Spin-polarized electron beam has not yet been produced from an unpolarized electron beam using Stern-Gerlach type spin filter, because of the Lorentz force and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. At present, electron spin detectors and filters work on the basis of spin-dependent scattering of an electron beam from crystal surfaces. Single channel efficiencies of all the spin detectors for electrons are orders of magnitudes lower than the ideal one. Specular reflection type spin-polarized low energy electron diffraction (SPLEED)-spin detectors are having higher single channel efficiencies compared to the conventional Mott detectors. Moreover, multichannel detection can be realized from specular reflection type SPLEED-spin detectors. They have higher effective efficiency than the ideal spin detector. In order to develop specular reflection type spin filter, it is important to develop a spin-polarized low energy electron diffraction system. In addition, SPLEED system allows us to study the spin-orbit and exchange scattering at crystal surfaces. The general direction of the thesis has been the development of spin-polarized low energy electron diffraction (SPLEED) system. This system has been used to investigate the spin-orbit interactions on Ir(100) surface and exchange interactions of Fe grown on Ir(100). The thesis is organized into chapters as follows. Chapter 1 introduce the reader to some of the basic concepts of polarized electrons and the evolution of spin-polarized electron sources and detectors. Sources of polarized electrons are discussed with emphasis on photocathodes such as GaAs and strained GaAs. Widely used spin detector is the Mott detector which works in the higher energy range. The working principle of the Mott detector is discussed. Commonly used spin detector in the lower energy range is the LEED detector. The concept of the LEED detector is also discussed. Working principle and recent developments of specular reflection type SPLEED spin filters are introduced. Evolution of electron spin detector is discussed towards the end of the chapter. Chapter 2 discusses about the two instruments designed and developed during the course of the thesis. The first one is a spin-polarized low energy electron diffraction system working in the reflected electron pulse counting mode in UHV. This system is capable of measuring spin asymmetries due to spin-orbit interaction and exchange interaction. This instrument is useful in understanding structure and magnetism at surfaces as well as helps to develop new spin polarimeter based on SPLEED by evaluating spin asymmetries from different surfaces. All instruments connected to SPLEED system, measurement protocol and controlling software are discussed with some details. Along with this, standard characterization tools such as X-ray diffraction and magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements are discussed. The second instrument is a novel quadratic magneto-optic Kerr effect measurement system using permanent magnets, which is simple, compact and cost-effective. We have used rotating field method to extract QMOKE component in saturation. So there is no need for precise real-time measurement of magnitude and direction of the magnetic field as in the case of vector magnet. This instrument can easily quantify QMOKE coefficients for ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic thin films and single crystals. Chapter 3 discusses SPLEED experiments carried out on Ir(100)-(1×5)-Hex and Ir(100)-(1×2+2×1)-O surfaces. The surface structure and surface preparation techniques are discussed. The stability of the Ir(100)-(1×5)-Hex surface is evaluated by monitoring the spin asymmetry as the function of time. Within 25 hours after the surface preparation, the profile of the spin asymmetry and the reflected electron count for Ir(100)-(1×5)-Hex surface resembles that of hydrogen adsorbed Ir(100)-(1×5)-H surface. The electron energy-angle of incidence landscape of reflectivity, spin asymmetry and figure of merit are recorded for Ir(100)-(1×2+2×1)-O surface. Many wide regions with a large figure of merit are identified in the E- landscape. Chapter 4 reports SPLEED experiments carried out on Ir(100)-(1×5)-H surface. The comparison between asymmetries evaluated for the Ir(100)-(1×5)-Hex surface after 25 hours and Ir(100)-(1×5)-H surface suggests that Ir(100)-(1×5)-Hex surface is transforming to Ir(100)-(1×5)-H surface, in 25 hours. This can be due to the adsorption of more than four Langmuir of residual hydrogen during this time. The energy-angle landscape of reflectivity, asymmetry and figure of merit are recorded for Ir(100)-(1×5)-H surface in an energy range 20 eV to 100 eV and angle range 10 to 60 . Many regions are identified as the working point for specular reflection type spin filter