Chameleon is a collection of poetry that largely springs from John Keats' notion of the chameleon poet, which posits that poets can and should be able to speak with any voice or perspective in their work. A critical essay introduces the collection by putting Keats in conversation with other poets and scholars, such as Paisley Rekdal, Philip Sidney, and Fernando Pessoa, who also have much to say regarding the nature of voice in poetry. The essay further explores some of my most recurring strategies in poetry as well as what I consider to be some of the touchstones of great poetry. The poems that follow are crafted in agreement with Keats' assumption and constitute my attempt to write as a chameleon poet who aims to write good poems in myriad voices while avoiding harmful appropriation.

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While It's Still Morning is a collection of lyric poems exploring themes of love, gratitude, and praise. The critical essay introducing the collection discusses possible pitfalls of this genre of poetry and how I've sought to avoid them. It also details qualities often present in my favorite poems (surprise, particularity, strangeness, tension, attention, allusion) and ways in which I've striven to create these qualities in my own poetry.

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The Elizabethan poet Samuel Daniel was popular in his day, producing lyric, dramatic, and narrative poems. Contemporary anthologies, however, memorialize him primarily as a lyric poet, one that usually gets few entries. My thesis shows how Daniel had a minor reputation as a lyric poet by the 1960’s, despite having high-profile admirers. These well-known poet-critics who engaged with his work are essential to analyzing his lyric reputation: owing to the Romantic emphasis on the lyric, I begin with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s reception of his lyrics in the 19th century. I then analyze the turn of the century poet A.E. Housman’s glowing praise and end with the lukewarm reception of two 20th century Modernists, T.S. Eliot and Yvor Winters. I argue that, despite the enthusiasm of Coleridge and Housman, his lyrics failed to attract enough admirers, in part contributing to the current status of these poems.

How we approach a poem changes it. Recently, it has been suggested that one readerly approach - a bodily orientation characterised by distance, suspicion, and resistance - risks becoming reflexive, pre-conscious, and predominant. This use-oriented reading allows us to destabilise, denaturalise, dissect, defend, and define poetic texts through its manifestation in contemporary literary critique, yet it is coming to be regarded as the sole manner and mood of intelligent, intellectual engagement. In this thesis, I demonstrate the need to pluralise this attentive orientation, particularly when it comes to contemporary lyric poetry. I suggest how an overlooked mode of response might foster a more receptive mode of approach: the 'co-creative' response. Lyric poems mean to move us, and they come to mean by moving us. Recent 'simulation theories of language comprehension', from the field of cognitive neuroscience, provide empirical evidence that language processing is not a product of a-modal symbol manipulation but rather involves 'simulations' by certain classes of neurons in areas used for real-world action and perception. As habituation and abstraction increase, however, these embodied simulations 'streamline', becoming narrow schematic 'shadows' of once broad, qualitatively rich simulations. Poems, I suggest, seek to reverse this process by situationally novel variations of language, coming to mean in the broadly embodied sense in which real-world experiences 'mean'. Readers are asked to 'enact' the poem, to 'co-create' its meaning. Where critique traditionally requires that readers resist enactive participation in the aim of objective analysis, the co-creative response - a response 'in kind' by imitation, versioning, or hommage - asks readers to receive and carry forward the enactive unfolding of a poem with a composition of their own. I assert that, by thus responding with - rather than to - poems, we might foster an attentive stance of active receptivity, thereby coming to understand poems as the enactive phenomena they are.

