Un système de production High-Mix Low-Volume est caractérisé par une grande variété de technologies, des faibles volumes de production, et des produits de courte durée de vie. L’introduction de la technique d’échantillonnage dynamique à ce système de production a permis un gain important sur le rendement de production. Cet échantillonnage est basé, en temps réel, sur les états des équipements et sur l’ensemble des produits en cours de fabrication. Les méthodes classiques d’analyse des rendements, nécessitant un grand nombre de mesure par produit, ne sont plus aussi performantes. Afin d’adapter le diagnostic au nouvel environnement de production, les travaux de cette thèse proposent une approche de diagnostic qui consiste à localiser l’équipement à l’origine de défauts dans une ligne de fabrication du semi-conducteur. Elle est composée de trois modules principaux. Le premier module est constitué d’une méthode d’identification de l’équipement en mode de fonctionnement anormal. Cette méthode est basée sur l’analyse d’éléments communs. Le deuxième est un module de tri de données. Un algorithme d’alignement de séquences a été utilisé afin de comparer les caractéristiques des échantillons et calculer le taux de similarité. Le troisième module est l’échantillonnage réactif pour le diagnostic. Cet échantillonnage est basé sur un modèle d’optimisation linéaire qui permet de trouver l’équilibre entre le nombre d’échantillons et le temps d’analyse. L’approche proposée est validée sur des données expérimentales issues de la ligne de fabrication de la compagnie STMicroelectronics à Rousset-France. / High-Mix Low-Volume manufacturing process is characterized by a wide variety of technologies, low production volumes, and short cycle time of products. The introduction of dynamic sampling technique in this system has enabled a significant improvement of production gain. The dynamic sampling is based on the equipment states and the set of products being manufactured. The yield enhancement methods requiring à large number of measurements by product, are no more efficient. In order to adapt the diagnosis method to the new manufacturing environment, this thesis provides a defect source identification method applied to semiconductor manufacturing process. It is composed of three main modules. The first module aim to identify the faulty process equipment. This module is based on the tool commonality analysis approach. The second module consists in sorting the products. A Sequence Alignment Algorithm has been used in order to compare the sample characteristics and to calculate the similarity degree. The third module is a reactive sampling method for the diagnosis. This method is based on a linear optimization algorithm that allows finding the tradeoff between the number of samples and the analysis time. The proposed approach has been approved on real data from STMicroelectronics manufacturing line in Rousset-France.

A fairly large portion of patients receiving surgical or intensive care will need mechanical ventilation at some point. The potential ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is thus of interest. One of the main causal factors in VILI is the cyclic energy shifts, i.e. tidal volumes, in the lung during mechanical ventilation. The problem can be approached in two ways. Firstly, one can utilize apneic oxygenation and thus not cause any tidal injuries at all. Secondly, and more traditionally, one can simply lower the tidal volumes and respiratory rates used. The following describes a series of animal experiments exploring these options. In the first two papers, I explored and improved upon the methodology of apneic oxygenation. There is a generally held belief that it is only possible to perform apneic oxygenation by prior denitrogenation and by using 100% oxygen during the apnea. As 100% oxygen is toxic, this has prevented apneic oxygenation from more widespread use. The first paper proves that it is indeed possible to perform apneic oxygenation with less than 100% oxygen. I also calculated the alveolar nitrogen concentration which would conversely give the alveolar oxygen concentration. The second paper addresses the second large limitation of apneic oxygenation, i.e. hypercapnia. Using a high dose infusion of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM) buffer, a pH > 7.2 could be maintained during apneic oxygenation for more than 4.5 hours. In the last two papers, THAM’s properties as a proton acceptor are explored during respiratory acidosis caused by very low volume ventilation. In paper III, I found that THAM does not, in the long term, affect pH in respiratory acidosis after stopping the THAM infusion. It does, however, lower PVR, even though the PaCO2 of THAM-treated animals had rebounded to levels higher than that of the controls. In the last experiment, I used volumetric capnography to confirm our hypothesis that carbon dioxide elimination through the lungs was lower during the THAM infusion. Again, the PaCO2 rebounded after the THAM infusion had stopped and I concluded that renal elimination of protonated THAM was not sufficient.