based on SPLEED. The surface structure and surface preparation techniques are discussed. The stability of the surface is also evaluated. Chapter 5 investigates the growth and magnetic properties of Fe(100) film on Ir(100)-(1×1), Ir(100)-(1×5)-Hex and Ir(100)-(1×2+2×1)-O surfaces. LEED, MEED, LMOKE and QMOKE studies were presented. The growth is found to be layer-by-layer at least up to 20 monolayers (ML) at room temperature. At higher deposition temperature, the MEED oscillations disappear around 3-5 ML. Magnetic anisotropy of the Fe(100) film grown on Ir(100)-(1×2+2×1)-O surfaces is evaluated using LMOKE measurement using Kerr microscope. Simultaneous in-situ LMOKE and MEED measurements were carried out during the deposition. Ferromagnetic ordering with an in-plane easy axis starts above 4.5 ML at room temperature. The Kerr rotation normalized by thickness is evaluated in the pseudomorphic regime and strain relaxed regime. The probing depth of the MOKE is found to be around 14 nm in Fe(100)/Ir(100). An antisymmetric component is observed in the re-magnetization loop measured using MOKE. This antisymmetric loop arises due to the quadratic magneto-optic coupling which is separated by symmetrization and antisymmetrization procedure. The observed quadratic magneto-optic coupling suggests that the analysis based on the assumption that the magneto-optic coupling is linear in magnetization has to be modified. In order to quantify the quadratic magneto-optic coupling parameters, a QMOKE measurement system is developed and measurements were carried out. Chapter 6 discusses SPLEED experiments carried out on various thicknesses of Fe(100) film. Fe(100) films grown on Ir(100) substrate with the thickness less than or equal to 4 ML is not ferromagnetic with in-plane easy axis at room temperature. The non-zero exchange asymmetry observed for 5 ML and above indicates the presence of ferromagnetic ordering. A difference in the profile of exchange asymmetry is observed between pseudomorphic and strain relaxed regime. Large spin-orbit asymmetry is observed for 1 ML and 2 ML Fe(100) which is unexpected from a low atomic number (Z) material. The reason for large spin-orbit asymmetry is still unknown. The energy-angle landscape of reflectivity, exchange asymmetry, spin-orbit asymmetry and figure of merit were evaluated for 21 ML of Fe(100). Many working points were identified for different types multichannel spin filter based on exchange interaction Finally, the various results are summarized and a broad outlook is given.

Abstract : The major objective of our study is to investigate DNA damage induced by soft X-rays (1.5 keV) and low-energy electrons (˂ 30 eV) using a novel irradiation system created by Prof. Sanche’s group. Thin films of double-stranded DNA are deposited on either glass and tantalum substrates and irradiated under standard temperature and pressure surrounded by a N[subscript 2] environment. Base release (cytosine, thymine, adenine and guanine) and base modifications (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro -2’-deoxyguanosine, 5-hydroxymethyl-2’-deoxyuridine, 5-formyl-2’-deoxyuridine, 5,6-dihydrothymidine and 5,6-dihydro-2’-deoxy uridine) are analyzed and quantified by LC-MS/MS. Our results reveal larger damage yields in the sample deposited on tantalum than those on glass. This can be explained by an enhancement of damage due to low-energy electrons, which are emitted from the metal substrate. From a comparison of the yield of products, base release is the major type of damage especially for purine bases, which are 3-fold greater than base modifications. A proposed pathway leading to base release involves the formation of a transient negative ion (TNI) followed by dissociative electron attachment (DEA) at the N-g lycosidic bond. On the other hand, base modification products consist of two major types of chemical modifications, which include thymine methyl oxidation products that likely arises from DEA from the methyl group of thymine, and 5,6-dihydropyrimidine that can involve the initial addition of electrons, H atoms, or hydride ions to the 5,6-pyrimidine double bond. / Résumé: L'objectif majeur de ce projet étude est d'étudier les lésions d'ADN induites par les rayons X mous (1,5 keV) et des électrons de faible énergie (˂ 30 eV) à partir d'un nouveau système d'irradiation créé par le groupe du Pr. Sanche. De minces couches d'ADN double brin sont déposées soit sur du verre ou sur les substrats de tantale. Celles-ci sont irradiées sous une température et pression environnante, mais dans une atmosphère de N[indice inférieur 2]. Les bases relâchées (cytosine, la thymine, l'adénine et la guanine) et les produits de modification de base (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-désoxyguanosine, 5-hydroxyméthyl-2'-désoxyuridine, 