Os conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta têm sido aplicados, de forma cada vez mais abrangente, pelas organizações em todo o mundo. Muitas histórias de sucesso remetem a sua aplicação em empresas que operam em condições similares ao da Toyota: produção repetitiva de itens e demanda relativamente estável. Porém, esses conceitos e técnicas podem ser aplicados em outros ambientes produtivos, sendo importante entendê-los e adaptá-los, quando necessário, às condições particulares de cada empresa. Este trabalho propõe recomendações que auxiliam na aplicação da produção enxuta em empresas fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda. Essas empresas possuem um ambiente produtivo caracterizado por uma alta variedade e baixo volume; características que contribuem para uma descrença em relação aos possíveis benefícios que a produção enxuta pode proporcionar na melhoria do desempenho dessas empresas. O objetivo deste trabalho é evidenciar a aplicabilidade e os benefícios da produção enxuta nessas empresas e, por meio das recomendações, fomentar sua aplicação em empresas com características semelhantes às estudadas. As recomendações elaboradas são baseadas num levantamento bibliográfico e em estudos de casos em empresas, fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda, pertencentes ao aglomerado industrial de Sertãozinho. Essas recomendações foram legitimadas por especialistas no assunto e por funcionários das empresas estudadas. Por fim, conclui-se que muitos dos conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta são aplicáveis nos ambientes produtivos de alta variedade e baixo volume podendo contribuir de forma significativa para a melhoria do desempenho das empresas, para a melhoria contínua e, consequente, melhoria da competitividade do aglomerado industrial. O que se percebe é que a baixa aplicação nessas empresas é decorrente, principalmente, de aspectos relacionados a características organizacionais que da própria natureza do ambiente produtivo. / The concepts and techniques of lean production have been applied in an ever more comprehensive by organizations around the world. Most applications have been to high volume, and relatively standardized products. However, the lean production can be applied in other production environments, it is important to understand its concepts and techniques and adapt them to particular conditions of each company. This paper proposes recommendations for the implementation of concepts and techniques of lean production in companies of an industrial cluster. These companies have a production environment characterized by a high-variety and low volume items; characteristics that contribute to a disbelief about the potential benefits that this implementation can provide in improving the performance of these companies. The aim of this work is to show the applicability and benefits of lean production in this environment. The recommendations were elaborated by reviewing the literature about lean production and case studies in companies of the industrial cluster of Sertãozinho. The recommendations proposed were legitimized by subject matter experts and employees of the companies studied. The results show the concepts and techniques of lean production can be successfully implemented in a high-variety/low-volume context resulting in benefits to companies, and the low level of implementation in this environment is mainly related to organizational issues.

Os conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta têm sido aplicados, de forma cada vez mais abrangente, pelas organizações em todo o mundo. Muitas histórias de sucesso remetem a sua aplicação em empresas que operam em condições similares ao da Toyota: produção repetitiva de itens e demanda relativamente estável. Porém, esses conceitos e técnicas podem ser aplicados em outros ambientes produtivos, sendo importante entendê-los e adaptá-los, quando necessário, às condições particulares de cada empresa. Este trabalho propõe recomendações que auxiliam na aplicação da produção enxuta em empresas fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda. Essas empresas possuem um ambiente produtivo caracterizado por uma alta variedade e baixo volume; características que contribuem para uma descrença em relação aos possíveis benefícios que a produção enxuta pode proporcionar na melhoria do desempenho dessas empresas. O objetivo deste trabalho é evidenciar a aplicabilidade e os benefícios da produção enxuta nessas empresas e, por meio das recomendações, fomentar sua aplicação em empresas com características semelhantes às estudadas. As recomendações elaboradas são baseadas num levantamento bibliográfico e em estudos de casos em empresas, fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda, pertencentes ao aglomerado industrial de Sertãozinho. Essas recomendações foram legitimadas por especialistas no assunto e por funcionários das empresas estudadas. Por fim, conclui-se que muitos dos conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta são aplicáveis nos ambientes produtivos de alta variedade e baixo volume podendo contribuir de forma significativa para a melhoria do desempenho das empresas, para a melhoria contínua e, consequente, melhoria da competitividade do aglomerado industrial. O que se percebe é que a baixa aplicação nessas empresas é decorrente, principalmente, de aspectos relacionados a características organizacionais que da própria natureza do ambiente produtivo. / The concepts and techniques of lean production have been applied in an ever more comprehensive by organizations around the world. Most applications have been to high volume, and relatively standardized products. However, the lean production can be applied in other production environments, it is important to understand its concepts and techniques and adapt them to particular conditions of each company. This paper proposes recommendations for the implementation of concepts and techniques of lean production in companies of an industrial cluster. These companies have a production environment characterized by a high-variety and low volume items; characteristics that contribute to a disbelief about the potential benefits that this implementation can provide in improving the performance of these companies. The aim of this work is to show the applicability and benefits of lean production in this environment. The recommendations were elaborated by reviewing the literature about lean production and case studies in companies of the industrial cluster of Sertãozinho. The recommendations proposed were legitimized by subject matter experts and employees of the companies studied. The results show the concepts and techniques of lean production can be successfully implemented in a high-variety/low-volume context resulting in benefits to companies, and the low level of implementation in this environment is mainly related to organizational issues.

