The B cell population is one of the key components of the adaptive immune system, which protects the host from a tremendous variety of pathogens by producing antibodies. B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells through a pathway known as B lymphopoiesis. This is a process accompanied by intensive gene expression reprogramming. By the end, genes appropriate for the B lineage are activated and those that are not are continuously repressed. The regulation of lineage gene expression is conferred by a network of transcriptional regulators. Although some key components have been defined, more factors, especially those orchestrating the repression of non-B lineage genes, remain to be identified. Chemically induced mutagenesis is a potent way of identifying genes with critical biological functions. Injection of n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea, a mutagen, has generated a unique point mutation in the mouse Gon4-like (Gon4l) gene that specifically causes a loss of peripheral B cells while maintaining the T cell population. The mutation is therefore named Justy for Just T cells. The goal of this thesis project is to analyze the Justy mice and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of B lymphopoiesis. The work presented here demonstrates that the protein encoded by Gon4l is essential for early B lymphopoiesis, which is likely through the repression of non-B lineage genes. Gon4l protein contains conserved domains implicated in transcriptional repression and associates in a complex with the transcriptional repression mediators Yin Yang 1 and Sin3a/HDAC1, after these proteins are transiently expressed in cell lines. When bound to DNA, Gon4l is capable of repressing a nearby promoter and this function correlates with its ability to form a complex. Therefore, these results suggest that Gon4l may function as a transcriptional regulator by employing its associated co-factors in the identified complex. Lastly, a wide spectrum of tumors developed in Justy mice, indicating that Gon4l can also act as a tumor suppressor.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第17978号 / 医博第3842号 / 新制||医||1001(附属図書館) / 80822 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長澤 丘司, 教授 河本 宏, 教授 江藤 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

no / Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the main component of the thymic stroma, which supports T-cell proliferation and repertoire selection. Here, we demonstrate that Cbx4, a Polycomb protein that is highly expressed in the thymic epithelium, has an essential and non-redundant role in thymic organogenesis. Targeted disruption of Cbx4 causes severe hypoplasia of the fetal thymus as a result of reduced thymocyte proliferation. Cell-specific deletion of Cbx4 shows that the compromised thymopoiesis is rooted in a defective epithelial compartment. Cbx4-deficient TECs exhibit impaired proliferative capacity, and the limited thymic epithelial architecture quickly deteriorates in postnatal mutant mice, leading to an almost complete blockade of T-cell development shortly after birth and markedly reduced peripheral T-cell populations in adult mice. Furthermore, we show that Cbx4 physically interacts and functionally correlates with p63, which is a transcriptional regulator that is proposed to be important for the maintenance of the stemness of epithelial progenitors. Together, these data establish Cbx4 as a crucial regulator for the generation and maintenance of the thymic epithelium and, hence, for thymocyte development.

<p>Immunodeficient-causing diseases such as HIV and leukemia have no cures, often require meticulous treatments and result in high morbidity or mortality. Although bone marrow transplants are an option for a subset of leukemia patients, the shortage of donors and the requirement for donor matching restricts the efficacy of this treatment option. Therefore there is a prominent clinical need for alternative sources of hematopoietic stem/progentior cells with lymphopoietic potential. Recently we described the direct conversion of human dermal fibroblasts to multilineage hematopoietic progenitors by ectopic expression of OCT4. This direct conversion method was used to assess whether OCT4-transduced fibroblasts had the capacity to derive cells of the lymphoid lineage. This work shows the transient co-expression of CD34 and CD45 of fibroblasts within 7 days of OCT4 transduction followed by stable expression of CD45 on fibroblasts by day 15. The acquisition of hematopoietic markers, however, did not coincide with colony formation as previously described. Furthermore, CD45+ cells that were enriched and cultured in hematopoietic conducive conditions did not acquire co-expression of CD34 as previously shown. Interestingly, CD34 expression was shown to be inversely correlated with OCT4 expression. Therefore the constitutive expression of OCT4 may have (1) inhibited the acquisition of CD34 expression on CD45+ cells (2) downregulated the expression of CD34 on the day 7 CD34+CD45+ fibroblasts, thereby resulting in the transient expression of these markers. Furthermore, this work shows that expression of CD45 on OCT4-transduced fibroblasts is required for survival on the MS5 stromal cell line used to support hematopoietic progenitors with lymphopoietic potential, while supplementation of CD45+ fibroblasts with hematopoietic progenitor supportive conditions resulting in co-expression of CD34 and CD45 is required for acquisition of CD19, a pan-B cell marker on CD45+ fibroblasts. These findings suggest OCT4-transduced fibroblasts have lymphopoietic potential.