5-formyl-2'-désoxyuridine, 5,6-dihydrothymine et 5,6-dihydrouridine) sont analysés et quantifiés par LC-MS/MS. Nos résultats révèlent un plus grand rendement de dommages dans les échantillons déposés sur le tantale que celles sur le verre. Cette différence peut être expliquée par l’interaction des électrons de faible énergie qui sont photo émis des substrats métalliques. D'après les résultats obtenus, la libération de bases est un produit majeur en comparaison avec la modification de bases. Ceci provient, en particulier, surtout des purines qui libèrent la base a un niveau trois fois plus grand que la modification de la base. Une voie proposée, conduisant à la libération de base, implique la formation d'ions négatifs transitoires (TNI), suivie par l'attachement d'électrons dissociatifs (DEA) à la liaison N-glycosidique. En outre, les produits de modification de base sont composés en deux grands types de modifications chimiques. L’un des produits est l’oxydation du groupe méthyle de la thymine, qui probablement consiste de en d'hydrure (-H[indice supérieur -]) par l'intermédiaire de DEA. Alors que l’autre modification chimique est la formation de 5,6-dihydropyrimidine qui implique l'addition d'hydrure à la double liaison du 5,6-pyrimidine.

The successful completion of the Hiten mission in 1991 provided real-world validation of a class of trajectories defined as ballistic lunar capture transfers. This class of transfers is often considered for missions to the Moon and for tours of the moons of other planets. In this study, the dynamics of the three and four body problems are examined to better explain the mechanisms of low energy transfers in the Earth-Moon system, and to determine their optimality. Families of periodic orbits in the restricted Earth-Sun-spacecraft three body problem are shown to be generating families for low energy transfers between orbits of the Earth. The low energy orbit-to-orbit transfers are shown to require less fuel than optimal direct transfers between the same orbits in the Earth-Sun-spacecraft circular restricted three body problem. The low energy transfers are categorized based on their generating family and the number of flybys in the reference three body trajectory. The practical application of these generating families to spacecraft mission design is demonstrated through a robust nonlinear targeting algorithm for finding Sun-Earth- Moon-spacecraft four body transfers based on startup transfers indentified in the Earth- Sun three body problem. The local optimality of the transfers is examined through use of Lawden’s primer vector theory, and new conditions of optimality for single-impulse-to-capture lunar transfers are established. / text

Résumé: Ce mémoire de maîtrise est une étude des probabilités d’interactions (sections efficaces) des électrons de basse énergie avec une molécule d’intérêt biologique. Cette molécule est le tétrahydrofurane (THF) qui est un bon modèle de la molécule constituant la colonne vertébrale de l’ADN; le désoxyribose. Étant donné la grande quantité d’électrons secondaires libérés lors du passage des radiations à travers la matière biologique et sachant que ceux-ci déposent la majorité de l’énergie, l’étude de leurs interactions avec les molécules constituant l’ADN devient rapidement d’une grande importance. Les mesures de sections efficaces sont faites à l’aide d’un spectromètre à haute résolution de pertes d’énergie de l’électron. Les spectres de pertes d’énergie de l’électron obtenus de cet appareil permettent de calculer les valeurs de sections efficaces pour chaque vibration en fonction de l’énergie incidente de l’électron. L’article présenté dans ce mémoire traite de ces mesures et des résultats. En effet, il présente et explique en détail les conditions expérimentales, il décrit la méthode de déconvolution qui est utilisée pour obtenir les valeurs de sections efficaces et il présente et discute des 4 résonances observées dans la dépendance en énergie des sections efficaces. En effet, cette étude a permis de localiser en énergie 4 résonances et celles-ci ont toutes été confirmées par des recherches expérimentales et théoriques antérieures sur le sujet des collisions électrons lents-THF. En outre, jamais ces résonances n’avaient été observées simultanément dans une même étude et jamais la résonance trouvée à basse énergie n’avait été observée avec autant d’intensité que cette présente étude. Cette étude a donc permis de raffiner notre compréhension fondamentale des processus résonants impliqués lors de collisions d’électrons secondaires avec le THF. Les valeurs de sections efficaces sont, quant à elles, très prisées par les théoriciens et sont nécessaires pour les simulations Monte Carlo pour prédire, par exemple, le nombre d’ions formées après le passage des radiations. Ces valeurs pourront justement