In this thesis, the feasibility of deploying RFID technologies in the case of &ldquo / lowvolume high-value&rdquo / products is considered by focusing on the production processes of a real company. First, the processes of the company are examined and associated problems are determined. Accordingly, a simulation of the current situation is constructed by using the discrete event simulation technique, in order to obtain an accurate model. In addition to modeling the current situation, this simulation model provides a flexible platform to analyze different scenarios and their effects on the company production. Next, various scenarios including RFID technology deployment are examined, and their results are compared with respect to profitanalysis which takes into consideration the changes in the production, work in process (WIP) inventory, stockouts, transportation and initial investment. Finally, the analysis of the results and conclusions are given in order to provide guidance for companies with &ldquo / low-volume high-value&rdquo / product portfolios.

Road authorities around the world have been innovating and finding ways to cope with the high cost of road network maintenance, the growing demands of road users and the changing traffic type and volume. A well-maintained road is needed to make the network sustainable for future generations. Improving road maintenance management in the Philippines, based on New Zealand experience, is the goal of this research with the theme of managing the change from method-based specifications to the adoption of performance-based specifications for unsealed low-volume roads. The New Zealand Local Government Act 2002 prescribes the requirements for the provision, operation, and management of the local road network, consistent with the Land Transport Management Act 2002 and the New Zealand Land Transport Strategy. The maintenance management system used by New Zealand road controlling authorities (RCAs) was determined by survey and a profile of RCAs that have adopted performance-based specifications was established. RCAs that adopted performance-based specifications had employed asset managers, used the Road Asset Maintenance Management (RAMM) system as an asset management tool, engaged consultants for specialised skills, employed more engineers, had highly developed performance specifications, conducted customer surveys, and had more resources in terms of rates and revenues than RCAs that had not adopted performance-based specifications. The proposed performance-based specifications for sealed and unsealed roads were also presented in this thesis. The Department of Public Works and Highways of the Philippines has implemented three long-term performance-based maintenance pilot projects, all completed by 2005. The lessons learned from the pilot projects, together with the New Zealand survey results will guide road authorities in the Philippines to improve the implementation of future long-term performance-based maintenance contracts (LTPBMC) on national roads, and possibly apply the same to low-volume roads.