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med examensarbetet är - att genom att kartlägga nuvarande process och identifiera slöserier i den - undersöka om företag inom HMLV-miljöer kan bli mer effektiva genom att använda sig av verktyg och principer inom lean produktion. Utifrån syftet formulerades och besvarades följande två frågeställningar: 1)      Har Lean betydande inverkan även vid produktion av lägre volymer? 2)      Hur kan företag inom HMLV - produktion som tillverkar mot order bli mer effektiva och öka kvaliteten med implementering av Lean? Metod och genomförande: En fallstudie har utförts på ett litet HMLV-företag som tillverkar produkter mot kundorder. Kvalitativ som kvantitativ data har främst inhämtats genom observationer, mätningar, semistrukturerade och ostrukturerade intervjuer samt genom analysering av företagsdokument i form av ordrar och beställningshistorik. För att knyta an fallstudien till teorin har en litteraturstudie genomförts i vilken information har inhämtats från såväl böcker som vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fallstudien visar efter en kartläggning av processflödet av en artikel att företaget på vilket studien utfördes idag inte jobbar med Lean i någon större utsträckning. Kartläggningen visar att det förekommer flertalet slöserier i form av väntan mellan processer, onödiga rörelser mellan stationer samt att artikeln rör sig ojämnt genom de olika processerna i flödet varför det varit en komplex uppgift att kartlägga densamma. Slutsatser: De slutsatser som kan dras från fallstudien i relation till den teoretiska referensramen är att företag inom HMLV-produktion kan använda sig av vissa leanverktyg för att bli mer effektiva medan andra verktyg är sämre lämpade i den nämnda miljön. Vidare kan några av de 14 principerna anammas för att företaget både ska bli mer effektiva men även för att öka kvaliteten på sina produkter. Nyckelord: Lean, logistic, high-mix-low-volume (HMLV), production improvement.

Este trabalho apresenta diversas considerações a respeito do dimensionamento de pavimentos de baixo custo que utilizam solos lateríticos em sua estrutura. Esses pavimentos são construídos para rodovias de baixo volume de tráfego que, apesar de serem utilizadas por pequeno número de veículos diariamente, podem ser solicitadas por veículos muito pesados, provenientes das regiões agrícolas, usineiras e industriais. A despeito dos solos lateríticos não atenderem as especificações tradicionais e das estruturas serem incompatíveis com as normas de dimensionamento vigentes, as soluções de baixo custo têm mostrado um bom desempenho em rodovias de baixo volume de tráfego. Foram estudadas diversas variáveis intervenientes no projeto do pavimento: a composição do tráfego nessas rodovias; o clima atuante no Estado de São Paulo, responsável por umidades de equilíbrio inferiores aquelas nas quais os solos foram compactados; e as propriedades geotécnicas dos solos lateríticos. Foram enfocadas as características desses solos que auxiliam na sua identificação em campo e em laboratório, e que podem ser exploradas para o bom desempenho dos pavimentos. A partir de ensaios de módulos de resiliência, mostra-se a importância da coesão dos solos lateríticos, responsável por sua estabilidade e comportamento adequado em bases de pavimentos. Finalmente, são verificadas as estruturas de pavimentos de baixo custo com base nos conceitos do método norte-americano de dimensionamento de pavimentos de AASHTO-1986. Os resultados corroboram o uso de estruturas esbeltas, normalmente adotadas no Estado de São Paulo. / This thesis proposes to study several aspects of the design of low-cost pavements structurally consisting of lateritic soils. These pavement are utilized for low-volume roads; although used on a daily basis by a small number of vehicles, they might also be requested by heavy trucks typical for agricultural and industrial areas. Thin-layered pavements of lateritic soils have been successfully used in low-volume roads in the State of São Paulo, is spite of the fact that these soils do not conform to traditional specifications and that such structures are not in accordance to current design requirements. Several factors relevant to the pavement design have been analyzed: traffic composition on such roads; climatic conditions of the state of São Paulo, responsible for equilibrium moisture contents lower than those at which the soils were originally compacted; and the geotechnical properties of lateritic soils. Emphasis is given to soil characteristic useful to field and laboratory identification and necessary to ensure good performance of the pavement. The importance of the cohesion