être utilisées dans les modèles de distribution et dépôt d’énergie au niveau nanoscopique dans les milieux biologiques et ceux-ci pourront éventuellement améliorer l’efficacité des modalités radiothérapeutiques. / Abstract: This master’s thesis is a study of interactions probabilities (cross sections) of low-energy electrons with an important biomolecule. The studied molecule is tetrahydrofuran (THF) which is a good model for the DNA backbone constituent deoxyribose. Knowing the important quantity of secondary electrons generated by the radiations passage through the biological matter and knowing that these low-energy electrons are responsible for the majority of the energy deposited, the study of their interactions with DNA constituents becomes rapidly important. Cross sections measurements are performed with a high-resolution electron energy loss spectrometer. The electron energy loss spectra obtained from this spectrometer allow cross sections calculations for each vibration mode as a function of electron incident energy. The article presented in this master thesis describes in details the experimental methods, it presents energy loss spectra and it shows and discusses results obtained in this project. The energy dependence of the cross sections allows the observation of multiple resonances in many vibration modes of THF. Effectively, this study allows the energy localisation of 4 resonances, which have all been confirmed by previous experimental and theoretical studies on the electron-THF collisions. Additionally, these resonances have never been observed simultaneously in the same study and the resonance found at low incident energy has never been observed with as much intensity as this present work. This study allowed a better understanding of the fundamental processes occurring in collisions of low-energy electrons with THF. The cross sections values are highly prized by theorists and they are essential for Monte Carlo simulations. These values will be used in models for energy distribution and deposition in biological matter at nanoscopic scales, thereby they will eventually improve the efficiency of radiotherapeutic modalities.

Compte tenu de leur bioactivité et de leur ostéoconduction, les revêtements d’hydroxyapatite (HA) favorisent le développement de tissu osseux et contribuent à l’adhérence et à la prolifération des cellules osseuses tout en préservant l’intégrité mécanique du dispositif métallique de l’implant. Toutefois, des signes de résorption de cette couche ont été constatés et l’introduction du procédé de projection plasma pour la réalisation de dépôts d’HA a donné lieu à plusieurs controverses. Certaines études ont montré que les dépôts d’HA par projection plasma présentent une mauvaise adhérence sur le titane, une dégradation et écaillage avec le temps. Ce phénomène est attribuable à la décomposition de l'HA au cours de la projection et à l'existence de phases secondaires cristallisées ou amorphes qui fragilisent le dépôt. A l’heure actuelle, les recherches de nouvelles apatites thermiquement plus stables se développent. Ainsi des dépôts à base de fluorapatite ou de fluorhydroxyapatite fournissent des dépôts plus stables et plus adhérents. Il existe d’autres formes d’apatites comme la chlorapatite (ClA) qui fond sans se décomposer ce qui permettrait d’éviter la formation des phases étrangères qui provoquent l’écaillage du dépôt. Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de phosphates de calcium apatitiques destinés au recouvrement de prothèses ostéoarticulaires et/ou d’implants dentaires métalliques. L’élaboration des poudres d’apatite a été réalisée par réaction solide-solide, en solution aqueuse ou en sel fondu. Plusieurs apatites ont été étudiées : la fluorapatite, la fluorhydroxyapatite, la chlorapatite et l’apatite calcostrontique. On obtient des poudres pures, bien cristallisées et stoechiométriques. Nous avons ensuite étudié la stabilité thermique des poudres d’apatite par analyse thermogravimétrique. La stabilité thermique de la ClA et sa fusion sans décomposition permettent d’obtenir des dépôts sans phases secondaires avec un taux de cristallinité élevé. Parmi toutes les poudres étudiées, nous avons choisi de sélectionner la chlorapatite pour la suite de l’étude ainsi que l’hydroxyapatite comme référence. La poudre de ClA est déposée sur un substrat en titane via une mini-torche plasma mobile à basse énergie, conçue pour les implants dentaires ou orthopédiques de petites tailles et de géométries complexes. La projection par la mini-torche plasma permet de réaliser des dépôts fins et adhérents. Les propriétés structurales et microstructurales des dépôts de ClA et d’HA effectués dans les mêmes conditions ont été évaluées par diffraction des rayons X, spectroscopies FTIR et Raman. L’analyse des revêtements de ClA et d’HA par diffraction des rayons X atteste de la présence d’une seule phase cristalline. Néanmoins, le rapport de cristallinité des dépôts de ClA est largement supérieur à celui des dépôts d’HA, pour lesquels le rapport de cristallinité est supérieur à la norme requise. Ce résultat est du à la stabilité thermique de la ClA par rapport à l’HA. Les spectroscopies FTIR et Raman montrent la présence d’un faible taux de phase amorphe et d’oxyapatite. Nous avons également développé une nouvelle méthode semi-quantitative par cartographie Raman permettant de déterminer l’homogéneité de composition du dépôt. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’adhérence des dépôts de ClA au substrat déterminée suivant la norme ASTM C633 est équivalente à celle de l’HA. La réponse biologique des dépôts a été étudiée in vitro avec des cellules pré-ostéoblastes humaines sur les deux compositions ClA et HA. Les tests montrent que quelle que soit la composition du dépôt, la prolifération cellulaire augmente au cours du temps d’incubation. Une étude in vivo a été menée sur un modèle animal ovin en site fémur et humérus pour des durées de 2 et 6 mois afin d’évaluer le potentiel ostéoconducteur des dépôts d’HA et de ClA. Aucune réaction inflammatoire n’a été observée et l’interprétation des résultats d’analyses histologiques et physico-chimiques est en cours. / Plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) has been shown to enhance bone apposition as compared with uncoated metal implants. In spite of their good clinical performances, implant bio-integration is still limited due to the poor adhesion of HA-coating on the titanium surface and the decomposition of HA into several foreign phases during plasma spray. The plasmaspray process was thus considered not to be optimum for HA coatings. To circumvent these disadvantages, other types of calcium phosphates have been proposed to replace HA, such as tricalcium phosphate or biphasic calcium phosphate with little improvement. Chlorapatite (ClA) however has never been tested despite its ability to melt without decomposition which could be a decisive advantage to avoid apatite decomposition and could increase coating crystallinity. This work concern the synthesis and the characterization of apatitic calcium phosphate as coating for endoprostheses and dental implants. The syntheses of the different apatite powders were performed by solid-solid reaction, in aqueous solution or by molten salt reaction. Several apatites were studied: fluorapatite, fluorhydroxyapatite, chlorapatite and strontium substituted apatite. The as-synthesized powders are pure, well crystallized and stoechiometric. The thermal properties of apatite powders were compared using thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability of ClA and its melting without decomposition allows to obtain deposits with no secondary phases and with a degree of crystallinity close to 100 %. We have therefore chosen ClA and HA as feedstock powders to achieve coatings. The as-synthesized ClA powder was deposited on a titanium substrate using a novel low energy plasma mini-gun characterized by a low power range (<13 kW) and portability allowing in-situ coating deposition designed for dental and orthopedic small implants with complex geometry. The plasma spray with the mini-gun gives thin and adherent coatings. It also provides economic benefits such as low energy and a higher yield of feedstock powder than conventional gun. The structural and microstructural properties of ClA and HA coatings performed under the same conditions were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analyses on the ClA and HA coatings indicate the presence of crystalline apatite as the only crystalline phase. However, the crystallinity ratio of ClA coatings was much higher than that of HA coatings but superior to the required standard in both cases. This difference is due to the thermal stability of ClA powder. IR and Raman spectroscopy shows the presence of low levels of amorphous phase and oxyapatite. We have also developed a new semiquantitative method by Raman imaging in order to determine coating homogeneity. The mechanical properties of coatings were determined according to the standard test measurements ASTM C633. The adhesion of ClA coatings to the substrate is equivalent to HA coatings. The biological response of the coatings was studied in vitro with human preosteoblast cells on both ClA and HA coatings. Tests show that wathever the composition of coating, cell proliferation increases with time of incubation. The in vivo osteoconductive properties of coatings were studied in femur and humerus sites of an ovine animal model during 2 and 6 months. No inflammatory reaction has been observed and the interpretation of histological and physico-chemical results is in progress.