The objectives of the study were: 1st to avaluate the effects of spray volume in application with flat fan nozzels on the efficacy of the insecticides endossulfan and tiamethoxan+lambdacyalotrin in the control of Piezodorus guildinii. 2nd to avaluate and compare the eficiency of the insecticides imidacloprid+betaciflutrin and thiametoxan+cypermethrin in the control of Nezara viridula by aerial application, using rotary disc atomizers, with and without using vegetal oil and ground application. 3rd to avaluate the efficiency of the insecticides imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiamethoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfan in the control of Nezara viridula by aerial application using rotary disc atomizers and hidraulic hollow cone nozzles. The inseticide tiamethoxan+lambdacyalotrin (21,15 + 15,90 g i.a. ha-1) has biger control of Piezodorus guildinii and residual effect than endossulfan (437,50 g i.a. ha-1). Tiamethoxan+lambdacyalotrin and endossulfan have the same behavior, improving Piezodorus guildinii control s with spray volume increasing. The aerial applications using rotary disc atomizers are more eficient when it is used vegetal oil as a carrier of the insecticides. Imidacloprid+betaciflutrin and thiametoxan+cypermethrin applied using rotary disc atomizers, with spray volume of 10 L ha-1, had equal eficiency than its graund application, with spray volume of 100 L ha-1. The effects of these insecticides reacted in the same way to the application technologies. Imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiamethoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfan are more eficient in the Nezara viridula control when applied using rotary disc atomizers Turbo Aero TA 88C5 than using hidraulic hollow cone nozzels D-6 and core 45. / Os objetivos do trabalho foram: a) avaliar o efeito de volumes de calda, em aplicação com pontas de jato plano, sobre a eficiência dos inseticidas tiametoxam+lambdacialotrina e endossulfam no controle de Piezodorus guildinii; b) avaliar comparativamente a eficiência dos inseticidas imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina e tiametoxam+cipermetrina no controle de Nezara viridula, em aplicação aérea com atomizadores rotativos de discos, com e sem utilização de óleo vegetal, e aplicação terrestre e c) avaliar a eficiência dos inseticidas imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiametoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfam, no controle de Nezara viridula, em aplicação aérea com atomizadores rotativos de discos e bicos hidráulicos. O inseticida tiametoxam+lambda-cialotrina (21,15 + 15,90 g i.a. ha-1) apresenta maior controle de Piezodorus guildinii e efeito residual que endossulfam (437,50 g i.a. ha-1). Tiametoxam+lambda-cialotrina e endossulfam apresentam o mesmo comportamento, melhorando o controle de Piezodorus guildinii com o aumento do volume de calda. As aplicações aéreas com atomizadores rotativos de discos são mais eficientes quando se utiliza óleo vegetal. Imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiametoxan+cipermetrina aplicados com atomizadores rotativos de discos, com volume de calda de 10 L ha-1, apresentam eficiência igual a sua aplicação com pulverizador terrestre, utilizando volume de calda de 100 L ha-1. O efeito dos inseticidas avaliados sobre o percevejo-verde responde da mesma forma à variação de tecnologia de aplicação. Imidacloprido+beta-ciflutrina, tiametoxan+cipermetrina e endossulfam foram mais eficientes no controle de Nezara viridula quando aplicados com atomizadores rotativos de discos, com volume de calda de 5 L ha-1 em relação a sua aplicação com bicos hidráulicos com volume de calda de 20 L ha-1.

There are many diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and, among them, dengue has been standing out in the last years by the increasing and elevated numbers of infected people, being considered as one of the principal problems of the public health in the world. In view of the use of agricultural techniques for the control of the vector, as the application of pesticides through the chemical treatment of the environment and the absence of a specific equipment for the control in high scale, the aim of this work was the development of a concept of a machine for such purpose, which attends satisfactorily to the requirements of the clients/users, making it possible to maximize the efficiency obtained nowadays in this process. Among the characteristics present in the concept, are: the presence of two mouth aerosol generators instantaneously adjustable by the operator from his cabin of work; the possibility of simultaneous aerosol generation for both sides perpendicular to the direction of the moving of the machine and the presence of individual cabins for the driver and the operator of the aerosol generator. / São muitas as doenças transmitidas por mosquitos e, entre elas, a dengue vem se destacando nos últimos anos pelo crescente e elevado número de pessoas infectadas, sendo considerada como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública no mundo. Tendo em vista o emprego de técnicas agrícolas para o controle do vetor, como a aplicação de agrotóxicos através do tratamento químico do ambiente e a ausência de um equipamento específico para o controle em grande escala, este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento da concepção de uma máquina para tal finalidade, que atenda satisfatoriamente os requisitos dos clientes/usuários, possibilitando maximizar a eficiência atualmente obtida neste processo. Dentre as características elaboradas do conceito, estão: a presença de dois bocais nebulizadores instantaneamente ajustáveis pelo operador de dentro da sua cabine de trabalho; a possibilidade de nebulização simultânea para ambos os lados perpendiculares ao sentido de deslocamento da máquina e a presença de cabines individuais para o motorista e o operador do nebulizador.

