geodetic measurement technology. In order to investigate the potential for mobile measurement applications, research was conducted on the smartphone as a photogrammetric measurement instrument as part of the doctoral project. The studies deal with the geometric stability of smartphone cameras regarding device-internal temperature changes and with the accuracy potential of rotation parameters measured with smartphone sensors. The results show a high, temperature-related variability of the interior orientation parameters, which is why the calibration of the camera should be carried out during the immediate measurement. The results of the sensor investigations show considerable inaccuracies when measuring rotation parameters, especially the compass angle (errors up to 90° were observed). The same applies to position parameters measured by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers built into smartphones. According to the literature, positional accuracies of about 5 m are possible in best conditions. Otherwise, errors of several 10 m are to be expected. As a result, direct georeferencing of image measurements using current smartphone technology should be discouraged. In consideration of the results, the water gauging app Open Water Levels (OWL) was developed, whose methodological development and implementation constituted the core of the thesis project. OWL enables the flexible measurement of water levels via crowdsourcing without requiring additional equipment or being limited to specific river sections. Data acquisition and processing take place directly in the field, so that the water level information is immediately available. In practice, the user captures a short time-lapse sequence of a river bank with OWL, which is used to calculate a spatio-temporal texture that enables the detection of the water line. In order to translate the image measurement into 3D object space, a synthetic, photo-realistic image of the situation is created from existing 3D data of the river section to be investigated. Necessary approximations of the image orientation parameters are measured by smartphone sensors and GNSS. The assignment of camera image and synthetic image allows for the determination of the interior and exterior orientation parameters by means of space resection and finally the transfer of the image-measured 2D water line into the 3D object space to derive the prevalent water level in the reference system of the 3D data. In comparison with conventionally measured water levels, OWL reveals an accuracy potential of 2 cm on average, provided that synthetic image and camera image exhibit consistent image contents and that the water line can be reliably detected. In the present dissertation, related geometric and radiometric problems are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, possible solutions, based on advancing developments in smartphone technology and image processing as well as the increasing availability of 3D reference data, are presented in the synthesis of the work. The app Open Water Levels, which is currently available as a beta version and has been tested on selected devices, provides a basis, which, with continuous further development, aims to achieve a final release for crowdsourcing water levels towards the establishment of new and the expansion of existing monitoring networks. / Der Begriff des globalen Klimawandels ist seit Beginn des letzten Jahrzehnts allgegenwärtig. Die Veränderung des Weltklimas ist mit einer Zunahme von Starkregenereignissen verbunden, die nahezu unvorhersehbare Sturzfluten verursachen können. Folglich gewinnt die raumzeitlich hochaufgelöste Überwachung von Fließgewässern zunehmend an Bedeutung. Pegelmessstationen erfassen kontinuierlich und präzise Wasserstände, sind jedoch in Anschaffung und Wartung sehr teuer und werden vorzugsweise an wasserwirtschaftlich-relevanten Gewässern installiert. Kleinere Gewässer bleiben häufig unbeobachtet. Um die Datendichte hydrometrischer Messnetze zu erhöhen und somit die Vorhersagequalität von Hochwasserereignissen zu verbessern, sind neue, kostengünstige und flexibel einsetzbare Wasserstandsmesstechnologien erforderlich. Diese sollten sich an den Genauigkeitsanforderungen konventioneller Messsysteme