Les nombreux mouvements de terrain qui affectent les versants du vignoble champenois sont à l'origine de coûteux dégâts. Les causes de leur déclenchement restent cependant indéterminées. Basé sur une méthodologie pluridisciplinaire, ce travail de recherche vise à comprendre l'origine et le fonctionnement de ces désordres. A l'échelle régionale, deux grands ensembles se distinguent et mettent en avant le rôle de la structure sur les dynamiques géomorphologiques. Au nord, la cambrure de versant domine. D'âge antésaalien, elle s'est produite en phase ana et/ou cataglaciaire. Au sud, dans le secteur de la vallée de la Marne et de ses affluents, 264 glissements de terrain, d'âge tardiglaciaire pour la plupart, sont recensés. A l'échelle du bassin versant, les glissements de terrain se situent dans les secteurs à fort rendement hydrologique. En retour, leur présence modifie la répartition spatiale des sources : les plus profonds constituent une couverture semi-perméable déterminant un aquifère semi-captif. A l'échelle locale, les investigations géophysiques et piézométriques permettent de modéliser les relations hydrogéologiques entre formations superficielle et substrat. Il apparait que les glissements ont une structure très hétérogène, que les circulations d'eau y sont réduites et ralenties dans la masse du mouvement, et enfin que les échanges avec le substrat se produisent le long du plan de cisaillement. Dans ces conditions, l'influence des facteurs climatiques actuels sur la réactivation des glissements est indirecte et faible. / The numerous mass movements affecting the Champagne vineyards slopes cause expensive damages. However, triggering factors are still unknown. Using a multidisciplinary methodology, this research aims to understand the origin and the behavior of these instabilities. At a regional scale, two major groups are distinguished and show the importance of the geological structure on the geomorphological dynamics. Northwards, valleyside cambering of pre-Saalian age predominates. It took place during ana and/or cataglacial phase. Southwards, in the Marne valley and its tributaries area, 264 landslides, most of them dating from Tardiglacial period, are inventoried. At the watershed scale, areas with a high quantity of landslides correspond to the sectors of high hydrological yields. In return, the presence of landslides alters the spatial distribution of springs: deepest landslides constitute a semi-permeable cover leading to semi-confined aquifers. At the local scale, geophysical and piezometric investigations make it possible to model the hydrogeological relationship between superficial formations and substratum. It appears that landslides structure is heterogeneous, that the circulation of water is limited and slow in the landslide, and that the exchanges with substratum occur along the shear plan. Under these conditions, the influence of climatic factors on the current reactivations is both indirect and weak.

Deposition of solid state materials span a wide variety of methods and often utilize high energy sources such as plasmas and ultra-violet light resulting in a wide variety of characteristics and applications. A fundamental understanding is essential for furthering the applications of these materials which include catalysis, molecular filtration, electronics, sensing devices, and energy storage among others. A combination of experimental and theoretical work is presented here on several materials including 2D silicates on Pd, boron oxide, and vanadium oxynitride. Silicate formation under low energy electron microscopy demonstrate film permeability to oxygen, while ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal the possible initial mechanisms associated with the formation of boron oxide films during atomic layer deposition. Lastly, vanadium oxynitrides have shown preferential sputtering of N over O sites and theoretical binding energies serve as a guide for assigning experimental x-ray photoelectron spectra.

Based on the fact that many electronic devices are digitalized in our world in order to facilitate our lives, there is a large potential for development in the home. Smart Home solutions are giving us the opportunity to control and manage for example alarms, electricity and surveillance but the technology's rapid improvement paves the way for issues related to security. The objectives for this work will bring up common communication technologies, security and vulnerabilities in the context of a Smart Home and what could be done for future work. In order to investigate the objectives, a literature study has been conducted together with an experiment. The experiment result exploits a weakness in a common Smart Home technology used in the network enable devices in the form of threats and vulnerabilities. In order to mitigate and minimize threats and vulnerabilities one conclusion is that a security policy could be produced. This security policy should provide the user with good practice of how to manage security in order to mitigate vulnerabilities and threats within the Smart Home.