This thesis report is the final element of the Master of Science degree in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology, conducted between January and September 2017 at Saab AB Surveillance in Järfälla, Sweden. The purpose of this thesis project was to analyze the current situation inside production of aftermarket products with an aim to create an extensive mapping of the current situation. Resulting in suggestions for improvements to stabilize the production and creating integration between the aftermarket and new production.   Products produced at Saab Järfälla are used in military defense applications where the larger systems in electronic warfare (EW) and countermeasure systems have very long life cycles, i.e. up to 40 years, and are being used in harsh environments. The products have to be maintained through various service agreements to include support with repairs, maintenance, supplies and transports between Saab and the client. One of these service agreements has a demanded net average lead time of N+12 days between Saab’s facilities and the client whereas N days inside the Järfälla production site. Mapping the situation and handling all the product information in a production with high-mix, low-volume characteristics have not been easy. The aftermarket processes inside Järfälla include diagnosing, reparation, assembling and testing to ensure the performance of the products. The aftermarket shares resources with the production of newly manufactured products which is one of the reasons creating a vast difference in the lead times standard deviation. Other reasons such as information handling, priority inference, flexibility issues and bad visual management has been the effect of causing delays in the production.   The thesis project has been conducted through a development process using various methods for mapping the current situation and to come up with new ideas to improve the situation. Starting with a search in available literature and research about HMLV production, aftermarket situations and lean principles, onto using well-known methods for analyzing such as value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagrams and data collection to form a requirement specification for the upcoming solutions.   As a result, in the analysis of the current state, the fact that the processes itself works almost flawlessly shows that causes for delays and lack of stability lies between the operations. Thereby through ideation, evaluation and further development towards the conducted requirement specification, a solution to start with is to make sure the visual management works. A solution creating a complete overview of the production between all operations integrating new products with aftermarket using a new kind of visual production control boards. These visual production control boards will help prioritizing using FIFO queues and daily meetings, seeing capacity demands and troubles easy by stacking station- or areawise and also create an altogether working flow together with the current layout of the production site.   Further recommendations include further development of these visual production control boards together with implementing a CONWIP planning and control principle using wagons, standardize communications and continuously become more transparent inside the company. The proposed solutions might not guarantee N days inside the Järfälla production site but it will help operators, planners and management to easier locate problems and allocate capacity to increase the flexibility of the production. / Detta examensarbete är det sista delen på civilingenjörsprogrammet Teknisk Design vid Luleå tekniska universitet, ett arbete som genomfördes mellan januari och september 2017 hos Saab AB Surveillance i Järfälla, Sverige. Syftet med examensarbete var att utföra en nulägesanalys över eftermarknadsproduktionen för att senare kunna ge förslag på förbättringar och kunna hjälpa till att skapa integration mellan eftermarknadsproduktion och produktionen av nya produkter.   Produkter som produceras av Saab i Järfälla används i militära försvarssammanhang där de större systemen inom elektronisk krigsföring (EW) och motåtgärder har mycket långa livscykler, t.ex. upp till 40 år och används i mycket krävande miljöer. Därmed har produkterna olika omfattande serviceavtal för inkludera support med reparationer, underhåll, leverans och transporter mellan Saab och kund. Ett av dessa serviceavtal kräver en genomsnittlig netto ledtid på N+12 dagar mellan kund och Saab för reparation varav N dagar maximalt hos produktionen i Saab Järfälla. Kartläggningen av situationen och hanteringen av all produktinformation i en produktion med hög variation och låg volym har inte varit lätt. Eftermarknadsprocesserna inom Järfälla inkluderar diagnostisering, reparation, montering och testning för att säkerställa produktens prestanda. Eftermarknaden delar även resurser med produktion av nyframställda produkter vilket är en av anledningarna till att skapa en stor skillnad i ledtidens standardavvikelse. Andra orsaker som informationshantering, prioritetsinferens, flexibilitetsproblem och dålig visuell hantering har medfört förseningar i produktionen.   Projektet har genomförts genom en utvecklingsprocess med olika metoder för att kartlägga den nuvarande situationen och att komma med nya idéer för att förbättra situationen. Det startade med en sökning i tillgänglig litteratur och forskning om HMLV-produktion, eftermarknadssituationer och lean principer, på att använda välkända metoder för att analysera som value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagram och datainsamling för att skapa en kravspecifikation för kommande lösningar.   Som ett resultat visar det faktum att processerna själva fungerar nästan felfritt och att orsakerna till förseningar och bristen på stabilitet ligger istället mellan operationerna. Därigenom genom idégenerering, utvärdering och vidareutveckling mot den genomförda kravspecifikationen, är en lösning till att börja med att se till att den visuella hanteringen fungerar. En framställd lösning som skapar en fullständig översikt över produktionen mellan alla verksamheter som integrerar nya produkter med eftermarknaden med hjälp av en ny typ av visuella produktionsstyrningstavlor. Dessa visuella produktionsstyrningstavlorna kommer att bidra till att hjälpa prioritera genom att använda sig av FIFO-köer och dagliga möten, eftersom kapacitetsbehov och problem är enkla genom att istället stapla station- eller områdesvis och skapa ett helt arbetsflöde tillsammans med produktionsplatsens nuvarande layout.   Ytterligare rekommendationer inkluderar vidareutveckling av dessa visuella produktionsstyrningstavlorna tillsammans med implementering av en CONWIP planerings- och kontrollprincip med hjälp av vagnar, standardisering av kommunikationer och att kontinuerligt bli mer transparenta inom företaget. Lösningarna kan inte helt garantera N dagar på Järfällas produktionsplats, men det kommer att hjälpa operatörer, planerare och ledare att lättare hitta problem och fördela kapacitet för att öka produktionens flexibilitet.