of lateritic soils, responsible for the stability and good performance of pavement bases, is demonstrated by means of resilient moduli test results. Finally, the structure of low-cost pavements has been verified within the framework of the AASHTO-1986 pavement design method, The results support the use of thin-layered pavement structures, widely adopted in the State of São Paulo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 christovam_rs_me_botfca.pdf: 614690 bytes, checksum: 308a3ce40b6f8d645291b92daff32733 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência de controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, o presente trabalho avaliou diferentes técnicas de pulverização sobre os depósitos, e parâmetros de produção: classificação dos grãos por peneiras e peso de 1000 sementes e a produtividade da cultura. Seis experimentos foram conduzidos em área experimental da FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu, na cultura da soja (var. Conquista), quatro na safra 2006/07 e dois na safra de 2007/08. O experimento 1 foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 32 parcelas. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro níveis de ar 0, 9, 11 e 29 km h-1 combinados a dois ângulos de aplicação 0˚ e 30˚) com pontas de jato plano AXI 110015. As parcelas foram dimensionadas em 8,0 x 10,0 m (largura x comprimento). De cada parcela foram selecionadas, ao acaso, dez plantas para a amostragem dos depósitos da pulverização. À cada planta foram fixados alvos artificiais (papel filtro na dimensão 3 x 3 cm), dois na parte superior e dois na parte inferior das plantas e, em cada parte da planta um na superfície abaxial e outro na superfície adaxial do mesmo folíolo. Para avaliação dos depósitos, foi utilizada uma substância cúprica marcadora e a quantificação dos depósitos foi por espectrofotometria. O experimento 2 foi conduzido no mesmo local e os tratamentos distribuídos no mesmo delineamento do experimento anterior, acrescido da testemunha (plantas não tratadas). No estádio de desenvolvimento R 2 e R 5.2, foram realizadas pulverizações com um fungicida triazol à 142 L ha-1. As avaliações do número de pústulas/cm² em folíolos retirados da parte inferior da planta foram realizadas semanalmente. Nos experimentos 3 e 4 foram comparadas quatro tecnologias de aplicação: pulverização convencional (sem ar); pulverização com... / In order to improve control efficiency of Phakopsora pachyrhizi the present research evaluated different spraying techniques on spray deposits and yield parameters: classification of the seeds by sieving and the weight of 1000 seeds and the productivity of the crops. Six experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCA/UNESP – Botucatu, SP, on soybean crop (Conquista variety). Four of these experiments on the 2006/07 crop and two in the 2007/08 crop were carried out. The first experiment was set in blocks at random design with 8 treatments and four repetitions, totalysing 32 parcels. The treatments were distributed in the squeme 4 x 2 (four air levels 0, 9, 11 and 29 km h-1 combined at two application angles, 0˚ and 30˚) using flat fan nozzles AXI 110015 type. The dimensions of the parcels were 8,0 x 10,0 m (length x width). In each parcel were selected, at random, ten plants to samplify the spray deposits. Artficial targets (filter paper with 3 x 3 cm) were fixed on each plant, two in the upper part and two at the bottom part of the plants and, in each part there was one target the abaxial and another one in the adaxial surface of the same leaflet. For deposits evaluation a tracer cupric substance was used and the spray deposits were quantified by spectrophotometry. The second experiment was carried out in the same place and the treatments were distributed in the same experimental design, more check plot (non treated plants). In R 2 and R 5.2 growth stages it was sprayed a triazol fungicide at 142 L ha-1. Evaluations of the number of pustules cm-2 on leaflets that were removed from the lower part of the plants were realized weekly. On the third and fourth experiments four application technologies were compared: conventional spraying (whitout air) and spraying with the help of air in boom spray at 9, 11 and 29 km h-1 of the air speed on spray deposits and to control... