The main objectives of this study are to determine how various physical and chemical properties of geologic samples can be investigated by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectral analyses, and determine how each of these individual properties uniquely alter the mid-infrared spectrum. Of particular interest is how extraterrestrial samples differ (spectrally) from terrestrial samples, and how such findings can be applied to current and future missions to airless planetary bodies (such as Diviner Lunar Radiometer, aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the Mercury Thermal Radiometer on BepiColombo). As such, a range of geological samples have been analysed including terrestrial rocks (anorthosite, granite, grabbro etc.), mineral standards (common rock-forming minerals), lunar meteorites (from Miller Range, Antarctica), and Apollo 14, 15, and 16 soils. A new technique to analyse such samples has been developed and implemented as part of this study: FTIR spectral imaging of unconsolidated samples (powders and soils) to obtain modal mineralogy estimates. Such estimates are comparable to QEMSCAN analyses and spot point counting of the same samples. This is particularly relevant for the non-destructive analysis of Apollo soil samples (bulk and sieved fractions). Individual spectra of polished terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples have been obtained in preparation for the creation of a spectral database. Such samples also have coupled chemical composition information via Electron Probe MicroAnalysis (EPMA). To have a spectrum and an associated chemical composition for each mineral in a database is unique compared to other spectral databases. Analyses of lunar meteorites resulted in an understanding of how shock (caused by hypervelocity impacts) alters the physical and spectral properties of lunar minerals. FTIR microscopy of individual minerals and phases in the meteorites were coupled with optical and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging to identify the level of shock obtained by each mineral and phase. The FTIR reflectance bands of plagioclase merge with increasing shock pressure until a single, low-reflectance broad peak is displayed by the most highly shocked plagioclase (>45 GPa), and a dark-red colour is present in CL images. FTIR and QEMSCAN analyses of Apollo regolith samples have provided an understanding of the spectral effects of bulk mineralogy, maturity (a measure of the time spent at the lunar surface), grain size, and mineral chemistry. Using such information, the modal mineralogy of each sample has been estimated, one of which had not previously been analysed for its modal mineralogy. Samples from the same Apollo missions present similar spectral features, meaning FTIR spectroscopy can be used to identify the origin of lunar soils. A weak correlation in maturity with a spectral feature termed the Christiansen Feature has been found for lunar samples. Related to maturity, FTIR spectra of individual agglutinates (a product of space weathering) have been obtained and the spectral properties of agglutinates (decreased %Reflectance values of the region sensitive to geological materials) resemble those of highly mature lunar soils.

Orientador: Rodolpho Vilhena de Moraes / Banca: Othon Cabo Winter / Banca: Claudia Celeste Celestino / Resumo: No presente trabalho é abordada a manobra orbital Terra-Lua - Terra com o objetivo de um menor consumo de combustível. Inicialmente o satélite executa uma órbita em torno da Terra. Em um certo instante um impulso é efetuado para efetuar uma manobra não con-focal em que o satélite é transferido para uma órbita de transferência geocêntrica até um ponto da esfera de influência da Lua. A partir deste ponto o satélite é transferido para uma órbita hiperbólica em torno da Lua, e, no perilúnio desta órbita um novo impulso é dado transferindo o satélite para uma órbita lunar. A seguir é efetuada a manobra de volta em que o satélite é transferido para a órbitra geocêntrica de transferência, e no pericentro desta o satélite é transferido para a sua órbita inicial em torno da Terra. O caso não coplanar e a influência das perturbações devidas ao achatamento da Terra e a atração gravitacional da Lua também são analisados. / Abstract: In the present work an Earth-Moon-Earth orbital maneuver is studied with the purpose of minimum fuel consumption. Initially it is considered an artificial satellite orbiting around the Earth. In a certain instant an impulse is effected to effect a not cofocal maneuver where the satellite is transferred to an orbit of geocentric transference until a point of the sphere of influence of the Moon. From this point the satellite is transferred to a hyperbolic orbit around the Moon, and, in the perilúnio of this orbit a new impulse is given transferring the satellite to a lunar orbit. To follow the maneuver is effected in return where the satellite is transferred to geocentric orbit of transference, and in pericentro of this the satellite is transferred to its initial orbit around the Earth. The non-coplanar case and the influence of the disturbances due to the flattening of the Earth and the gravitational attraction of the Moon also are analyzed. / Mestre