This thesis investigates the possibility to adapt Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), tothe development process in the shipbuilding industry.More specifically the development process wasdelimited to the phases; design, work preparation, production and verification.Ordinarily, OEE is a performance measurement for mass production. Itincludes aquality parameter which has been the focus of this thesis. Both literature review and case study investigation show that process quality is of critical importance in the shipbuilding industry because of the needs for dimensional accuracy and high-quality assemblage.The three main factors affecting process quality are;the flow of information between engineering phaseand productionphase, and the amount of rework and delays. The factors wereevaluated along an optimization method with a specific attention to process quality. Acase studywas conductedto confirm the relevance of the literature review on factors affecting process qualityand allowedto gather factors in process quality that are relevant to the industry.In light of those results, I re-developed a model providingnew measurement of what I call OPQE (Overall Process Quality Efficiency).This study contributes to a betterunderstanding of process quality in ETO(Engineering-To-Order)industries. Notably it shows how deviations that require rework and causesdelays are impacting process quality. It also shows that detecting errors early in the process of production is essential for insuring quality control. An error detected late affects negatively process quality and increases cost.

The automotive industry is responsible for substantial emissions and is therefore transitioning to the new market of electromobility. With changing market conditions and uncertain demand, frequent product launches and customization are increasingly common. Responsiveness has also gained importance, which is why one way to manage the constant change is to use High-Mix-Low-Volume (HMLV) assembly lines. These produce multiple products but at lower volumes, and are characterized by their reconfigurability, i.e., capability to adapt their capacity as well as functionality. The HMLV assembly lines often have high product and process complexity. As a result, standardization and automation of the processes become difficult to realize. Instead, they are dependent on multi-skilled operators and flexible equipment to ensure high quality. Still, the industry continues progressing towards automation and connectivity. Industry 4.0 may facilitate this objective, as well as enhanced reconfigurability and quality in assembly, but despite the increasing interest in the field on Industry 4.0 and related concepts, there is limited research on its potential application for HMLV assembly lines. This report therefore studies the potential of Industry 4.0 to be implemented as a way to combine the strive for increased digitalization with the demand for customization and responsiveness. More specifically, the aim was to provide insights on how Industry 4.0 can improve process reconfigurability and quality in HMLV assembly lines, and to investigate the enablers and barriers to its implementation. To do this, a semi-structured literature review and a multi-case study were conducted. In total, six cases of varying characteristics were investigated through a series of unstructured and semi-structured interviews, site visits and direct observations. Industry 4.0 is built on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), which revolves around the integration of physical and digital assets in the manufacturing process. It was found that Industry 4.0 components could improve the reconfigurability and quality at HMLV assembly lines. The literature review presented a framework consisting of six features of reconfigurability: modularity, customization, scalability, convertibility, integrability and diagnosability. Most of these could directly or indirectly be enhanced by Industry 4.0 applications. For example, standardized interfaces in hardware and software were deemed essential for integrability. Mobile modular workstations such as AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) were examples of a key asset for scalability and convertibility. Availability, accessibility, and accuracy in data from operations, and effective analytics of the data, could improve modularity and customization. It could also improve diagnosability through predictive maintenance. Connectivity was a prerequisite for systematic data management which could also positively impact the quality. Data enabled a better understanding of processes and was the first step towards improvement. Having real-time data and visualizing it could lead to optimized planning and to addressing issues such as deviations close to the source. Another technology which could improve quality was