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Endocytose joue un rôle dans l'activation du récepteur Notch. Des mutations dans le gène drosophilien lethal giant discs (lgd), provoque une prolifération cellulaire en perturbant l'endocytose de Notch. Les orthologues murins mlgd1 et 2 peuvent sauver ce phénotype, démontrant une fonction conservée. Cependant, des publications récentes suggèrent que les orthologs humains de lgd (hgd1/2) sont nucléaires. Dans cette étude, il est démontré que chez la Drosophile, le mutant dlgd(08) provoque l'accumulation de Notch dans des vésicules et une surprolifération de neuroblastes . Ceci suggère que Notch est activé a l'intérieur des endosomes dans les neuroblastes. L'immunohistochimie de cellules Hela indique que hlgd1 et 2 ne sont pas nucléaires, mais associés à des strctures endosomales. Enfin, la baisse d'expression par shRNA des gènes murins mlgd1 et mlgd2 provoque une différenciation accélérée des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la lignée lymphopoïèse T et bloque la transition DN3 / CD4+CD8+, suggérant une suractivation de Notch. / Endocytosis plays a role in the activation of the Notch receptor. Mutations in the Drosophila gene lethal giant discs (lgd), causes cellular overgrowth by perturbing Notch endocytosis. This Drosophila phenotype is rescued by the murine orthologs mlgd1 and 2, indicating conserved function. However, recent publications suggest that the human orthologs (hlgd1/2) are nuclear. This study demonstrates that the dlgd(08) mutant in Drosophila causes accumulation of Notch in vesicles and the overproliferation of neuroblasts. This suggests Notch is activated from within endosomes in neuroblasts. Immunohistochemistry of Hela cells indicates that hlgd1 is associated with early endosome while, hlgd2 with later endosome and lysosome, and not with the nucleus. Finally, down regulation of murine mlgd1 and mlgd2 by shRNA caused an accelerated differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell into the T lymphopoiesis lineage and blocked the DN3 to CD4+CD8+ transition, suggesting that Notch is overactivated in these cells.

Endocytose joue un rôle dans l'activation du récepteur Notch. Des mutations dans le gène drosophilien lethal giant discs (lgd), provoque une prolifération cellulaire en perturbant l'endocytose de Notch. Les orthologues murins mlgd1 et 2 peuvent sauver ce phénotype, démontrant une fonction conservée. Cependant, des publications récentes suggèrent que les orthologs humains de lgd (hgd1/2) sont nucléaires. Dans cette étude, il est démontré que chez la Drosophile, le mutant dlgd(08) provoque l'accumulation de Notch dans des vésicules et une surprolifération de neuroblastes . Ceci suggère que Notch est activé a l'intérieur des endosomes dans les neuroblastes. L'immunohistochimie de cellules Hela indique que hlgd1 et 2 ne sont pas nucléaires, mais associés à des strctures endosomales. Enfin, la baisse d'expression par shRNA des gènes murins mlgd1 et mlgd2 provoque une différenciation accélérée des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la lignée lymphopoïèse T et bloque la transition DN3 / CD4+CD8+, suggérant une suractivation de Notch. / Endocytosis plays a role in the activation of the Notch receptor. Mutations in the Drosophila gene lethal giant discs (lgd), causes cellular overgrowth by perturbing Notch endocytosis. This Drosophila phenotype is rescued by the murine orthologs mlgd1 and 2, indicating conserved function. However, recent publications suggest that the human orthologs (hlgd1/2) are nuclear. This study demonstrates that the dlgd(08) mutant in Drosophila causes accumulation of Notch in vesicles and the overproliferation of neuroblasts. This suggests Notch is activated from within endosomes in neuroblasts. Immunohistochemistry of Hela cells indicates that hlgd1 is associated with early endosome while, hlgd2 with later endosome and lysosome, and not with the nucleus. Finally, down regulation of murine mlgd1 and mlgd2 by shRNA caused an accelerated differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell into the T lymphopoiesis lineage and blocked the DN3 to CD4+CD8+ transition, suggesting that Notch is overactivated in these cells.

B-cells of peripheral blood in humans represent a heterogeneous cellular environment displaying many important functions in the immune system. Recently, there is an increasing amount of evidence that B cell subpopulations are involved in the pathogenesis of many different diseases. However, there is little or no knowledge on how the individual differentiation stages of B lymphocytes are involved in pathological processes, and how they are distributed and represented under the physiological state and under pathological conditions. There is a reasonable assumption that, as with dendritic cells, NK / NKT cells and T lymphocytes, also B cell populations will contain minor and/or rare subpopulations reaching relative frequencies in the range of 0.01% to 0, 1 ‰. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the extent of phylogenetic and ontogenetic heterogeneity of the peripheral B cell population and lymphopoietic tissues on the basis of a comparative study across different vertebrate species. Another goal of the work was to use polychromatic flow cytometry with 183 individuals, out of them 50 controls and 133 patients with different (immune) pathologies or tumors in order to identify an optimal combination of surface features, and to use it to detect and demonstrate the existence of minor/rare...