This thesis provides new evidence which contributes to a clearer understanding of the mixing history of the lunar soil, the interactions of cosmic rays with the lunar surface and any temporal and spatial variations in cosmic ray intensity at the lunar surface. The bombardment of the lunar surface by cosmic rays produces secondary neutrons which are thermalised by the lunar soil. These thermal neutrons are captured by trace elements with large neutron capture cross sections such as cadmium, gadolinium and samarium. Measurements by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry of the changes in the isotopic abundances of cadmium, gadolinium and samarium due to neutron capture are presented in this thesis. Evidence is also presented of the first observations of mass fractionation in cadmium in lunar soils.Changes have been observed in samples from the Apollo 14, 16 and 17 missions. In 114 [superscript 114]Cd/[superscript 113]Cd changes of 0.3% to 0.5% have been observed in lunar samples 60501,105, 65701,23 and 72161,73, of 0.4% and 0.8% in [superscript 158]Gd/[superscript 157]Gd in samples 14163,848 and 60501,105 and of 0.8%, 1.2% and 0.06% in [superscript 150]Sm/[superscript 149]Sm in samples 14163,848 and 60501,105 and 74220,125 respectively. This is the first time that neutron capture has been detected in cadmium. Mass fractionation effects of 0.30%, 0.53% and 0.54% per mass unit have been observed in lunar samples 60501,105, 65701,23 and 72161,73, the first cadmium mass fractionation observed in lunar soils. The cause of elemental mass fractionation on the Moon is not yet understood. These new data from cadmium, a volatile element with a large mass range from [superscript 106]Cd to [superscript 116]Cd is a valuable contribution to the debate.Thermal neutrons are captured preferentially at resonance energies of 0.03 eV by [superscript 155]Gd and [superscript 157]Gd, at 0.09 ++ / eV by [superscript 149]Sm and at 0.178 eV by [superscript 113]Cd. A comparison of the changes in [superscript 114]Cd/[superscript 113]Cd, [superscript 156]Gd/[superscript 155]Gd, [superscript 158]Gd/[superscript 157] and [superscript 15O]Sm/[superscript149]Sm due to neutron capture can therefore indicate the relative energies of the neutrons.Previous work has compared changes in [superscript 158]Gd/[superscript 157]Gd and [superscript 150]Sm/[superscript 149]Sm, this work extends the comparison with the new measurements of the changes in 114 [superscript 114]Cd/[superscript 113]Cd, This thesis shows that the intensity of the thermal neutrons peaks at a higher energy than the <0.1 eV assumed by Lingenfelter et al. (1972). The capture rate for gadolinium calculated by Lingenfelter, has been shown to be too high, this thesis shows that if a modified energy spectrum is considered, biased towards higher energies, it will bring the calculated neutron capture rate by gadolinium closer to the measured rates.The concentrations of cadmium, gadolinium and samarium in nine lunar samples have been measured for the first time by high precision isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Cadmium in 10017,341, 14310,615, 15041,188, 15059,240, 60501,105, 65701,23, 72161,73 and 74220,125 is 10.0_+0.2, 1.51_+0.02, 32.8+_0.6, 34.9+_0.3, 112+_2, 68.3_+0.8, 57.0+_0.6 and 300+_7 ppb respectively. Gadolinium concentrations of 21+_7 ppm in 14163,848, 3.26+_0.05 and 5.8_+0.3 ppm in 60501,105, and 8.1+_0.2 and 8.6+_0.1 ppm in 74220,125 are presented. Samarium concentrations of 24.3_+0.4 and 29.8_+0.5 ppm were found in 14163,848, 2.68+_0.04 and 14+2 ppm in 60501,105, and 6.3+_0.1 and 6.8+_0.1 ppm in 74220,125.The concentrations of cadmium, gadolinium and samarium in the seven geochemical reference materials BCR-1, BHVO-1, BIR-1, DNC1, MAG-1, PCC-1 and W-2 are also presented, some measured for the first ++ / time by isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

In this thesis we have looked at the possibility of using a rover for deployment oflunar interferometers on the far side of the Moon. This project was made togetherwith two other groups from the mechanical engineering program at HalmstadUniversity. The project was divided into three units and we had the mainresponsibility for the design of the chassis.The goal of this project is to create a better understanding of the origin of the universeand how it still to this day keeps changing. This is believed to be achievable by usinglunar interferometers that will collect data in form of cosmic microwaves from outerspace. The lunar interferometers will be placed at the far side of the Moon since thisis the only site in solar system that is shielded from human-generated interference.The work was completed in collaboration with JPL and NASA, which are worldleading designers and manufacturers of space-related products.