for example augmented reality for operator training. Several enablers and barriers for Industry 4.0 implementation were identified. The most important enablers were the current paradigm shift towards digitalization, the alignment with agile working ways, collaboration between IT (agile) and production (waterfall/lean), and the synergy between reconfigurable systems and Industry 4.0 implementation. The most prevalent barriers were the lack of IT resources in production, legacy systems and equipment with established ways of working, and the integration of a segregated portfolio of systems. Finally, a recommendation is that all parts of the production system should be reconfigurable: equipment, systems and operators, and the way of working should be compatible with the philosophy. / Fordonsindustrin står för omfattande utsläpp och genomgår därför en övergång till den nya marknaden e-mobilitet. Med förändrande marknadsvillkor och osäker efterfrågan är frekventa produktlanseringar och specialanpassade produkter vanligt förekommande. Responsivitet har också blivit allt viktigare, varför en vanlig lösning för att möta konstant förändring är genom användandet av monteringslinor med hög mix och låg volym (HMLV). Dessa linor producerar flera olika produkter av lägre volym och karaktäriseras av sin rekonfigurerbarhet, det vill säga deras förmåga att anpassa sin kapacitet såväl som funktionalitet. Denna typ av monteringslinor har ofta hög produkt- och processkomplexitet vilket resulterar i att standardisering och automation av processerna blir svårt att realisera. Istället är de beroende av skickliga operatörer samt flexibel utrustning för att säkerställa hög kvalitet. Trenden är dock att industrin går mot högre nivåer av automation och uppkoppling. Industri 4.0 skulle kunna möjliggöra dessa mål, samt bidra till ökad rekonfigurerbarhet och kvalitet i montering, men trots det ökande intresset inom området Industri 4.0 och relaterade koncept är forskningen gällande dess potentiella tillämpning i HMLV monteringslinor begränsad. Denna rapport studerar därför potentialen för Industri 4.0 att tillämpas som ett sätt att kombinera strävan mot digitalisering med efterfrågan av specialanpassade produkter och responsivitet. Mer specifikt ämnar rapporten ge inblick i hur Industri 4.0 kan förbättra rekonfigurerbarheten och kvaliteten i monteringslinor med hög mix och låg volym, och att utreda både möjliggörande och hindrande faktorer för dess implementering. Metoden som använts för att göra detta har varit en semistrukturerad litteraturstudie samt en flerfallsstudie. Totalt studerades sex fall genom en serie ostrukturerade och semistrukturerade intervjuer, studiebesök och observationer. Industri 4.0 bygger på principen om cyberfysiska system, vilket handlar om integration av fysiska och digitala komponenter i tillverkningsprocessen. Det visade sig att komponenter av Industri 4.0 på flera sätt kan förbättra rekonfigurerbarhet och kvalitet för HMLV monteringslinor. Litteraturstudien presenterade ett ramverk bestående av sex egenskaper för att uppnå rekonfigurerbarhet. Dessa var: modularitet, specialanpassning, skalbarhet, konverterbarhet, integrerbarhet och diagnostiserbarhet. Majoriteten av dessa kunde direkt eller indirekt främjas med hjälp av Industri 4.0-applikationer. Exempelvis bedömdes standardiserade gränssnitt i hård- och mjukvara vara väsentligt för integrerbarhet. Mobila, modulära arbetsstationer såsom AGVer (Automatic Guided Vehicles) var exempel på en nyckeltillgång för skalbarhet och konverterbarhet. Tillgång till giltig data och effektiv analys av datan kunde förbättra modularitet och specialanpassning. Det kunde också förbättra diagnostiserbarheten genom proaktivt underhållsarbete av maskiner. Uppkoppling sågs som en förutsättning för systematisk datahantering vilket också kunde ha en positiv inverkan på kvaliteten. Data möjliggjorde ökad förståelse för processer och var därmed ett första steg mot förbättringar. Med hjälp av realtidsdata och visualisering av denna kunde planering optimeras och avvikelser adresseras nära källan. Ytterligare teknik som kunde förbättra kvalitet var exempelvis augmented reality (AR) för effektiv träning av operatörer. Ett flertal möjliggörande och hindrande faktorer för tillämpning av Industri 4.0 identifierades. De viktigaste möjliggörarna var den rådande digitaliseringen, samarbete mellan IT (agilt) och produktion (waterfall/lean), synergier mellan rekonfigurerbara system och Industri 4.0-implementering samt mellan Industri 4.0 och agila arbetssätt. De viktigaste barriärerna var brist på IT-resurser i produktion, utdaterade system och utrustning, samt integreringen mellan en uppsjö av skilda system. Slutligen presenterades rekommendationer, varav ett centralt råd var att alla delar av ett produktionssystem, det vill säga utrustning, system och operatörer, bör göras rekonfigurerbara.