orientieren und die Beobachtung von Wasserständen zu praktisch jedem Zeitpunkt, selbst an den kleinsten Flüssen, ermöglichen. Ein Lösungsvorschlag ist die Entwicklung einer photogrammetrischen Smartphone-Anwendung (App) zum Crowdsourcing von Wasserständen mit welcher freiwillige Nutzer lediglich Bilder eines Flussabschnitts aufnehmen müssen, um daraus den Wasserstand zu bestimmen. Heutige Smartphones integrieren hochauflösende Kameras, eine Vielzahl von Sensoren, leistungsfähige Prozessoren und Massenspeicher. Sie sind jedoch für den Massenmarkt konzipiert und verwenden kostengünstige Hardware, die nicht der Qualität geodätischer Messtechnik entsprechen kann. Um das Einsatzpotential in mobilen Messanwendungen zu eruieren, sind Untersuchungen zum Smartphone als photogrammetrisches Messinstrument im Rahmen des Promotionsprojekts durchgeführt worden. Die Studien befassen sich mit der geometrischen Stabilität von Smartphone-Kameras bezüglich geräteinterner Temperaturänderungen und mit dem Genauigkeitspotential von mit Smartphone-Sensoren gemessenen Rotationsparametern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine starke, temperaturbedingte Variabilität der inneren Orientierungsparameter, weshalb die Kalibrierung der Kamera zum unmittelbaren Messzeitpunkt erfolgen sollte. Die Ergebnisse der Sensoruntersuchungen zeigen große Ungenauigkeiten bei der Messung der Rotationsparameter, insbesondere des Kompasswinkels (Fehler von bis zu 90° festgestellt). Selbiges gilt auch für Positionsparameter, gemessen durch in Smartphones eingebaute Empfänger für Signale globaler Navigationssatellitensysteme (GNSS). Wie aus der Literatur zu entnehmen ist, lassen sich unter besten Bedingungen Lagegenauigkeiten von etwa 5 m erreichen. Abseits davon sind Fehler von mehreren 10 m zu erwarten. Infolgedessen ist von einer direkten Georeferenzierung von Bildmessungen mittels aktueller Smartphone-Technologie abzusehen. Unter Berücksichtigung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurde die Pegel-App Open Water Levels (OWL) entwickelt, deren methodische Entwicklung und Implementierung den Kern der Arbeit bildete. OWL ermöglicht die flexible Messung von Wasserständen via Crowdsourcing, ohne dabei zusätzliche Ausrüstung zu verlangen oder auf spezifische Flussabschnitte beschränkt zu sein. Datenaufnahme und Verarbeitung erfolgen direkt im Feld, so dass die Pegelinformationen sofort verfügbar sind. Praktisch nimmt der Anwender mit OWL eine kurze Zeitraffersequenz eines Flussufers auf, die zur Berechnung einer Raum-Zeit-Textur dient und die Erkennung der Wasserlinie ermöglicht. Zur Übersetzung der Bildmessung in den 3D-Objektraum wird aus vorhandenen 3D-Daten des zu untersuchenden Flussabschnittes ein synthetisches, photorealistisches Abbild der Aufnahmesituation erstellt. Erforderliche Näherungen der Bildorientierungsparameter werden von Smartphone-Sensoren und GNSS gemessen. Die Zuordnung von Kamerabild und synthetischem Bild erlaubt die Bestimmung der inneren und äußeren Orientierungsparameter mittels räumlichen Rückwärtsschnitt. Nach Rekonstruktion der Aufnahmesituation lässt sich die im Bild gemessene 2D-Wasserlinie in den 3D-Objektraum projizieren und der vorherrschende Wasserstand im Referenzsystem der 3D-Daten ableiten. Im Soll-Ist-Vergleich mit konventionell gemessenen Pegeldaten zeigt OWL ein erreichbares Genauigkeitspotential von durchschnittlich 2 cm, insofern synthetisches und reales Kamerabild einen möglichst konsistenten Bildinhalt aufweisen und die Wasserlinie zuverlässig detektiert werden kann. In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden damit verbundene geometrische und radiometrische Probleme ausführlich diskutiert sowie Lösungsansätze, auf der Basis fortschreitender Entwicklungen von Smartphone-Technologie und Bildverarbeitung sowie der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit von 3D-Referenzdaten, in der Synthese der Arbeit vorgestellt. Mit der gegenwärtig als Betaversion vorliegenden und auf ausgewählten Geräten getesteten App Open Water Levels wurde eine Basis geschaffen, die mit kontinuierlicher Weiterentwicklung eine finale Freigabe für das Crowdsourcing von Wasserständen und damit den Aufbau neuer und die Erweiterung bestehender Monitoring-Netzwerke anstrebt.