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Covering the Northern part of the Province, Ontario’s low-volume roads provide a link from remote resource areas to markets. Thus, preserving this transportation asset from the two main sources of pavement deterioration, namely traffic loading and the environment is extremely critical to the movement of goods and to the economy. In particular, Northern Ontario’s secondary highways are challenged by a combination of heavy, low frequency traffic loading and a high number of freeze-thaw cycles for which most of these highways have not been structurally designed. Therefore they experience environmental damage and premature traffic-induced deterioration. To cope with this issue, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation places Spring Load Restrictions (SLR) every year during spring-thaw. For economic reasons, the duration of SLRs is usually fixed in advance and is not applied proactively or according to conditions in a particular year. This rigidity in the schedule needs to be addressed, as it can translate into economic losses either when the payload is unnecessarily restricted or when pavement deterioration occurs. While the traditional approaches are usually qualitative and rely on visual observations, engineering judgment and historical records to make SLR decisions, the latest approaches resort to climatic and deflection data to better assess the bearing capacity of the roadway. The main intent of this research was to examine how the use of a predictor for frost formation and thawing could improve the scheduling of load restrictions by tracking the frost-strengthening and thaw-weakening of the pavement structure. Based on field data captured in Northern Ontario, and on a preliminary analysis that found good correlation between frost thickness in the roadway and Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) variables, more advanced frost and thaw predictors were developed as part of this research and are presented herein. The report outlines how the model was developed, details the calculation algorithms, and proposes an empirical methodology for a systematic site-specific calibration. This research also involved several experimental and numerical tools, including the use of a Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD) to estimate pavement strength during spring thaw, and the use of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software to simulate the impact of SLR on the performance of typical Northern Ontario low volume roads.

Covering the Northern part of the Province, Ontario’s low-volume roads provide a link from remote resource areas to markets. Thus, preserving this transportation asset from the two main sources of pavement deterioration, namely traffic loading and the environment is extremely critical to the movement of goods and to the economy. In particular, Northern Ontario’s secondary highways are challenged by a combination of heavy, low frequency traffic loading and a high number of freeze-thaw cycles for which most of these highways have not been structurally designed. Therefore they experience environmental damage and premature traffic-induced deterioration. To cope with this issue, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation places Spring Load Restrictions (SLR) every year during spring-thaw. For economic reasons, the duration of SLRs is usually fixed in advance and is not applied proactively or according to conditions in a particular year. This rigidity in the schedule needs to be addressed, as it can translate into economic losses either when the payload is unnecessarily restricted or when pavement deterioration occurs. While the traditional approaches are usually qualitative and rely on visual observations, engineering judgment and historical records to make SLR decisions, the latest approaches resort to climatic and deflection data to better assess the bearing capacity of the roadway. The main intent of this research was to examine how the use of a predictor for frost formation and thawing could improve the scheduling of load restrictions by tracking the frost-strengthening and thaw-weakening of the pavement structure. Based on field data captured in Northern Ontario, and on a preliminary analysis that found good correlation between frost thickness in the roadway and Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) variables, more advanced frost and thaw predictors were developed as part of this research and are presented herein. The report outlines how the model was developed, details the calculation algorithms, and proposes an empirical methodology for a systematic site-specific calibration. This research also involved several experimental and numerical tools, including the use of a Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD) to estimate pavement strength during spring thaw, and the use of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software to simulate the impact of SLR on the performance of typical Northern Ontario low volume roads.