Os diodos emissores de luz – Light Emitting Diodes – (LEDs) são uma fonte de luz que estão sendo introduzidas comercialmente, mas com discreta base científica nesta modalidade fototerapêutica. O presente estudo comparou os efeitos angiogênicos da luz laser coerente e colimada à luz LED ausente de coerência e colimação em feridas induzidas em ratos, com fluências diferentes. O modelo experimental consistia da indução de uma ferida circular no quadríceps de 120 ratos, utilizando um “punch" com 15 mm de diâmetro. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos: laser (660 nm) e LED (635 nm), sendo cada um ajustado a 5 J/'CM POT.2' e 20 J/'CM POT.2', além do controle. Após 6 horas da indução das feridas, os grupos tratados recebiam aplicação pontual de contato, e irradiados a cada 24 horas. A angiogênese foi analisada por meio da histomorfometria (H.E), e a contração das feridas pelo software de planimetria, sendo estudados os resultados no 3º, 7º, 14º e 21º dias pós-lesão. Os achados da análise histológica no 3º dia foram determinantes para induzir uma grande eficiência na proliferação de vasos sanguíneos dos grupos tratados em relação ao controle, demonstrando uma taxa próxima da constante no 7º dia, e com discreto aumento no 14º dia, porém com destaque para a tecnologia LED a 5 J/'CM POT.2' (p '< OU =' 0,05). No 21º dia, os grupos fototratados com fluência de 5 J/'CM POT.2' apresentavam valores estatísticos com maior eficiência na angiogênese quando comparados com o grupo laser a 20 J/'CM POT.2, sugerindo que fluências elevadas podem induzir um processo do tipo saturação. Não ocorreu diferença da neovascularização no centro e nas margens da ferida (p '< OU =' 0,05), sugerindo que ocorria uma fotobiomodulação de toda a lesão, favorecendo o crescimento homogêneo dos vasos sanguíneos. Tanto o laser quanto o LED não apresentaram resultados significativos na redução da área das feridas. As fototerapias a laser e LED de baixa intensidade sugeriram que a coerência e a colimação não eram fatores decisivos para induzir alterações nas funções celulares, e sim a banda de absorção do espectro eletromagnético. Ambas as fontes de luz vermelha ajustadas a fluências de 5 J/'CM POT.2' podem demonstrar resultados expressivos no estímulo angiogênico em pele lesada / The light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a source of light that have been commercially introduced, but still with a lack in its scientific basis in this phototherapeutic modality. The present study compared the angiogenics effects of the laser and LED illumination in induced wounds in rat, with fluencies different. The experimental model consisted of the induction of a circular wound on the quadriceps of 120 rats, using a “punch" with 15 mm diameter. Animals were divided randomyzed in 5 groups: laser and LED each device with a dosage of 5 J/'CM POT.2' and 20 J/'CM POT.2', and control. After 6 hours of the induction of the wounds, the treated groups received contact of punctual application, and irradiated every 24 hours. The angiogenesis was studied through the histomorphometric (H.E) and the wounds contraction was photographed and analyzed in the planimetrical software in the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st lesion induced days. The discoveries of the histological analysis in the 3rd day revealed larger efficiency in the proliferation of the blood vessels in all irradiated groups in comparison to controls, being a rate near of the constant in the 7th day, following to discreet improves in the 14th, even so with prominence for the LED with 5 J/'CM POT.2'. In the 21st day, the groups phototreatment with fluence of 5 J/'CM POT.2' showed similar statistically values in the larger efficiency in the angiogenesis, when to compare to laser with 20 J/'CM POT.2', suggesting high fluencies can induced a saturation process. The average of the area reduction of the wound didn't present similar statistician values of the treated groups in relation to the control (p '< OU =' 0,05). The phototherapeutic laser and LEDs of low intensity they suggested that the coherence and the collimation were not decisive factors to induce alterations in the cellular functions, but the band of the spectrum electromagnetic. The both red source of light agreements to fluencies of the 5 J/'CM POT.2', they can demonstrate expressive results in the incentive ulcerated skin angiogenic