Syfte – Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur High-Mix/Low-Volume (HMLV) företag kan identifiera processer med förbättringspotential och sedan effektivisera dem. För att uppnå syftet skapades två frågeställningar: [1] Vilka processer i HMLV-företag har störst förbättringspotential? [2] Hur kan HMLV-företag effektivisera och förbättra sina processer? Metod – Studien är en enfallstudie som består främst av insamlade kvalitativa data men även kvantitativa data. Data samlades in via tre metoder intervjuer, observationer och dokumentstudier. Observationer, dokumentstudier och ostrukturerade intervjuer utfördes sedan på fallföretaget med målet att kartlägga dess processer. Avslutningsvis utfördes en semistrukturerad intervju med nyckelpersoner på företaget. Triangulering användes vid alla metoder för att fastställa och öka validiteten. Avslutningsvis jämfördes det teoretiska ramverket med den insamlade data föra att besvara frågeställningarna. Resultat – Studiens resultat baseras på leans sju slöserier och SIPOC (Supply-Input-Process-Output-Customer). Det resulterade i att inköps- och projekteringsprocessen var de som hade störst förbättringspotential. Utifrån detta resultat framkom det att metoder som kan användas för att effektivisera HMLV-företag är 5S, anställdas involvering och kvalitet från ursprung skapade. Samt kom det också fram att Business Process Management (BPM) passade in för effektiviseringsarbete. Implikationer – Resultatet för denna studie kan vara relevant för andra HMLV-företag. Andra företag kan använda sig av samma metoder för att identifiera förbättringspotential. Då kan lean-verktyg och BPM appliceras för att effektivisera verksamheten. HMLV-företag bör anpassa metodiken från denna studie till sin egen kontext, vilket betyder att det kräver kompetens inom processidentifiering, förbättringsarbeten och effektivisering.  Begränsningar – För denna studie finns det tre begräsningar. Den första begränsningen är att studien enbart undersöker processidentifiering och berör inte implementering. Insamlingen av empiri under projektets gång har varit begränsad på grund av COVID-19 och avståndet mellan studenterna och fallföretaget. Den avslutande begränsningen är att studien endast undersöker BPM och lean relaterat till HMLV-miljöer. / Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of how HMLV companies can identify their processes with potential for improvements and then streamline them. To accomplish the purpose two research questions have been made: [1] What processes in HMLV-companies have the biggest potential for improvement? [2] How can an HMLV-companies increase their efficiency and improve their processes? Method – The study is a case study that consists mainly of collecting qualitative data but also some quantitative data. Data was collected via three methods, interview, observations, and document studies. Observations, document studies, and unstructured interviews were then performed at the case company with the aim of mapping its processes. Finally, a semi-structured interview was conducted with key people at the company. Triangulation was used in all methods to determine and increase the validity. Finally, the theoretical framework was compared with the data collected to answer the study’s questions.  Findings - The study results were based on leans seven types of wastes and SIPOC (Supply-Input-Process-Output-Customer). As a result, the purchasing and design processes were the ones with the greatest potential for improvement. Based on this result, it emerged that methods that can streamline HMLV-companies are 5S, employee involvement, and quality at the source. It was also revealed that Business Process Management (BPM) was suitable for streamlining work. Implications – The results of this study may be relevant to other HMLV-companies. Other companies can use the same methods to identify potential for improvement.  Then lean tools and BPM can be applied to streamline their operations. HMLV-companies should adopt the methodology from this study to their own context, which means that it requires competence in process identification, improvement work, and efficiency. Limitations – For this study, there are three limitations. The first limitation is that the study only examines process identification and does not concern implementation. The collection of empirical data during the project has been limited due to COVID-19 and the distance between the students and the case company. The final limitation is that the study only examines BPM and lean related to HMLV environments.