Thesis (MS)--University of Montana, 2009. / Contents viewed on December 21, 2009. Title from author supplied metadata. Includes bibliographical references.

Pavement damage due to heavy loads on thaw weakened flexible pavements is a major concern for road agencies in Western Canada. To protect weaker, low volume roads, agencies impose spring weight restrictions (SWR) during the spring thaw to reduce pavement damage. While SWR may be cost effective for highway agencies, reducing the spring weight allowances can have a major impact on truck productivity and shipping costs. Therefore an improved process that links SWR loads to pavement damage, and based on limiting failure strain, is required. This thesis developed Local mechanistic-empirical damage models to predict fatigue and rutting failure on two spring weight restricted (SWR) flexible pavements in Manitoba. The Local damage models were used to assess the SWR loads that regulate commercial vehicle weights in Manitoba based on a limiting strain relationship between truck loads and damage. The Local damage models and a calibrated Finite Element Model (FEM) were used to predict the equivalent single axle load (ESAL) repetitions to fatigue and rutting failure at varying B-Train axle loads at the Manitoba sites. The Local model predictions were compared to predictions from the Asphalt Institute (AI) and Mechanistic Empirical Design Guide (MEPDG) damage models. The results of the analysis showed that for each 1% increase in load, there was a corresponding 1% increase in strain, and up to 3% decrease in ESAL repetitions to failure, depending on the Local, AI, or MEPDG damage models. The limiting failure strains, computed from the Local model for design ESALs of 100,000, were 483μm/m and 1,008μm/m for fatigue and rutting failure, respectively. For the Manitoba sites, the predicted FEM strains at B-Train normal and SWR loads were higher than the Local model limiting strains. Therefore the Manitoba ii SWR loads regulating B-Train operations on the two pavements during the spring period appeared to be reasonable. It is recommended that the research findings be verified with further calibration and validation of the Local damage model using a larger data set of low volume flexible pavements. A strain-based concept on how to manage the SWR regime in Manitoba based on the limiting strains was developed and presented.

Pavement damage due to heavy loads on thaw weakened flexible pavements is a major concern for road agencies in Western Canada. To protect weaker, low volume roads, agencies impose spring weight restrictions (SWR) during the spring thaw to reduce pavement damage. While SWR may be cost effective for highway agencies, reducing the spring weight allowances can have a major impact on truck productivity and shipping costs. Therefore an improved process that links SWR loads to pavement damage, and based on limiting failure strain, is required. This thesis developed Local mechanistic-empirical damage models to predict fatigue and rutting failure on two spring weight restricted (SWR) flexible pavements in Manitoba. The Local damage models were used to assess the SWR loads that regulate commercial vehicle weights in Manitoba based on a limiting strain relationship between truck loads and damage. The Local damage models and a calibrated Finite Element Model (FEM) were used to predict the equivalent single axle load (ESAL) repetitions to fatigue and rutting failure at varying B-Train axle loads at the Manitoba sites. The Local model predictions were compared to predictions from the Asphalt Institute (AI) and Mechanistic Empirical Design Guide (MEPDG) damage models. The results of the analysis showed that for each 1% increase in load, there was a corresponding 1% increase in strain, and up to 3% decrease in ESAL repetitions to failure, depending on the Local, AI, or MEPDG damage models. The limiting failure strains, computed from the Local model for design ESALs of 100,000, were 483μm/m and 1,008μm/m for fatigue and rutting failure, respectively. For the Manitoba sites, the predicted FEM strains at B-Train normal and SWR loads were higher than the Local model limiting strains. Therefore the Manitoba ii SWR loads regulating B-Train operations on the two pavements during the spring period appeared to be reasonable. It is recommended that the research findings be verified with further calibration and validation of the Local damage model using a larger data set of low volume flexible pavements. A strain-based concept on how to manage the SWR regime in Manitoba based on the limiting strains was developed and presented.