A navigation system for precision lunar descent and landing is presented and analyzed. The navigation algorithm is based upon the extended Kalman Filter and employs measurements from an inertial measurement unit to propagate the vehicle position, velocity, and attitude forward in time. External measurements from an altimeter, star camera, terrain camera, and velocimeter are utilized in state estimate updates. The navigation algorithm also attempts to estimate the values of uncertain parameters associated with the sensors. The navigation algorithm also estimates the map-tie angle of the landing site which is a measure of the misalignment of the actual landing site location on the surface of the Moon versus the estimated position of the landing site. The navigation algorithm is subject to a sensitivity analysis which investigates the contribution of each error source to the total estimation performance of the navigation system. Per the results of the sensitivity analysis, it is found that certain error sources need not be actively estimated to achieve similar estimation performance at a reduced computational burden. A new, reduced-order system is presented and tested through covariance analysis and a monte carlo analysis. The new system is shown to have comparable estimation performance at a fraction of the computer run-time, making it more suitable for a real-time implementation. / text

My essay is an examination of the poet Mina Loy and two poems that are essential in her authorship, these poems also represents a thematic entrance to Loys life and literary concepts. On the basis of Gunnar Harding preface and translation of selected poems from the collection Lunar Baedeker, I have chosen to look further at the poems Lunar Baedeker and Songs to Joanne, poems that accommodate contexts of an esthetical and linguistic complexion. Using terminology from the philosopher Gilles Deleuze as method for analysis, enabling an examination which proceeds from the concepts of nomadism, deterritorialization and line of flight. In the consideration of Loys modernistic and woman –becoming, a situational and relational context is introduced which includes references to feminism, cosmopolitism, futurism, modernism, Dadaism as well as to acquaintances of Gertrude Stein, Djuna Barnes, F.T. Marinetti and Isadora Duncan. My examination of Loys “Baedeker” describes a travel guide which turns out to be disorientation in the spatial and temporal, through history and tradition, a guide that’s devoted to the form and the artistic autonomy. A map over the modernistic landscape, in a contemporary and in a subject comprehension that is drifting. Through the abandonment of a representative parlance and a by evolving it through its line of flight, Loy calls for a development of the language and for an altered state of mind.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2007. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

abstract: Impact cratering and volcanism are two fundamental processes that alter the surfaces of the terrestrial planets. Though well studied through laboratory experiments and terrestrial analogs, many questions remain regarding how these processes operate across the Solar System. Little is known about the formation of large impact basins (>300 km in diameter) and the degree to which they modify planetary surfaces. On the Moon, large impact basins dominate the terrain and are relatively well preserved. Because the lunar geologic timescale is largely derived from basin stratigraphic relations, it is crucial that we are able to identify and characterize materials emplaced as a result of the formation of the basins, such as light plains. Using high-resolution images under consistent illumination conditions and topography from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), a new global map of light plains is presented at an unprecedented scale, revealing critical details of lunar stratigraphy and providing insight into the erosive power of large impacts. This work demonstrates that large basins significantly alter the lunar surface out to at least 4 radii from the rim, two times farther than previously thought. Further, the effect of pre-existing topography on the degradation of impact craters is unclear, despite their use in the age dating of surfaces. Crater measurements made over large regions of consistent coverage using LROC images and slopes derived from LROC topography show that pre-existing topography affects crater abundances and absolute model ages for craters up to at least 4 km in diameter. On Mars, small volcanic edifices can provide valuable insight into the evolution of the crust and interior, but a lack of superposed craters and heavy mantling by dust make them difficult to age date. On Earth, morphometry can be used to determine the ages of cinder cone volcanoes in the absence of dated samples. Comparisons of high-resolution topography from the Context Imager (CTX) and a two-dimensional nonlinear diffusion model show that the forms observed on Mars could have been created through Earth-like processes, and with future work, it may be possible to derive an age estimate for these features in the absence of superposed craters or samples. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2018