La maturation des cellules lymphoïdes T est un processus thymique hautement régulé au cours duquel les réarrangements ordonnés des loci du TCRδ, y, β et enfin α déterminent le développement des lignées yδ et αβ. Les remaniements somatiques des segments géniques V, (D) et J du TCR font intervenir les protéines RAG1/2, les séquences RSS jouxtant ces segments et des éléments régulateurs (enhancers) assurant une cis-régulation de ce processus. Le contrôle de la recombinaison V(D)J se fait grâce à divers mécanismes incluant des mécanismes épigénétiques, l’intervention de facteurs de transcription et la conformation/séquence des RSS. Dans ce travail, nous montrons que les réarrangements du locus TCRδ sont strictement ordonnés chez l’Homme. Le premier réarrangement Dδ2-Dδ3 se produit à un stade ETP (Early T-cell Precursor) CD34+/CD1a-/CD7+dim, et précède systématiquement le réarrangement Dδ2-Jδ1. L’analyse in silico du locus a permis d’identifier un site de fixation clé pour le facteur de transcription RUNX1 à proximité immédiate de l’heptamètre Dδ2-23RSS chez l’Homme mais absent chez la souris. Le recrutement de RUNX1 sur ce site dans les thymocytes très immatures CD34+/CD3- permet d’augmenter l’affinité de fixation des protéines RAG1/2 sur le Dδ2-23RSS de manière spécifique. Ce travail identifie un rôle original de cofacteur de RUNX1 au cours de la recombinaison V(D)J dans la thymopoïèse humaine. Une série d’analyses épigénétiques exhaustives, menées dans le cadre du projet Européen Blueprint, sur les sous-populations thymiques humaines, nous a permis d’établir que l’enhanceosome du TCRα est constitué, comme chez la souris, dès les étapes les plus précoces de la thymopoïèse sans pour autant pouvoir s’activer avant la fin de la β-sélection. Nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent que les protéines homéotiques HOXA (notamment HOXA9) répriment l’activité de l’enhancer alpha (et donc les réarrangements du TCRα en interagissant avec le facteur de transcription ETS1 via leurs homéodomaines. Leur répression, induite par le passage de la β-sélection, aboutit à l’ouverture chromatinienne des segments Vα/Jα via l’activation du TCRα. Ces résultats apportent un éclairage nouveau sur le découplage jusqu’ici inexpliqué entre la formation de l’enhanceosome du TCRα à un stade très immature et son activation, permettant les réarrangements du locus, à un stade thymique bien plus tardif. / Maturation of T lymphoid cells is a highly regulated process where ordered thymic rearrangements at the TCRδ, TCRy, TCRβ and finally TCRα loci determine the development into either yδ or αβ T-cell lineages. Somatic rearrangements of V, (D), and J gene segments of TCR loci involve RAG1/2 proteins, RSS sequences juxtaposing V, D, and J genes segments and regulatory elements (enhancers) providing a cis-regulation of this process. The control of the V(D)J recombination is achieved through various mechanisms including epigenetic modifications, involvement of transcription factors and RSS conformation/sequence. In this work, we show that TCRδ rearrangements are strictly ordered in Humans. The first Dδ2-Dδ3 rearrangement occurs at ETP (Early T-Cell Precursor) stage CD34+/CD1a-/CD7+dim, and always precedes Dδ2-Jδ1 rearrangement. In-silico analysis of the locus identified a key binding site for a transcription factor RUNX1 in close proximity to the Dδ2-23RSS heptamer in human, but not in mice. The RUNX1 recruitment at this site in immature CD34+/CD3- thymocytes increases binding affinity of RAG1/2 proteins. This work identifies an original cofactor of human VDJ recombination. A set of comprehensive epigenetic analysis conducted within the Europeen Blueprint project on human thymic subpopulations allowed as to establish that the TCRα enhanceosome (Eα), as in mice, is already formed from the earliest stages of thymopoiesis without being able to be activated before the end of β-selection. Our preliminary results suggest that HOXA homeobox proteins (including HOXA9) suppress the activity of the Eα (thus TCRα rearrangements) by interacting with the transcription factor ETS1 via their homeodomains. Induced by β-selection HOXA repression results in the chromatin opening of the Vα/Jα gene segments through TCRα activation. These finding shed new light on the so far unexplained shift observed between the formation of Eα enhanceosome at a very immature stages and its activation at a much later developmental stages.