O presente estudo visa à análise e interpretação da criação poética de Mário de Andrade ligada às questões do negro em sua época. Ancora-se na análise e interpretação de três poemas em que se pode identificar diferentes representações na chave do losango negro, isto é, o negro como um dos elementos que compõem a veste do poeta arlequinal. Os poemas: Reconhecimento de Nêmesis, de 1926 e publicado em 1941, que guarda as questões do sujeito lírico relacionadas ao conteúdo mestiço do artista, no campo individual; Poemas da Negra, de 1928, que representam o momento no qual o sujeito lírico entra em comunhão com a musa negra e a eleva ao um plano cósmico, igualando o eu poético e a mulher; e Nova canção de Dixie, escrito em 1944 e de publicação póstuma, que manifesta o profundo incômodo do poeta com a violenta prática racista nos Estados Unidos da América da primeira metade do século XX. Além desses três textos contemplados no corpus, servem à análise as parcelas referentes ao tema, encontradas no conjunto da criação do escritor publicada e inédita, incluindo manuscritos em sua marginalia e matrizes de sua criação, associadas ou não a notas marginais. Esta pesquisa entende que, na multiplicidade poética de Mário de Andrade, há um sujeito lírico negro e, outro, solidário com o negro que abordam, e ultrapassam, denúncias do preconceito de cor e discussões dos conteúdos negros do poeta, para alcançar também referências ao negro na esfera da arte e do amor, enquanto felicidade, beleza e completude. De acordo com o pensamento adorniano, este trabalho busca analisar, em um universo individual, na construção particular de uma linguagem, a expressão de uma voz poética que, muitas vezes, mantém uma relação com o sujeito coletivo1. O estudo apoia-se em conceitos nas áreas da Teoria Literária, Crítica Genética, Estudos Culturais, Psicanálise, assim como nos estudos sobre o negro nas áreas de História, Sociologia e Antropologia. / This study aims to analyze and interpret Mário de Andrade\'s poetic creation linked to black issues in his time. It is grounded on the analysis and interpretation of three poems in which one can identify different representations in the key of Losango Negro, eg the black as one of the elements that make up the vest of the arlequinal poet. The poems: \"Reconhecimento de Nêmesis from 1926 and published in 1941, which keeps the issues of lyrical subject-related to the mestizo artist content, at the individual field; \"Poemas da Negra\", 1928, representing the time in which the lyrical subject enters into communion with the black muse and raises it to an ethereal plane, equaling the poetic self and the woman; and \"Nova Canção de Dixie\", written in 1944 and published posthumously, which expresses the deep nuisance of the poet with the violent racist practice in the first half of the twentieth century in the United States. In addition to these three texts included in the corpus, the plots on the topic are considered in the analysis, which were found at the writer\'s both published and unpublished work, including manuscripts in his marginalia and dies of his creation, associated or not with marginal notes. This research considers that at the poetic multiplicity of Mário de Andrade, there is a black poetic self and a lyrical subject who are supportive/empathic with the black they represent, transpassing the denouncement of color prejudice and discussions regarding the poet\'s black content, to also achieve references to black in the sphere of art, love as happiness, beauty and completeness. According to Adorno\'s thought, this paper analyzes at a single universe, in the particular construction of a language, the expression of a poetic voice that often maintains a relationship with the collective subject. The study draws on concepts in the areas of Literary Theory, Genetic Criticism, Cultural Studies, Psychoanalysis, as well as studies on the black in the fields of history, sociology and anthropology.

Dante Alighieri foi poeta medieval que escreveu para a mulher versos amorosos em um período de profunda misoginia. Muitas são as presenças femininas nas suas poesias da fase lírica anterior à criação da Divina Comédia. Este estudo centra com especial atenção a visão que o poeta constrói da mulher durante a sua fase experimentalista e de escambo poético com amigos da escola poética florentina, o doce estilo novo, apontando que a linguagem e a visão da mulher são construídas durante esse período e estão presentes também na composição da Comédia, em particular no Inferno, Canto V, onde figura Francesca da Rimini, e no Purgatório com Matelda. Estas mulheres fazem com que o poeta recorde os pressupostos da escola poética fundada com seus jovens amigos. / Dante Alighieri was a medieval poet who wrote his lines to the woman living during a very deeply misosynist age. There is a lot of feminine presence in his juvenile lyric poetry´s creation, before the Divina Commedia. This work focuses especial attention to the construction of the role playing of the women during his exprementalist fase with his florentines youthful friends of dolce stil nuovo, pointing for the language and the representations of women continuous presents in his magnum opus, showing that language as the vision of the women, both contructed during this period, presents on the Cantic V, Inferno, with Francesca da Rimini and, on the Purgatorio with Matelda. This woman brings the memories of the beginning of Dante´s school founded with his friends.