Este trabalho propõe novas topologias de circuitos e técnicas de projeto para filtros ativos e amplificadores de ganho programável (PGA) com operação em ultra baixa tensão (ULV) e ultra-baixa potência (ULP). Os receptores de RF do tipo Bluetooth de baixa energia (BLE), utilizados nos circuitos de internet das coisas (IoT), são as aplicações alvo dos circuitos propostos neste trabalho. Na faixa de ULV são utilizados filtros do tipo RC-ativo, uma vez que possuem uma maior linearidade em relação aos filtros do tipo gmC. A operação em ULP é alcançada neste trabalho utilizando uma nova topologia de amplificador operacional de transcondutância (OTA), com único estágio, que apresenta uma alta eficiência e reduzida sensibilidade às variações de processo, tensão e temperatura (PVT). O baixo ganho de tensão do amplificador de estágio único e os efeitos das cargas resistivas de realimentação são compensados usando um transcondutor negativo, robusto a variações em PVT, conectado às entradas do OTA. A faixa dinâmica dos circuitos é elevada usando topologias totalmente diferenciais e as taxas de rejeição de modo comum e de fonte de alimentação são melhoradas utilizando circuitos de realimentação de modo-comum. Para possibilitar a operação na faixa de ULV todos os circuitos usam apenas dois transistores empilhados e o nível de inversão do canal é elevado através da polarização direta do substrato. Neste trabalho são propostas também uma ferramenta de análise do ponto de operação do transistor, baseando-se na simulação elétrica, e algumas metodologias de projetos para circuitos operando em ULV. Os circuitos e metodologias desenvolvidos foram utilizados para o projeto de um filtro passa-faixa complexo RC-ativo de terceira ordem, um amplificador de ganho programável e um filtro biquadrático do tipo Tow-Thomas com ganho programável, compatíveis com receptores de RF do padrão BLE. Para a implementação do PGA, uma nova topologia de transconductor negativo programável foi desenvolvida para permitir a compensação ótima do amplificador operacional em todos os modos de ganho. Todos os circuitos foram projetados para operar com uma tensão de alimentação de 0,4 V e foram prototipados em processos de fabricação CMOS e BiCMOS de 180 nm e 130 nm, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais e de simulação pós-layout demonstram uma operação adequada em 0,4 V, uma ultra-baixa dissipação de potência, atingindo o mínimo de 10.9 ?W/polo, e a melhor figura-de-mérito (FoM) em relação aos outros filtros ativos e amplificadores disponíveis na literatura. / This thesis proposes novel circuit topologies and design techniques of ultra-low voltage (ULV) and ultra-low power (ULP) active-filters and programmable gain amplifiers (PGA) suitable for the Bluetooth low energy (BLE) RF receivers used in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The active-RC filters are preferred to the gm-C topologies at the ULV operation due to its improved linearity. However, the closed-loop operation increases the operational amplifier required voltage gain and its capacity to drive the resistive feedback load. In this work, the ULP dissipation is obtained by proposing a very efficient single-stage inverter-based operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and a proper forward bulk biasing to reduce the sensitivity to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. The low voltage gain and the resistive load effects on the single-stage OTA are completely compensated by using a PVT robust negative transconductor connected at the OTA inputs. The dynamic range is increased by using fully-differential topologies and common-mode feedback to improve the common-mode and power supply rejection rates. The operation at the ULV range is reached by using only two-stacked transistors in all the circuit implementations and bulk forward bias in some transistors to reduce the threshold voltage and to increase the channel inversion level. An operation point simulation-based tool and some design methodologies are also proposed in this work to design the ULV circuits. The proposed circuits were used to design a third-order active-RC complex band-pass filter (CxBPF), a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) and a Tow-Thomas biquad, with integrated programmable gain capability, suitable for BLE RF receivers. The PGA implementation uses a new programmable input negative transconductor to obtain the optimal closed-loop amplifier compensation in all the gain modes. The circuits were designed to operate at the power supply voltage of 0.4 V and are prototyped in 180 nm and 130 nm low-cost CMOS and BiCMOS process, respectively. The experimental and post-layout simulation results have demonstrated the proper ULV operation at 0.4 V, the ultra-low power dissipation down to 10.9 ?W/pole and the best figure-of-merit (FoM) among the state-of-the-art active-filters and amplifiers from the literature.