Les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines (CSEh) sont des outils puissants pour explorer la genèse des différents tissus de l’organisme, notamment le tissu hématopoïétique. Dans le but d’obtenir des types cellulaires cliniquement utiles, la majorité des travaux se sont concentrés sur l’obtention des cellules hématopoïétiques terminales, notamment des cellules lymphoïdes (lymphocytes B, lymphocyte T et cellules NK), à partir des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines. En revanche, le rendement des cellules hématopoïétiques obtenues dans ce modèle reste faible. D’autre part, les étapes précoces de l’hématopoïèse, notamment l’identification de la cellule souche hématopoïétique (CSH), des progéniteurs myéloïdes et lymphoïdes à partir des cellules souches pluripotentes, sont encore très peu définies. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux étapes précoces de la lymphopoïèse dans le modèle des CSEh. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’homéoprotéine HOXB4 dans l’expansion des progéniteurs NK dérivés des CSEh. Nous avons montré que l’exposition des cellules des corps embryonnaires (EB pour Embryoid Body), dérivées de la différenciation des CSEh, à la lignée MS-5/SP-HOXB4, une lignée modifiée qui exprime constitutivement HOXB4, induit une expansion des progéniteurs NK dérivées des CSEh. De plus, les cellules NK qui en dérivent sont matures et fonctionnelles, de part leur activité cytolytique vis-à-vis d’une lignée érythro-leucémique (K562). Outre l’effet de HOXB4 sur l’expansion des progéniteurs NK, cette étude a permis de démontrer en particulier le rôle de la lignée stromale MS-5 dans l’induction de la spécification lymphoïde à partir des CSEh. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons analysé plus précisément les étapes précoces de la lymphopoïèse humaine à partir des CSEh. En effet, nous avons montré, au cours de la première partie, que la coculture des cellules dérivées des EB avec MS-5 induit l’expression en surface du CD45RA, un marqueur de spécification lymphoïde, au sein des progéniteurs hématopoïétiques CD34+. Ainsi, sur la base de ces données et des données antérieurs concernant les étapes précoces de la lymphopoïèse humaine fœtale et adulte, nous avons identifié et caractérisé in vitro à partir des CSEh deux populations originales de progéniteurs lymphoïdes précoces multipotents (MELP pour Myeloid Early Lymphoid Progenitor): La progéniteur CD34+CD45RA+CD7+ dont le potentiel de différenciation est biaisé vers le lignage T et NK ; et le progéniteur CD34+CD45RA+CD7- a un potentiel de différenciation biaisé vers les lymphocytes B. Cette étude a un intérêt dans la compréhension du processus de la lymphopoïèse humaine dans le modèle des cellules souches pluripotentes. En perspective, ces données pourraient avoir également un intérêt dans la modélisation de maladie de défauts génétiques de développement du système lymphoïde. / Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are powerful tools to explore tissue genesis of the organism, especially hematopoietic tissue. In order to obtain cellular types clinically useful, the majority of works have been focalised on final output of hematopoietic cells, especially lymphoid cells (lymphocyte B, lymphocyte T and NK cells), from human pluripotent stem cells. However, the obtained hematopoietic cells yield is very poor. In the other hand, initial steps of hematopoiesis, especially the identification of the hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, from pluripotent stem cells, are poorly defined. We were interested to early steps of lymphopoisis in the hESC model. Initially, we studied the role of HOXB4 homeprotein on CSEh-derived NK progenitor. We showed that exposure of embryoid body (EB), derived from hESC, to the modified line that express constitutively HOXB4 “MS-5/SP-HOXB4”, induce hESC-derived NK progenitor expansion. Furthermore, the derived NK cells are mature and fonctionnal, by cytolytic activity on erythro-leucemic line K562. Furthermore the effect of HOXB4 on NK progenitor expansion, this study demonstrated, particularly the role of MS-5 line on the lymphoid specification from hESC.Secondly, we analysed more precisely the early steps of human lymphopoiesis from hESC. We showed, in the first part, that MS-5 coculture of the EB-derived cells induce surface expression of CD45RA (marker of lymphoid specification) on hematopoietic progenitor CD34+. Thus, on the basis of these data and previous data concerning the initial steps of fetal and adult lymphopoiesis, we identified and characterized in vitro from hESC, two populations of multipotent early lymphoid progenitor (MELP): the CD34+CD45RA+CD7+ progenitor whose the differentiation potential is biased to T and NK lineage, and the CD34+CD45RA+CD7- progenitor has differentiation potential biased to B lineage. This study is essential in understanding of normal and pathological lymphopoisis process in pluripotent stem cells model. Additionally, this study paves the way for the modeling of genetic disorders of lymphoid system.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 137-158.